Adult Diapers Research Articles

Effects of humidity on skin friction against medical textiles as related to prevention of pressure injuries.

Sustained pressure, shear forces, and friction, as well as elevated humidity/moisture, are decisive physical factors in the development of pressure injuries (PIs). To date, further research is needed in order to understand the influence of humidity and moisture on the coefficient of friction (COF) of skin against different types of medical textiles. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of moisture caused by sweat, urine, or saline on the resulting COF of skin against different textiles used in the medical setting in the context of PI prevention. For that purpose, we performed physical measurements of static COFs of porcine skin followed by finite element (FE) computational modelling in order to illustrate the effect of increased COF at the skin on the resulting strains and stresses deep within the soft tissues of the buttocks. The COF of dry skin obtained for the 3 textiles varied between 0.59 (adult diaper) and 0.91 (polyurethane dressing). In addition, the COF increased with the added moisture in all of the tested cases. The results of the FE simulations further showed that increased COF results in elevated strain energy density and shear strain values in the skin and deeper tissues and, hence, in an increased risk for PI development. We conclude that moisture may accelerate PI formation by increasing the COF between the skin and the medical textile, regardless of the type of the liquid that is present. Hence, reduction of the wetness/moisture between the skin and fabrics in patients at a high risk of developing PIs is a key measure in PI prevention.

FR-18 HOW DO ASTRONAUTS URINATE? THE HISTORY OF INNOVATIONS ENABLING VOIDING IN THE VOID

You have accessJournal of UrologyHistory Forum1 Apr 2018FR-18 HOW DO ASTRONAUTS URINATE? THE HISTORY OF INNOVATIONS ENABLING VOIDING IN THE VOID Kimberly A Maciolek and Sara L Best Kimberly A MaciolekKimberly A Maciolek More articles by this author and Sara L BestSara L Best More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2018.02.3038AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Astronauts require significant technological assistance for essential daily activities, and urination is no exception. We sought to discover the history of device innovation to enable urination in space. METHODS We searched NASA technical reports, Google, and PubMed for media and articles describing technology for waste management in space from the first manned missions to modern day space travel. RESULTS Urine collection was an oversight in early manned space travel. Alan Shepard, the first American in space in 1961, had no option but to urinate in his pressure suit after significant flight delays. He avoided electrocuting himself but short circuited his biosensors. The second Mercury astronaut, Gus Grissom, wore a urine collection device (UCD) in his suit in 1962. UCDs were modified versions of condom catheters with a belt-like collection bag. UCDs persisted until Apollo missions into the 1970′s. UCDs were prone to leakage and incompatible with female anatomy. These design flaws drove the use of high absorbency adult diapers, or Disposable Absorption Containment Trunks (DACTs), during the 1983 Challenger mission. DACTs were replaced with disposable, moisture-wicking and superabsorbent shorts, called Maximal Absorptive Garments (MAGs), in 1988 to avoid skin irritation. Outside the confines of a pressure suit, urine collection has been enabled by vacuum-assisted devices. Astronauts in a space shuttle void into various male or female-specific funnels attached to a flexible hose. The cumbersome nature of these devices and the time required to use them often caused astronauts to decrease oral intake. The first American space station, Skylab, included the first toilet. Astronauts are required to practice using the toilet as well as timed voiding to reduce risk of urinary stasis, infection, and retention, all of which are risks in a microgravity environment. Improvements upon this basic Skylab design to allow voiding procedures most similar to that on Earth were used for the International Space Station (ISS). Technology on the ISS has allowed processing of urine into drinking water since 2008 and new prototypes are harnessing urine waste products as fuel for longer missions. CONCLUSIONS Early space missions showed that microgravity posed both a physiologic challenge for urination as well as a design challenge for urine containment and disposal, especially for female astronauts. These challenges were not expected for some of the earliest manned space missions but since then has been a considerable focus for innovation and astronaut quality of life. © 2018FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 199Issue 4SApril 2018Page: e1247-e1248 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2018MetricsAuthor Information Kimberly A Maciolek More articles by this author Sara L Best More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Self-Supporting Care Model for Older Adults

Self-supporting care is an emerging concept in the geriatric care system of Taiwan. The traditional care model tends to prioritize aspects such as "safety" and "convenient and effective". For older adult patients, this situation has led to excessive restrictions, enforced bedrest, and the use of adult diapers, which seriously deteriorate quality of life. The present article introduces the development and current status of self-supporting care and international empirical research results from the perspective of holistic care for older adults as well as describes the intervention strategies that are currently used in Taiwan. We look forward to the caregivers of older adults being able to apply self-supporting care in their care settings, which is expected to enhance quality of life and dignity for older adults.

My Mom is Dead (and that is OK).

My Mom is Dead (and that is OK).

Effect of Hofmeister series salts on Absorptivity of aqueous solutions on Sodium polyacrylate

Sodium polyacrylate (SPA) is a popular super absorbent commonly used in children diapers, sanitary pads, adult diapers etc. The use of SPA is in force from past 30 years and the newer applications like as food preservant are evolving. SPA is recently discovered by our group for improvement of sensitivity of colorimetric agents. Though the discovery of improvement in sensitivity is phenomenal, the mechanism still remains a puzzle. A typical assay reagent contains colorimetric/fluorescent reagents, buffers, salts, stabilizers etc. These chemicals are known to influence the water absorptivity of SPA. If we were to perform chemical/biochemical assays on SPA absorbed reagents effect of salts and other excipients on colorimetric/fluorescence compounds absorbed on SPA is very important. The hofmeister series are standard for studying effect of salts on permeability, stability, aggregation, fluorescence quenching etc. We recently studied affect of urea, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, guanidine thiocayanate on fluorescence characteristics of fluorescence compounds and noted that except urea all other reagents have resulted in fluorescence quenching and urea had an opposite effect and increased the fluorescence intensity. This result was attributed to the different water structure around fluorescent in urea solution versus other chaotropic agents.

Emergence of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Nursing Homes With High Background Rates of MRSA Colonization.

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) with diverse multilocus sequence typing emerged among our nursing home residents (6.5%) with a high background rate of MRSA (32.2%). Rectal swabs yielded a higher rate of CRAB detection than axillary or nasal swabs. Bed-bound status, use of adult diapers, and nasogastric tube were risk factors for CRAB colonization. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:983-986.

Factors related to the urination methods of elderly people with incontinence who require at-home nursing care.

This study aimed to elucidate the urination status among elderly people with incontinence who require at-home nursing care as well as the status of their family caregivers, and to identify the factors related to their urination methods. In the present study, questionnaires were distributed to 101 elderly subjects (n=101) and their caregivers. The most prevalent urination method was the collaboration of toilet and adult diapers (69, 68.8%).There was a significantly larger number of patients who used a toilet <4 times and who had a "moderate" amount of incontinence and patients who used toilet 4-8 times and had a "slight" amount of incontinence (p<0.05). We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis using the stepwise method. We used 8 items from the responses of the elderly subjects and their caregivers that were identified as being independently associated with the urination method using the chi-squared test (or Fisher's exact probability test), with the urination method as the dependent variable. Among elderly people, the ability to use a toilet properly (p=0.004) and independent mobility (p=0.028) strongly influenced their use of a toilet for urination. Among caregivers, the influencing factor was not thinking that they have to use the toilet even though they are unable to urinate (p=0.027). The use of a toilet for urination by elderly people was influenced by their physical functions and by the caregivers' attitudes toward excretion-related nursing care. When providing urination assistance, it is important for caregivers to maintain the physical functions of the elderly by providing support when necessary. It is also important to assess the bladder function by, methods such, as measuring the amount of residual urine and cooperate with a physician.

Epidemiological Survey of the Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Bacteria in Hospitals and Nursing Homes in Morioka Secondary Medical Area Zone of Iwate Prefecture

The spread of ESBL-producing bacteria (ESBLs) in local communities is a crucially important issue related to infection control. We investigated the relevance of isolation of ESBLs and the risk factors influencing the isolation rates of these organisms at medical facilities (4 rural hospitals, A-D; 4 nursing homes, a-d) located in the Morioka medical area. The isolation rates of ESBLs at 4 hospitals were estimated from the patient medical records from April 2013 to March 2014. Also, ESBLs were isolated from stool samples from residents in 4 nursing homes during almost the same period, and were analyzed to ascertain their genotypes. Furthermore, we compared the isolation rates of ESBLs among four hospitals to determine the influence of use of third-generation cephalosporins and alcohol-based hand rubs, and also among four nursing homes to identify the clinical backgrounds of the nursing home residents influencing the isolation rates. The isolation rates of ESBLs in hospitals and nursing homes were 13.3% (3.6-25.0%) and 9.3% (3.4-21.0%), respectively. Hospital B, which had the highest isolation rate of ESBLs, showed the highest rate of use of third-generation cephalosporins. On the other hand, Hospital A, with a lower isolation rate of ESBLs, showed the highest frequency of use of alcohol rubs. The rate of use of enteral nutrition was significantly higher in the nursing homes with higher isolation rate of ESBLs than those with lower isolation rates (odds ratio 2.71, p < 0.05). Nursing home c, with a significantly higher isolation rate of ESBLs, showed higher usage of adult diapers as well as higher rates of residents with recent hospitalization and high-level care. All ESBLs (13 Escherichia coli) isolated from nursing home c showed the same genotype: CTX-M-3. Although numerous ESBLs were isolated from the hospitals and nursing homes investigated in this study, the isolation rates of ESBLs and the clinical backgrounds of the patients differed greatly among the medical facilities in the same area. Furthermore, as patients and residents were transferred reciprocally among the hospitals and nursing homes, it was suggested that infection control for ESBLs at any individual facility alone was not sufficient and also that cooperative education and information sharing on ESBLs among facilities in the same area might be important.

Treating just-right symptoms in geriatric obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Byline: Natalie. Noel, Phillip. Seibell, Joshua. Nadeau, Eric. Storch Sir, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by considerable clinical heterogeneity; one common symptom includes “just right” phenomenon in which the affected individual compulsively repeats or delays a behavior until it feels “right” to discontinue the ritual and/or proceed with the next behavior. Although exposure and response prevention (ERP) and pharmacological therapy utilizing antidepressants have demonstrated efficacy,[sup][1] most studies have been conducted in samples with mean age of approximately 35 years, in which treatment has been conducted in a nonintensive format among patients who are not treatment resistant.[sup][2] There is little empirical support for treatment modifications specific to geriatric patients who exhibit OCD symptoms; as such, we report on a 68-year-old male “Douglas” (pseudonym) who was treated with ERP in a partial hospitalization program. This program included 21 h of ERP/week, 4 h of group therapy/week, and 2 h of ERP homework. Douglas' sertraline dose was increased from 50 mg to 200 mg, which he felt further contributed to his mood improvement and ability to engage in ERP. Douglas, a retired, married man from the southeastern United States with no prior ERP treatment, began experiencing “just right” symptoms during adolescence, manifesting in behaviors including tapping, avoidance, and repeating. He counted (to no specific number) while tapping his zipper and other fasteners on his pants such as his belt. He completed this ritual every time he voluntarily and involuntarily touched the groin region of his pants, including going to the restroom, dressing, or undressing, and laying his hands in his lap when sitting. To reduce the frequency of urination, Douglas avoided consuming liquids. His “just right” obsession generalized to other motor movements. For example, he would repeat his steps, put lids on containers and bottles, and stand or sit only when it felt right. Due to Douglas' rituals, it took approximately 45 min to unfasten his pants and urinate. Douglas experienced pain from restricting or delaying urination and experienced urinary incontinence, necessitating the use of adult diapers. Douglas' symptoms worsened after retiring. Due to his fear of stigma, should his condition be known, he hid his OCD symptoms from his colleagues and family, including his wife; however, eventually, his symptoms began to impact his marriage and his functioning in many areas, including sleeping, dressing, and leaving his home. Douglas' symptom severity was measured using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS);[sup][3] an assessment of OCD symptom severity with scores ranging from 0 to 40. On presentation, Douglas received a Y-BOCS score of 33, indicating severe symptoms. His treatment duration lasted over 7 weeks. …

Assessing the dermal compatibility of a new female incontinence product line

Context: We have developed a line of products designed to better meet the overall needs of women suffering from urinary incontinence. The products are more discrete and contain a unique odor neutralizing technology (ONT).Objective: This paper describes the overall skin compatibility program for this product line in which the new products were compared to negative controls and/or commercially marketed reference products with an established history of safe use.Materials and methods: Test products consisted of several product forms (light pads/pantiliners, moderate pads, briefs and taped diapers) with ONT and having various degrees of protection. Studies were conducted using standard protocols for 4-day and 21-day cumulative irritation, the Human Repeat Insult Patch Test (HRIPT), and the Behind-the-Knee (BTK) test for mechanical and chemical irritation. In one 4-day irritation study and one HRIPT, test subjects consisted of individuals with self-assessed sensitive skin. In addition, one 4-day study was conducted using normal skin sites, and sites compromised by tape stripping. Nonirritant controls were physiologic saline and/or current, commercially marketed incontinence products. All responses were evaluated by visual scoring of erythema. In addition, in the BTK, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and adverse sensory effects collected from panelists’ daily diaries were also evaluated.Results and discussion: Two 4-day cumulative irritation studies and one 21-day study demonstrated that a wide range of product forms (liners, light and moderate pads, briefs and adult diapers) produced skin reactions similar to the nonirritant controls. The 4-day study conducted using sensitive skin subjects showed good skin compatibility, and the test products were comparable to the nonirritant controls. In the 4-day study with both normal and compromised skin sites, test products produced mean erythema scores similar to the nonirritant controls. Three HRIPT separate studies confirm that the products do not induce contact sensitization, including one study conducted on individuals with self-assessed sensitive skin. In the BTK, test and control products produced similar irritation, as assessed by erythema, TEWL and sensory effects.Conclusion: The results from the patch tests and mechanical irritation test demonstrate good skin compatibility of the new line of products with the unique ONT. In addition, the forms of the product (i.e. liner, pad or brief), were equally compatible with skin.

Geriatric Disaster Preparedness.

The elderly population has proven to be vulnerable in times of a disaster. Many have chronic medical problems for which they depend on medications or medical equipment. Some older adults are dependent on caregivers for managing their activities of daily living (ADLs), such as dressing, and their instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), such as transportation. Problem A coordinated effort for disaster preparation in the elderly population is paramount. This study assessed the potential needs and plans of older adults in the face of a local disaster. The setting was a community-based, university-affiliated, urban emergency department (ED) that sees more than 77,000 adult patients per year. A survey on disaster plans and resources needed if evacuated was distributed to 100 community-residing ED patients and visitors aged 65 years and older from January through July 2013. Means and proportions are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Data were collected from 13 visitors and 87 patients. The mean age was 76 years, and 54% were female. Thirty-one responded that they had a disaster plan in place (31/100; CI, 22.4-41.4%). Of those 31, 94% (29/31; CI, 78.6-99.2%) had food and water as part of their plan, 62% (19/29; CI, 42.2-78.2%) had a supply of medication, and 35% (12/31; CI, 21.8-57.8%) had an evacuation plan. When asked what supplies the 100 subjects might need if evacuated, 33% (CI, 23.9-43.1%) needed a walker, 15% (CI, 8.6-23.5%) needed a wheelchair, 78% (CI, 68.6-85.7%) needed glasses, 17% (CI, 10.2-25.8%) needed a hearing aid, 16% (CI, 9.4-24.7%) needed a glucometer, 93% (CI, 86.1-97.1%) needed medication, 14% (CI, 7.8-22.4%) needed oxygen, 23% (CI, 15.2-32.5%) needed adult diapers, and 21% (CI, 13.2-30.3%) had medical equipment that required electricity. Many of the subjects also required help with one or more of their ADLS, the most common being dressing (17%; CI, 10.3-26.1%), or their IADLS, the most common being transportation (39%; CI, 29.7-49.7%). Only 42% (CI, 32.3-52.7%) were interested in learning more about disaster preparation. Only a minority of the older adults in the study population had a disaster plan in place. Most of the respondents would require medications, and many would require medical supplies if evacuated.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for colorimetric detection of urinary tract infection biomarkers on adult diapers.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common infection diseases in elderly patients. The conventional method of detecting UTI involves the collection of significant urine samples from the elderly patients. However, this is a very difficult and time-consuming procedure. This paper addresses the development of a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) to detect UTI from urine collected from adult diapers. The design and fabrication for the μPAD is shown. The fabrication process involves melting solid wax on top of filter paper using a hot plate, followed by pattern transfer using a mold with rubbed wax. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, the μPAD with deposited nitrite reagent had detected different concentrations of nitrite solutions from 0.5 ppm to 100 ppm spiked in urine samples. A calibration curve was obtained by plotting the gray scale intensity values against the various nitrite concentrations. The results showed that the proposed paper-based device holds great potential as low-cost, disposable solution to sensitively detect UTI markers in urine sampled from diapers.

EFFECTIVENESS OF DIAPERS AMONG PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC INCONTINENCE IN THAILAND.

The aim of this study was to assess effect of adult diapers on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and the independent level of performing activities of daily living (ADLs) in people with urinary or fecal incontinence. Psychological consequences of patients' caregivers were also measured. This quasi-experimental study was conducted at two rehabilitation centers in Thailand. People aged 15 years or greater with chronic urinary or fecal incontinence were eligible. Study participants received adult diapers for 10 weeks after recruitment. Thai EuroQol Five Dimensions (EQ-5D) and the Barthel Index were measured at baseline and weeks 2, 6, and 10 to evaluate HRQOL and the independent level of performing ADLs, respectively. The Braden Scale was used to assess the risk of having pressure ulcers. Mean differences in the Thai EQ-5D, the Barthel Index, and the Braden Scale, before and after receiving adult diapers, were estimated using a multilevel linear regression model. There were ninety patients and forty-eight caregivers who took part in this study. HRQOL and independent level of performing ADLs had improved significantly by week 10 after receiving adult diapers with mean differences of 0.102 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.046-0.158) and 4.40 (95% CI, 1.74-7.07), respectively. The risk of having pressure ulcers had significantly decreased by 67 percent (95% CI, 16 percent-78 percent) by week 10 after receiving adult diapers. The results indicate a significant improvement of HRQOL and the independent level of performing ADLs among incontinent patients after receiving adult diapers. These results were used to inform the development of the health benefits package under the Universal Health Coverage Scheme in Thailand.

Gaining Control Over Fecal Incontinence

Gaining Control Over Fecal Incontinence

Emergent Reconnection of a Transected Left Ventricular Assist Device Driveline

BackgroundRecent clinical advances with new mechanical circulatory systems have led to additional strategies in the treatment of end-stage heart failure. The third-generation HeartWare Left Ventricular Device (LVAD) System utilizes a blood pump and a driveline (cable) that exits the patient's skin connecting the implanted pump to an externally worn controller. We report a rare case of a HeartWare LVAD driveline rewiring after accidental (presumed) transection of the driveline system. Case ReportA 67-year-old male with a medical history of ischemic cardiomyopathy status post HeartWare LVAD implantation presented to the emergency department (ED) after acute LVAD failure. On the morning of presentation, he attempted to cut the paper tape off of his adult diaper with scissors and accidentally (presumed) and unwitnessed severed the driveline system. The patient immediately went into cardiac arrest and was transported to a regional medical center. On arrival, he exhibited no appreciable vital signs and was subsequently intubated, vascular access was placed, and inotropic support initiated. The emergency physician individually stripped and reconnected the color-coded driveline wires using multiple hemostats, electrical tape, and cardboard, which resulted in regeneration of positive LVAD flows. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?VAD patients will present in extremis typically to the ED with manifestations of pump dysfunction ranging from diminished flows needing fluid management or pump adjustments to full pump failure manifesting as cardiogenic shock, needing rapid resuscitation and transfer to a cardiothoracic surgical unit with on-site VAD-perfusion specialists.

Outpatient High-Dose-Rate Interstitial Brachytherapy in the Treatment of Gynecologic Malignancies

to have recurrence either local or metastatic. Initial data were obtained for 85 women. Treatment data: There was a significant relationship between the average baseline scores and patient age (P 50:037) for the vagina scale score and also for sexual dysfunction (P 50:038). There was no significant relationship for vagina scores and stage of disease (P 5 0:054) or for sexual dysfunction and stage P 50:44. There was a significant relationship between the maximum vagina scores at baseline and age (P 50:039), but not for stage of disease (P 5 0:077). For sexual dysfunction maximum scores there was no significant association with age (P 50:095) or disease stage. (P 50:31). Nineteen of the 85 patients had prior treatment with surgery and both their average vagina scores (P 50:025) and maximum vagina (P 50:045) scoreswere significantly lower than those for non-surgically treated patients. Similarly for sexual dysfunction scores,the averages scores (P 50:042) for those patients who had prior surgery were lower than those who had no surgery and the maximum score was significantly different (P 50:027). Statistical analysis of data: The mean subjective sexual function and satisfaction score was highest (0.4601) in patients in which gap between treatment and interview was 11 years and maximum score was highest (0.94) in same group. Average subjective LENT SOMA score was highest in patients who were interviewed after 11 years of treatment in comparison to other patients. The objective mean score VG (Vagina) was highest (0.6444) in patients who were interviewed after 11 years of treatment and maximum score (0.80) was highest (0.80) in patients in which gap between treatment and interview was 10 years. Average objective LENT SOMA score was highest in patients who were interviewed after 11 years of treatment in comparison to other patients (p value0.693). Average overall LENT SOMA score was highest in patients in which gap between treatment and interview was 11 years. (p value0.705) Conclusions: The LENT SOMA system was acceptable and feasible to use and gave us an insight into the morbidity in our patients. Since it is one of few studies in India on late morbidity in treated patients of carcinoma uterine cervix, it is an important step in comparing our data with the Western literature. It will also help us to develop effective management plans to reduce the post treatment symptoms and improve quality of life in patients of carcinoma uterine cervix.

1P1-E09 生体情報モニタリング機能を有する移動トイレシステムの開発(看護とメカトロニクス)

Excreting is one of the most important living activities for the elderly who are in need of nursing care. It is difficult to predict when the elderly will need help of caregivers to go to the lavatory because excreting is a purely physiological requirement. The elderly sometimes needs to wear an adult diaper or set a portable toilet in their living space but they make the elderly uncomfortable and insanitary. To solve these problems, we developed a mobile toilet system equipped with omnidirectional wheel. As for toilet seat, a surface of buttock is placed into immediate contact with a toilet seat during elimination. It will become possible to monitor heath condition of a user by implementing sensors in toilet seat. In this study, we also equipped the mobile toilet with a sensor system.

Prostate Cancer Screening: What We Know, Don't Know, and Believe

This commentary discusses the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation against PSA-based screening for men of any age. The commentator agrees with the recommendation and discusses how the...

In-Hospital Use of Continence Aids and New-Onset Urinary Incontinence in Adults Aged 70 and Older

To describe the types of continence aids that older adults hospitalized in acute medical units use and to test the association between use of continence aids and development of new urinary incontinence (UI) at discharge. Prospective cohort study. A 900-bed teaching hospital in Israel. Three hundred fifty-two acute medical patients aged 70 and older who were continent before admission. In-hospital use of continence aids was assessed according to participant self-report on use of urinary catheters (UCs) or adult diapers or of self-toileting. The development of new UI was defined as participant report of inability to control voiding at discharge. Multivariate analyses modeled the association between use of continence aids (vs self-toileting) and the development of new UI, controlling for baseline functional and cognitive status, disease severity, age, and length of stay. Of the 352 participants, 58 (16.5%) used adult diapers, and 27 (7.7%) had a UC during most of the hospital stay. Sixty (17.1%) participants developed new UI at discharge. The odds of developing new UI were 4.26 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.53-11.83) times higher for UC users and 2.62 (95% CI=1.17-5.87) times higher for adult diaper users than for the self-toileting group, controlling for the above risk factors. The use of adult diapers and UCs during acute hospitalization is associated with the development of new UI at discharge. The management of continence in hospitalized older adults requires more diligence, and further investigation is needed to devise continence promotion methods in hospital settings.

Uncooperative Mrs. Adams Got Her Way

Uncooperative Mrs. Adams Got Her Way