Adult Goats Research Articles

Mild and moderate chronic hypercapnia elicit distinct transcriptomic responses of immune function in cardiorespiratory nuclei.

Chronic hypercapnia (CH) is a hallmark of respiratory-related diseases, and the level of hypercapnia can acutely or progressively become more severe. Previously, we have shown time-dependent adaptations in steady-state physiology during mild (arterial Pco2 ∼55 mmHg) and moderate (∼60 mmHg) CH in adult goats, including transient (mild CH) or sustained (moderate CH) suppression of acute chemosensitivity suggesting limitations in adaptive respiratory control mechanisms as the level of CH increases. Changes in specific markers of glutamate receptor plasticity, interleukin-1ß, and serotonergic modulation within key nodes of cardiorespiratory control do not fully account for the physiological adaptations to CH. Here, we used an unbiased approach (bulk tissue RNA sequencing) to test the hypothesis that mild or moderate CH elicits distinct gene expression profiles in important brain stem regions of cardiorespiratory control, which may explain the contrasting responses to CH. Gene expression profiles from the brain regions validated the accuracy of tissue biopsy methodology. Differential gene expression analyses revealed greater effects of CH on brain stem sites compared with the medial prefrontal cortex. Mild CH elicited an upregulation of predominantly immune-related genes and predicted activation of immune-related pathways and functions. In contrast, moderate CH broadly led to downregulation of genes and predicted inactivation of cellular pathways related to the immune response and vascular function. These data suggest that mild CH leads to a steady-state activation of neuroinflammatory pathways within the brain stem, whereas moderate CH drives the opposite response. Transcriptional shifts in immune-related functions may underlie the cardiorespiratory network's capability to respond to acute, more severe hypercapnia when in a state of progressively increased CH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mild chronic hypercapnia (CH) broadly upregulated immune-related genes and a predicted activation of biological pathways related to immune cell activity and the overall immune response. In contrast, moderate CH primarily downregulated genes related to major histocompatibility complex signaling and vasculature function that led to a predicted inactivation of pathways involving the immune response and vascular endothelial function. The severity-dependent effect on immune responses suggests that neuroinflammation has an important role in CH and may be important in the maintenance of proper ventilatory responses to acute and chronic hypercapnia.

Re-examining poikilocytosis in goats: prevalence, type and association with age and disease.

Domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) are a food, fiber and companion animal. Abnormal erythrocyte shapes (poikilocytes) are considered normal in young goats, but their association with disease is not well described. Likewise, there is little information on the significance of poikilocytosis in adult goats. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, severity and type of poikilocytosis in young and adult goats and its association with age, sex, breed, laboratory results, and underlying disease. We retrospectively examined clinical and laboratory data from 1254 goats presented at the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from 1997 to 2019. We analyzed 313 blood smears from goats with moderate or marked (MOD-MKD) poikilocytosis on initial blood smear evaluation. Number and type of poikilocytes per 1000 red blood cells (RBCs) were enumerated. Laboratory values and primary disease categories were compared with the severity and type of poikilocytosis. Kids (<6 mos) and juveniles (>6 mos to <1 year) had a higher prevalence of MOD-MKD poikilocytosis (95/210, 45.2% kids; 27/59, 45.8% juveniles) than adult goats (≥1 year; 190/982, 19.3%) (p < 0.001). Kids had a higher percentage of elliptocytes, dacryocytes, and schistocytes and a lower percentage of polygonal and spiculated RBCs than juvenile and adult goats (p < 0.001). Of goats with MOD-MKD (vs NONE-SLIGHT) poikilocytosis, kids had lower HGB and MCH, and higher RDW (p ≤ 0.02); juveniles and adult goats had lower HCT, MCV, MCH, and albumin concentration (p ≤ 0.01), and all age groups had lower total CO2 concentration and higher PLT counts (p < 0.03). Adult goats with MOD-MKD poikilocytosis also had higher BUN:Cr ratios (p = 0.005). Gastrointestinal parasitism, Johne's disease, diarrhea/enteritis, lice, hepatic disease and renal disease (but not urolithiasis) were significantly associated with MOD-MKD poikilocytosis (p < 0.001). Goats with hepatic and renal disease had a higher prevalence and percentage of spiculated cells (p = 0.001). Goats with Johne's disease had a higher prevalence of polygonal cells (93.3%) and dacryocytes (66.7%) than other diseases, and elliptocytes predominated in a higher proportion (36.0%) of adult goats with GI parasitism vs other diseases (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that iron deficiency is an important pathophysiologic mechanism of poikilocytosis in juvenile and adult goats, and possibly in kids, whether due to iron-restricted erythropoiesis, chronic hemorrhage, functional iron deficiency, or a combination of these mechanisms. Further investigation into the detection and monitoring of iron deficiency and the value of poikilocytosis as a diagnostic marker of iron status in goats is warranted.

Subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine are similarly effective in generating a humoral response in domestic goats (Capra hircus).

To determine severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) serum antibody titers in domestic goats after SC and IM administration of an experimental, veterinary SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. 31 healthy adult domestic goats from 4 zoological institutions. On day 0, blood was collected for baseline serum titer before vaccination with 1 mL SARS-CoV-2 recombinant S protein vaccine SC (n = 22) or IM (n = 9). A booster vaccination was administered 21 (SC group) or 28 days (IM group) after the initial vaccine and blood samples were collected at days 21 (SC group) or 28 (IM group), 42, 90, and 180 postvaccinations. The study took place between September 27, 2021, and June 01, 2022. Seroconversion for SARS-CoV-2 was assessed by a SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization (VN) assay. Before vaccination, no goats had detectable antibodies. On day 42, 100% of goats had detectable serum titers. Serum titers peaked at day 42 for 94% of goats vaccinated by either route of administration. There was a significant difference between SC and IM groups regarding the proportion of goats with detectable titers on day 21/28 (68% vs 0%, respectively) and day 180 (50% vs 89%, respectively), relative to day 0. The 2 vaccination protocols (SC 21 days apart and IM 28 days apart) were similarly effective in mounting serum antibody response in goats. The SC route of administration appeared to have a more rapid onset of immunity, while the IM route may have produced a longer duration of immunity. These data may be useful in determining appropriate SARS-CoV-2 vaccination schedules in ruminants.

Effects of transport stress on the oxidative index, apoptosis and autophagy in the small intestine of caprine

BackgroundIntroducing new goat breeds or transferring adult goats from farms to slaughterhouses requires transportation, which can engender adverse effects, such as oxidative stress, pathological cell apoptosis and autophagy. Current evidence suggests that malondialdehyde (MDA) is a metabolite of lipid peroxidation during oxidative stress, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) can alleviate injury caused by free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, Bcl-2, Bax, LC3B, PINK1 and Parkin are important proteins that participate in pathological cell apoptosis and autophagy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of transportation stress on oxidative stress indexes and expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, LC3B, PINK1 and Parkin in the small intestine of goats. Twelve healthy adult male goats from western Jiangxi province were randomly divided into control, 2 h transportation stress, and 6 h transportation stress groups (n = 4 per group).ResultsOur results showed that MDA in the small intestine significantly increased after transportation, while SOD and CAT activities decreased, with a significantly increased apoptosis rate of the small intestine cells. The jejunum and duodenum exhibited the highest apoptosis rate in the 2 h and 6 h transportation groups, respectively. The expression of apoptosis-related genes Bcl-2 and Bax and their corresponding proteins exhibited varying degrees of down-regulation or up-regulation, while Bcl-2 and Bax genes in the small intestine were upregulated in the 6 h transportation group. In addition, autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes were found in various parts of the small intestine by transmission electron microscopy, and autophagy-related genes LC3B, PINK1 and Parkin were significantly down-regulated in the 2 h group and up-regulated in the 6 h group.ConclusionsOur results indicate that the contents of MDA, SOD and CAT in the small intestine, the expression of pathologic apoptosis-related genes Bcl-2 and Bax, and autophagy-related genes LC3B, PINK1 and Parkin correlated with stress duration caused by transportation. Moreover, this study provides a foothold for further studies on the mechanism of transportation stress in goats and improving animal welfare.

Organization of histo-hematic barriers of the liver in Anglo-Nubian goat

The aim of this research was to establish features of the liver histo-hematic barriers ultrastructural organization of the Anglo-Nubian goat. The liver of an adult Anglo-Nubian goat was used as the material. The work was carried out using the electron microscopic method. Liver parenchymal tissue fragments were selected. These samples were fixed in a 2.0% glutaraldehyde solution on a cacodylate buffer for two hours. They were then washed in three portions of the same buffer and post-fixed in a 1.0% solution of osmium tetrachloride for one hour. The samples were then dehydrated in alcohols of ascending concentration and absolute acetone. The subsequent filling of the fragments was carried out in Epon-812. Ultrathin sections were obtained on an ultramicrotome, contrasted with a 2.0% aqueous solution of uranyl acetate and a solution of lead citrate. The ultrathin sections were photographed with a Jem-1011 electron microscope at magnifications of 2500-3000. Two histo-hematic barriers are detected in the liver of the studied animals hemato-hepatic and hepatobiliary. The hemato-hepatic barrier is formed by the plasmalemma of the apical end of the hepatocyte, covered by the glycocalyx, the perisinusoidal space of the Disse, the endotheliocyte of the sinusoid capillary, as well as Kupfer cells located in the lumen of the latter. The hepatobiliary includes all of the above structures, with the exception of Kupfer cells, as well as the plasmalemma of the basal end of the hepatocyte. All of the above structures in their organization have characteristic species features for Anglo-Nubian goats.

Use of green microalgae Chlorella as a nutritional supplement to support oocyte and embryo production in goats

This study aimed to evaluate the use of green microalgae as a nutritional supplement for oocyte and embryo production in goats. Two experiments were performed on adult goats to obtain oocytes (EVO; n = 14) and in vivo embryos (IVD; n = 14). In both, the donors were divided into control (n = 7) and Chlorella (n = 7) groups. All goats received a base diet, and donors were orally supplemented with Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CH) in the Chlorella groups. For EVO, donors received 10 g CH for 14 days, and for IVD, 20 g CH was given for six days before embryo recovery. In EVO and IVD, food intake in the CH group was comparatively low, and it showed relatively high subcutaneous adipose deposition. In addition, the CH group exhibited an increase in triglyceride, cholesterol, and plasma glucose levels. In IVD, a significant increase in peripheral glutathione peroxidase levels was noticed. In EVO, the CH group showed relatively large follicular size and an increase in intrafollicular levels of triglycerides, glucose, and glutathione peroxidase. No differences were observed in the oocyte collected, and CH oocytes showed a low intensity of MitoTracker fluorescence (MT). In IVD, the CH group had a high proportion of transferable embryos, and these structures exhibited high fluorescence intensities for MT and H2DCFDA probes. We concluded that under these conditions, CH did not enhance the quality of the recovered oocytes. However, a daily dose of 20 g CH improved the quality of embryos and stimulated their mitochondrial functionality.

Investigating genetic diversity and population structure of Egyptian goats across four breeds and seven regions

This study investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of 157 Egyptian adult goat females from four breed groups (Saidi, Barki, Wahati, and E. Nubian / Zaraibi), and distributed over eight geographic regions. Results from various analyses revealed high levels of genotypic diversity. Shannon values ranging from 3.89 in the Serw region population (within the Zaraibi breed) to 2 in the Kharga region population(within Wahati goats), and low linkage disequilibrium. The Simpson index for diversity varied with values ranging from 0.97 in the Serw population to 0.875 in Kharga population. Analysis of gene diversity using Nei’s unbiased method found high levels of heterozygosity, with values ranging from 0.38 in Aswan and Assuit to 0.3 in Serw populations. Principal component analysis separated the studied populations into three groups. The first group displayed Zaraibi and Saidi populations as genetically distinct populations, and the second group showed interbreeding between Barki desert breed, and Wahati oasis breed. Bayesian Information Criterion identified four distinct subpopulations, and the discriminant analysis of principal components revealed intermingling between Wahati and Barki populations, as well as the independence of Zaraibi population. Structure analysis of the subpopulations revealed six gene pools with admixture of Wahati and Barki goats, which were confirmed by the kinship analysis. In conclusion, the study revealed clear diversity between the studied populations, with the regions having their own distinct breeds. These findings suggest that interbreeding between some populations may be due to the exchange of genetic stocks and hybridization programs could be necessary to sustain Egyptian breeds and produce offspring that can survive environmental diversity and CC.

MiR-188-5p regulates the proliferation and differentiation of goat skeletal muscle satellite cells by targeting calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta.

The aim of this study was to reveal the role and regulatory mechanism of miR-188-5p in the proliferation and differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells. Goat skeletal muscle satellite cells isolated in the pre-laboratory were used as the test material. First, the expression of miR-188-5p in goat muscle tissues at different developmental stages was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, miR-188-5p was transfected into goat skeletal muscle satellite cells by constructing mimics and inhibitors of miR-188-5p, respectively. The changes of differentiation marker gene expression were detected by qPCR method. It was highly expressed in adult goat latissimus dorsi and leg muscles, goat fetal skeletal muscle, and at the differentiation stage of muscle satellite cells. Overexpression and interference of miR-188-5p showed that miR-188-5p inhibited the proliferation and promoted the differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells. Target gene prediction and dual luciferase assays showed that miR-188-5p could target the 3'untranslated region of the calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta (CAMK2B) gene and inhibit luciferase activity. Further functional studies revealed that CAMK2B promoted the proliferation and inhibited the differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells, whereas si-CAMK2B restored the function of miR-188-5p inhibitor. These results suggest that miR-188-5p inhibits the proliferation and promotes the differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells by targeting CAMK2B. This study will provide a theoretical reference for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle development in goats.

Outbreak of severe diarrhea due to zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum and C. xiaoi in goat kids in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea.

Severe diarrhea was reported in goat kids in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea, from 2021 to 2023, and Cryptosporidium infection was suspected. To confirm the cause of this outbreak, fecal samples were collected from goat farms where diarrhea had been reported and analyzed for Cryptosporidium infection using a molecular assay. A total of 65 fecal samples, including 37 from goats with diarrhea and 28 from goats without diarrhea, were collected from six goat farms. Forty-eight of the goats were kids (<2 months) and 17 were adults (>1 year). Cryptosporidium was identified in 53.8% (35/65) of total samples. Overall, 86.5% (32/37) of the diarrheic fecal samples tested positive; however, Cryptosporidium was not detected in any fecal sample from non-diarrheic adult goats. Therefore, cryptosporidiosis was significantly associated with diarrhea in goat kids, and adult goats were not responsible for transmission of Cryptosporidium to them. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization revealed two Cryptosporidium species, namely, C. parvum (n = 28) and C. xiaoi (n = 7). In the C. parvum-positive samples, gp60 gene analysis revealed three zoonotic subtypes-IIaA18G3R1, IIdA15G1, and IIdA16G1. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to identify C. parvum IIaA18G3R1 and IIdA16G1 in goats, as well as the first to identify C. xiaoi in goats in Korea. These results suggest that goat kids play an important role as reservoir hosts for different Cryptosporidium species and that continuous monitoring with biosecurity measures is necessary to control cryptosporidiosis outbreaks.

Age Related Histoarchitectural Studies on the Adrenal Gland of Goat (Capra hircus)

Background: Adrenal gland is an important endocrine gland that secrets several hormones that play a key role in the adaptation of the newborn to extra uterine life. The study was conducted to explore the histomorphological development of adrenal glands in Gohilwadi Goat (Capra hircus). Methods: The research work was carried out on twenty pair of goat adrenal gland collected from local abattoir. The animals were divided into three age groups, viz. group- I (day old to 1 month), group- II ( greater than 1 month to 6 months) and group- III ( greater than 6 months). Result: Histological observations revealed that the gland was fully differentiated into cortex and medulla, completely surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule in the day old goats. In group- I, adrenal cortex was made up of definite and foetal cortex, whereas former one comprised of zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata only. Small to elongate foetal cortical cells were characterized by eosinophilic cytoplasm and arranged into irregular cords. In group II, the foetal cortex disappeared and only definite cortex was present with well-developed three zones i.e. Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis. Zona glomerulosa was the smallest of the three cortical zones and thickness increased from group-I to group-III. The zona fasciculata was the largest among the three cortical zones in all the age groups and thickness increased from group-I to group-III. Zona reticularis was well organized in the adrenal gland of adult Gohilwadi goat. Medulla occupied greater proportion of the gland and inner medullary cells were the main cellular constituent of medulla. Thickness of medulla increased from group-I to group-III.

Goat Pleomorphic Adenoma Gene 1 (PLAG1): mRNA Expression, CNV Detection and Associations with Growth Traits.

The pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) gene, as the major gene responsible for growth, plays a vital role in myogenesis. Meanwhile, the relationship between copy number variation (CNV) of this gene and growth traits in goats remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated four aspects: bioinformatics analysis, mRNA expression (n = 6), CNV detection (n = 224), and association analysis. The findings indicated that the gene had a large number of conserved motifs, and the gene expression level was higher in fetal goats than in adult goats. Three CNV loci were selected from the database, among which CNV1 was located in the bidirectional promoter region and was associated with goat growth traits. CNV analysis showed that CNV2 and CNV3 of the PLAG1 gene were associated with growth traits such as body weight, heart girth, height at hip cross, and hip width (p < 0.05), with CNV1 loss genotype being the superior genotype, and CNV2 and CNV3 median and gain genotypes of being superior genotypes. This finding further confirms that the PLAG1 gene is the dominant gene for growth traits, which will serve as theoretical guidance for goat breeding.

Microbial composition of goat buck's ejaculates is modified by the process of preparing and storing refrigerated semen doses

Ejaculates present their own microbiota, and a link between ejaculates' microbiota and sperm quality and fertility exists. With the development of artificial insemination in animal breeding, ejaculates must be manipulated by diluting them with extenders and storing them at temperatures below body temperature. The effects that these processes have on the original semen microbiota have never been studied. This study explores the effects of the protocol for preparing refrigerated goat buck semen doses and storing on seminal microbiota. Semen from six adult goat bucks of the Murciano-Granadina breed (24 ejaculates) was used, cooled to 4 °C in a skimmed milk-based extender, and stored at this temperature for 24 h. Samples were taken in different steps: in the raw ejaculates (ejaculates), after dilution with the refrigeration extender (diluted), immediately after reaching 4 °C (chilled 0 h) and the samples refrigerated at 4 °C and stored at this temperature for 24 h (chilled 24 h). Sperm quality (motility and integrity of plasma and acrosomal membrane, and mitochondrial functionality) was also evaluated. Bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing was used to study the seminal microbiota. Our results indicated that both refrigeration and storage at 4 °C negatively affected sperm quality parameters. Preparing semen doses and their subsequent conservation caused a significant change in the bacterial community structure. Raw ejaculates showed a lower Pielou's evenness index than the other samples (diluted, chilled 0 h and chilled 24 h). Ejaculates also had a lower Shannon's diversity index (3.44) than the diluted semen (4.17) and the semen chilled for 24 h (4.43). Regarding beta diversity, significant differences were detected between ejaculates and the other treatments. Differences were also found in unweighted UniFrac distances between the semen chilled for 0 h and that chilled for 24 h. At the genus level, marked effects of preparing doses and their subsequent conservation were also evident: 199 genera that were absent in ejaculates were found in the semen chilled and stored for 24 h; 177 genera that were present in ejaculates disappeared after 24-h refrigeration. In conclusion, the extender and protocol for preparing refrigerated goat buck semen doses considerably modify microbial ejaculate composition.

Range of motion of the mid-cervical spine: human versus goat

BackgroundThe goat cervical spine represents a promising alternative for human specimen in spinal implant testing, but the range of motion (ROM) of the spine is lacking. We aimed to evaluate and compare the ROMs of fresh goat and human mid-cervical spine specimens.MethodsTen fresh adult healthy male goat cervical spine specimens (G group) and ten fresh frozen adult healthy human cervical spine specimens (average age: 49.5 ± 12.1 years; 6 males, 4 females) (H group) were included. The ROMs of each specimen were biomechanically tested at the C2–3, C3–4, C4–5 and C2–5 levels at 1.5 Nm and 2.5 Nm torque and recorded. The ROMs of different levels of goat cervical samples were compared to those of human cervical samples using an independent sample t test. Significance was defined as a P value of less than 0.05.ResultsAt the C2–3, C3–4 and C4–5 levels, the ROMs of the goat cervical spine were significantly larger than those of the human cervical spine in all directions except extension under 1.5 Nm torque; under 2.5 Nm torque, the ROMs of the goat cervical spine at the C2–3 and C3–4 levels were significantly larger than those of humans in the pure movement of flexion, lateral bending and axial rotation, and the ROMs for axial rotation of the goat specimens and human specimens were comparable. Under both 1.5 Nm and 2.5 Nm torque, the goat cervical spine displayed a much greater ROM in all directions at the C2–5 level.ConclusionsSeveral segmental ROMs of fresh goat and human cervical spine specimens were recorded in this investigation. We recommend using goat cervical specimens as an alternative to fresh human cervical specimens in future studies when focusing only on the ROMs of C2–3, C3–4 and C4–5 in flexion under a torque of 1.5 Nm or the ROMs of C2–3 and C3–4 in flexion and rotation under a torque of 2.5 Nm.

Expression profile and association of ghrelin gene polymorphism with growth and litter traits in Indian goat breeds

Ghrelin (GHRL) is a 28 amino acid bioactive peptide influencing growth hormone secretion, regulation of energy homeostasis and appetite stimulation. The present investigation was undertaken to study the expression profile of the caprine ghrelin gene and to identify single nucleotide variations in caprine ghrelin gene to evaluate its association with production traits. Tissue samples of abomasum, lung, liver, spleen, fallopian tube and ovary were collected from six Malabari and Attappady Black adult goats to study the ghrelin gene expression pattern. Quantitative Real-Time PCR was used to find out the relative expression of ghrelin in various tissues. It was observed that there was a higher expression of ghrelin in the abomasal (3.67) tissues and the least expression in the liver (0.19) tissues. Significantly higher level of expression was noticed in Attappady Black than Malabari goats. Highly significant (p < 0.01) 4.07 fold upregulation was noticed in the ovary compared to the lung (3.85) and abomasum (3.80). A total of 176 Malabari and Attappady Black adult goats were screened for polymorphism using PCR-SSCP. Representative samples from different band patterns were sequenced. Two SNPs at the 9th position (C→A transversion) and at the 38th position (G→T transversion) in exon 4 and two SNPs at the 45th position (C→T transition) and 89th position (C→T transition) in intron 4 were identified. A significant association was observed between body measurement traits and the identified single nucleotide polymorphisms. The AB genotype demonstrated superior values over the AA genotype in body length and height for exon 4, while for intron 4 AA genotype was superior to the AB genotype. The AB genotype demonstrated higher values over the AA genotype for chest girth, CCI and TI. However, no association was found between body weight and litter size. The ghrelin gene may be used in marker-assisted selection for improving conformation traits in goats.

Histological study of oviduct in adult Iraqi Black Goat

The present study was aimed at the light microscopic examination of the oviduct and show epithelium structure of the iraqi goat oviduct, determination of the histochemical structure of the mucus secreted by epithelial cells, and muscular layers of The oviducts of Twelve healthy adult goat constituted the material of the study. using routine histological techniques by using Hematoxylin and eosin , masson trichrom for Histochemically, it was observed by using Pas Alcian Histological observations revealed that the oviduct consists of 4 layers of mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa. The primary and secondary folds increase both in number and in height in infundibulum and ampulla while less in number in isthmus. Epithelium of folds was composed of simple columnar, although seems pseudostratified in some areas, and contains ciliated and secretory cells. Histomorphometric examinations of three regions demonstrated that the mean height of primary folds increase and the mean thickness of tunica muscularis in isthmus The mean thickness of mucosa-submucosa in ampulla More visibility of the ciliated cells and mucosal folds in infundibulum and ampulla the thick tunica muscularis in isthmus transports sperm cells up; and both require promoting secretory products were increased in the tip of the mucosal fold than in the base. Conclusion By using light microscopic examinations lined by pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium. Mucosal folds were maximum in number in the tubual part of infundibulum, ampulla and least in isthmus in all stages of the animal. The propria–submucosa was comprised of loose connective tissue with blood vessels, abundant amount of collagen fibres and few reticular fibers histochemical staining demonstrated by means of the PAS reaction, and it was observed that secretion increased progressively towards the isthmus.

Probiotics formulated from indigenous bacteria from goat digestive tract and fed with fermented mixed feed Eichhornia crassipes and Zea mays cobs

Abstract. Isnawati, Muhaimin FI, Rahayu DA, Fitrihidajati H, Ratnasari E. 2023. Probiotics formulated from indigenous bacteria from goat digestive tract and fed with fermented mixed feed Eichhornia crassipes and Zea mays cobs. Biodiversitas 24: 2906-2911. The provision of cellulolytic bacteria as probiotics in goat feed is crucial to their growth and health. Therefore, this study aimed to monitor the effects of providing cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of goats as probiotics in feed rations. Probiotic cellulolytic bacteria were isolated from the digestive tract of goat food fed with a fermented feed containing a combination of hyacinth and corn cob. In this study, the probiotic types are also different from other studies, namely Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus brevis, and Pseudomonas diminuta. Therefore, its effects on the vegetative and generative growth from various age groups and sexes of test goats are investigated. The goats tested were divided into two groups: fed with and without probiotics, with subgroups based on their sexes (male and female) and age groups (baby, juvenile, and adult). The tested goats were fed for 35 days, and their weight gain and sperm quality were observed; in general, weight gain was observed in goats fed the probiotics. Furthermore, the quality of spermatozoa in adult male goats fed with probiotics is higher than without probiotics, which includes its viability (52.2% to 36.9%), motility (48.1% and ++++ to 33.2% and ++), volume and concentration (1.05 mL/ejaculate with 3.7×109 cells/mL to 0.55 mL/ejaculated with 2.6×109 cells/mL). Based on the results, adding cellulolytic bacterial probiotics to the feed promotes the vegetative growth of goats in different age groups, in male and female goats. Also, it improves reproductive performance in adult male test goats.

Ultrasound‐guided saphenous and sciatic nerve block with ropivacaine in an adult goat undergoing trochlear sulcoplasty for lateral patellar luxation

AbstractA 75 kg, 4‐year‐old, male, neutered, Saanen‐cross, pet‐owned, adult goat presented for left trochlear sulcoplasty for treatment of lateral patellar luxation. Premedication consisted of intravenous butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg), and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg, intravenous), followed by ketamine (2 mg/kg, intravenous) and propofol (2 mg/kg, intravenous) for induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was maintained using isoflurane in oxygen (100%) and mechanical ventilation was started. An ultrasound‐guided saphenous and sciatic nerve block with 0.1 mL/kg of ropivacaine 0.75% and 0.25%, respectively, was performed. Anaesthesia was uneventful, except for a transient period of hypotension and a nociceptive reaction during skin suture. Recovery was uneventful. No motor block was observed using this combination of ropivacaine concentrations. Buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg, intravenous) was initiated (twice daily first day; once daily second and third day) 6.5 hours after the nerve block due to discomfort. Meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg, intravenous) was administered once daily for 5 days, after which the patient was fully ambulatory.

Agglutination and hemolytic crossmatching to determine transfusion reaction differences between large and small breed goats.

Blood transfusions are performed frequently in goats, but crossmatches are rarely performed. Determine differences in the frequency of agglutination and hemolytic crossmatch reactions between large and small breed goats. Healthy adult goats, 10 large and 10 small breed. Two hundred eighty major and minor agglutination and hemolytic crossmatches: 90 large breed donor to large breed recipient (L-L), 90 small breed donor to small breed recipient (S-S), 100 large breed donor to small breed recipient (L-S). A linear mixed model with treatment group (L-L, S-S, L-S) as a fixed effect and individual crossmatch as a random effect was used to identify variations in reaction frequency among groups and individuals. Frequency of major agglutination reactions for L-L, S-S, and L-S were 3/90 (3.3%), 7/90 (7.8%), and 10/100 (10.0%), respectively. Frequency of major hemolytic reactions for L-L, S-S, and L-S were 27/84 (32.1%), 7/72 (9.7%), and 31/71 (43.7%). Individual pairings and groupings had no effect on agglutination reactions. Individual pairings had no effect on the frequency of hemolytic reactions. For major hemolytic crossmatches, pairwise comparisons identified higher frequencies of reactions when comparing L-L to S-S (P = .007) and L-S to S-S (P < .001). Goats experience increased frequencies of hemolytic reactions compared to agglutination. Significant increases in hemolysis were seen between large breed donors and small breed recipients, compared to small breed pairings. Additional studies are required to determine correlations between crossmatches and transfusion reactions.

High accumulation of lipofuscin is observed in preantral follicles of adult goat ovaries: Is it a senescence sign?

The aim of this study was to assess the ovarian follicles and cortex morphologically, as well as the presence of signs of senescence in the ovary of goat females of different ages: young female of two months (YF2m); six months (YF6m); adult female of two years (AF2y) and four years old or older (AF4+y). The follicles included in the ovarian cortex were evaluated for morphological normality, developmental category, and follicular density, as well as stromal cell density. Signs of senescence were evaluated by the presence of lipofuscin, β-galactosidase activity, and immunostaining for γH2AX. Animals in the YF2m group showed a higher (P < 0.05) percentage of morphologically normal follicles, while animals in the AF4+y group showed a lower percentage of primordial follicles and a higher (P < 0.05) percentage of developing follicles. The follicular and stromal cell density of the YF2m group was higher (P < 0.05) than in the AF2y and AF4+y groups. Regarding senescent markers, the presence of lipofuscin in the ovary of adult animals (AF2y and AF4+y) was higher (P < 0.05) than in young animals (YF2m and YF6m). On the other hand, β-galactosidase activity did not differ between groups, and immunolabeling for γH2AX was not observed in the ovaries of the experimental animals. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicate that in goats, the reduction in the number of morphologically normal preantral follicles is already observed at six months of age and may not be related to cellular senescence.

Intravenous injection of fentanyl in adult awake goats increases arterial blood pressure and reduces heart rate without affecting metabolic rate or temperature

At high doses, synthetic opioids are thought to slow heart rate and reduce mean arterial blood pressures in humans and rodents and could create a life-threatening situation. Herein, we report dose-dependent effects of intravenous (IV) injection of fentanyl on systolic (SYS), diastolic (DIA), and mean (MAP) arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR) metabolic rate and body temperatures in adult female goats (n=7). Variables were measured 30 min before, during and up to 90 min after IV injection of vehicle (saline) or 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mcg/kg fentanyl. Baseline averages for SYS, DIA, MAP was 102, 73, 83 mmHg, respectively, and HR was 84 beats/minute (bpm). There were no significant changes in these values over 90 minutes when saline was injected. Between 8 and 10 minutes after fentanyl injection, SYS, DIA, and MAP increased substantially from control by about 40, 25, and 30 mmHg, respectively. These increases did not appear dose independent, but by 90 minutes post-injection SYS, DIA, and MAP decreased toward control at the lowest dose (25 mcg/kg). The fentanyl induced arterial hypertension was partially compensated by a ~15 bpm decrease in heart rate which changed minimally between 10 and 90 minutes after fentanyl injection. The sustained increase in arterial blood pressure indicates a sustained excitatory effect of fentanyl consistent with the excitatory effect of fentanyl on tidal volume and respiratory muscle activity (see additional abstracts from our group). This excitatory effect is not due to changes in metabolic rate and/or body temperature as we found no consistent effect of fentanyl injections on these variables. This excitatory effect of fentanyl appears species-dependent as opioid agonists injected into rats and humans typically induces arterial hypotension. Species dependency of fentanyl may reflect species variation in effects of fentanyl on vagal nerve endings, brainstem control centers, and/or cardiac receptors (J. Car.Pharm, 1985), or alternatively may reflect differences in fentanyl metabolism whereby metabolites may have differential effects on blood pressure among these species. NIH DA050571 This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.