Depression In Adults Research Articles

The associations of socioeconomic status, social activities, and loneliness with depressive symptoms in adults aged 50 years and older across 24 countries: findings from five prospective cohort studies

Depression is the leading cause of mortality among mental health disorders. Evidence about the associations of socioeconomic status, social activities, and loneliness with depression is scarce. We aimed to identify whether social activities and loneliness mediate the association between socioeconomic status and depression, and the extent of interactive or joint relationships between social activities, loneliness, and socioeconomic status on depression. In this population-based, cross-national cohort study we used data from five nationally representative surveysacross 24countries between Feb 15, 2008, and Feb 27, 2019: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS); theEnglish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA); the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE); theChina Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS); and the Mexican Health and Ageing Study (MHAS). We included participants who were aged 50years and older with reported information on socioeconomic status, social activities, and loneliness at baseline, and who had been assessed at least twice. We excluded participants with depressive symptoms at baseline; those with missing data on depressive symptoms and covariates; and those lost to follow-up. We defined socioeconomic status as high and low using latent class analysis based on family income, education, and employment status. Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) or EURO-D. We applied Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the association of socioeconomic status with depression. We used random-effects models to obtain pooled results. Joint and interactive effects of socioeconomic status, social activities, and loneliness on depression were explored, and the mediating roles of social activities and loneliness in the association between socioeconomic status and depression were explored using causal mediation analysis. A total of 69 160participants were included in our study and, during a median follow-up of 5years, a total of 20 237participants developed depression with a pooled incidence of 7·2 (95% CI 4·4-10·0) per 100 person-years. Compared with participants with high socioeconomic status, those with low socioeconomic status had a higher risk of depression (pooled hazard ratio [HR] 1·34; 95% CI 1·23-1·44). The proportion of the associations between socioeconomic status and depression mediated by social activities and loneliness were 6·12% (1·14-28·45) and 5·54% (0·71-27·62), respectively. We only observed a significant multiplicative interaction of socioeconomic status and loneliness with depression (pooled HR 0·84; 0·79-0·90). Compared with participants with high socioeconomic status and who were socially active and not lonely, those with low socioeconomic status and who were socially inactive and lonely had a higher risk of depression (pooled HR 2·45; 2·08-2·82). Social inactivity and loneliness positively mediated a small proportion of the association between socioeconomic status and depression, indicating that other approaches in addition to interventions targeting social isolation and loneliness are required to mitigate the risk of depression in older adults. Additionally, the joint effects of socioeconomic status, social activities, and loneliness highlight the benefits of simultaneous and integrated interventions to reduce the global burden of depression. National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Sexual Orientation Disparities in Adulting: Emerging Adulthood Markers, Depression and Anxiety among Filipino Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Women

Sexual Orientation Disparities in Adulting: Emerging Adulthood Markers, Depression and Anxiety among Filipino Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Women

The protective effect of S-adenosylmethionine on chronic adolescent stress-induced depression-like behaviors by regulating gut microbiota

The efficacy and tolerability of current antidepressants for adolescent depression are inadequate. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), known for its effectiveness and minimal side effects in adult depression, remains unstudied in adolescents. This study explored the potential of SAMe to address depression-like behaviors in juvenile rats induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), with a focus on gut microbiome interactions. Adolescent male Wistar rats were subjected to a 4-week CUMS regimen and received daily intraperitoneal injections of 300 mg/kg SAMe. Behavioral assessments included the sucrose preference test, elevated plus maze test, open field test, and Y-maze test. Histopathological changes of the hippocampus and colon were observed by Nissl staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining, respectively. Gut microbiome composition was analyzed using Accurate 16S absolute quantification sequencing. The results showed that SAMe significantly improved behavioral outcomes, reduced histopathological damages in hippocampal neurons and colon tissues, and modulated the gut microbiota of depressed rats. It favorably altered the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes, decreased the absolute abundance of Deferribacteres, and adjusted levels of key microbial genera associated with depression-like behaviors. These results suggested that SAMe could effectively counter depression-like behaviors in CUMS-exposed adolescent rats by mitigating hippocampal neuronal and colon damage and modulating the gut microbiota. This supports SAMe as a viable and tolerable treatment option for adolescent depression, highlighting the importance of the gut-brain axis in therapeutic strategies.

Comparing Sarcopenia Definitions and Muscle Power Reduction: Associations with Health Outcomes in Spanish Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Objectives: To analyze the associations between the different operational definitions of sarcopenia published in the last decade and reduced muscle power with a set of adverse health-related outcomes, such as comorbidities, depression, polypharmacy, self-perceived health, educational attainment, socioeconomic status, falls, and hospitalizations in Spanish community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A total of 686 community-dwelling older adults (median age: 72; women: 59.2%; physically active: 84%) were included in this cross-sectional analysis (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05148351). Sarcopenia was assessed using the FNIH, EWGSOP2, AWGS, and SDOC algorithms. Reduced muscle power was defined as the lowest sex-specific tertile and measured during the rising phase of the sit-to-stand test using a validated mobile application. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions by potential confounders were performed to identify the association between sarcopenia and reduced muscle power with health-related outcomes. Results: Sarcopenia prevalence was 3.4%, 3.8%, 12.4%, and 21.3% according to the SDOC, FNIH, EWGSOP2, and AWGS, respectively. Among these definitions, moderate and large associations with health-related outcomes were observed for EWGSOP2 and SDOC, respectively, but few associations were found for FNIH and AWGS criteria. Reduced muscle power was associated more frequently and moderately with health-related outcomes compared to sarcopenia definitions. These associations remained constant after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions: The prevalence and impact of sarcopenia varied depending on the definitions used. Among the sarcopenia definitions, the SDOC exhibited the strongest associations, while reduced muscle power was the variable most frequently associated with health-related outcomes compared to any of the four sarcopenia definitions in well-functioning and physically active community-dwelling older adults.

Pilot trial protocol: community intervention to improve depressive symptoms among Peruvian older adults

BackgroundNon-pharmacological interventions have proven effective at alleviating depression and anxiety symptoms in older adults. Methodological refinement and testing of these interventions in new contexts are needed on a small scale before their effectiveness and implementation can be evaluated. The purpose of this pilot study is to assess the feasibility of a future large-scale trial comparing an adapted mental health multi-component evidence-based intervention (VIDACTIVA) versus standard care for older adults experiencing depression symptoms in urban, resource-limited settings in Lima, Peru. Furthermore, this study will explore the acceptability, feasibility, and fidelity of implementing the intervention.MethodsWe will conduct an open-label, mixed methods pilot feasibility study with two parallel groups. A total of 64 older adults, stratified by sex, will be randomized at a 1:1 ratio to either the “intervention” or “control.” Participants will be followed for 22 weeks after enrollment. Those in the intervention group will receive eight VIDACTIVA sessions administered by community health workers (CHWs) over 14 weeks, with an additional eight weeks of follow-up. Participants in the control group will receive two psychoeducation sessions from a study fieldworker and will be directed to health care centers. Standard care does not involve CHWs. We will evaluate screening rates, recruitment strategies, retention rates, the acceptability of randomization, and assessments. Additionally, we will assess preliminary implementation outcomes—acceptability, feasibility, and fidelity—from the perspectives of CHWs (interventionists), older adults (main participants), older adults’ relatives, and healthcare professionals.DiscussionIf the findings from this feasibility trial are favorable, a fully powered randomized controlled trial will be conducted to evaluate `both the effectiveness and implementation of the intervention. This research will make a substantial contribution to the field of mental health in older adults, particularly by emphasizing a meticulous examination and documentation of the implementation process. By doing so, this study will offer valuable methodologies and metrics for adapting and assessing mental health interventions tailored to the unique needs of older adults in resource-constrained contexts and diverse cultural settings.Trial registrationThe current trial registration number is NCT06065020, which was registered on 26th September 2023.

Self-esteem mediates child abuse predicting adulthood anxiety, depression, and substance use symptoms 18 years later

According to biopsychosocial models, experiencing parental child abuse increases susceptibility to adulthood psychopathology. However, there is a paucity of studies examining potential mechanisms of the parental child abuse and adulthood psychopathology relationship. The purpose of the current study was to determine if Time 2 (T2) trait self-esteem mediated levels of Time 1 (T1) retrospectively recalled parental child abuse predicting (T3) past-year major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), and substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms. The 18-year Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study included participants (N = 3294; T1 average age of 45.62 years) assessed at three different time points, each spaced about nine years apart. We performed structural equation mediation modeling analyses to determine how maternal and paternal child abuse at T1 would independently predict T3 MDD, GAD, PD, AUD, and SUD symptoms. We also examined whether T2 self-esteem mediated these relations while controlling for adulthood T1 psychopathology symptoms, demographics, socioeconomic status, somatic symptoms, and parental psychopathology. Consistent with our hypotheses, higher T1 maternal and paternal abuse predicted increased T3 GAD, PD, AUD, and SUD symptoms via diminished T2 self-esteem as the mediator (% proportion mediated = 33.0–100). However, childhood paternal, but not maternal, abuse predicted adulthood MDD symptoms via reduced self-esteem. Findings remained after adjusting for covariates. Our research highlights the importance of understanding retrospectively recalled parental child abuse–adulthood psychopathology relations, their potential mechanisms, and self-esteem as a malleable treatment target for adults with heightened child abuse.

Area-level credit scores and symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults.

Area-level credit scores may capture aspects of a neighborhood's resources and history that may affect population mental health beyond income and other demographic determinants. Using a sample of 511,363 adults in 1,438 Pennsylvania ZIP codes who completed the COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey, we assessed the relationship between area-level VantageScores (nine categories from <675 to ≥850) and individual mental health. We estimate odds and predicted probability of depression and anxiety symptoms, adjusting for demographics and median household income. Given a history of discrimination and unequal access to the benefits of assets, we assess whether the relationship between area credit scores and individual mental health was different for different gender, age, race and ethnicity, and education groups. Persons who lived in ZIP codes with average credit scores of 700-725 reported 1.31 (95% CI 1.13, 1.52) and 1.22 (95% CI 1.07, 1.40) times the odds of frequent feelings of depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively, relative to persons living in ZIP codes with an average area level credit score ≥850. This translated to a difference of 2.8 and 2.5 percentage points in the predicted probability of symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively, for persons living in lower versus higher area credit score ZIP codes. Stratified models appeared to show differences in the association of depression and anxiety with credit scores across demographic groups, but tests of interaction did not show significant differences between most groups. Findings suggest that area credit scores may capture assets that shape mental health over and above income and other demographic determinants.

Social connection interventions and depression in young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Early adulthood is a period which may increase vulnerability to loneliness and mental health difficulties among young adults. Social networks play an important role in buffering against adverse mental health, but there is a lack of evidence around whether social connection interventions could play a role in preventing mental health difficulties for young adults. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023395595). PubMed, PsycInfo, and Scopus were searched (01 January 2000-01 January 2023). Studies were eligible if they (i) were quantitative, (ii) included young adults (18-24 years) from the general population, (iii) tested a social intervention which aimed to increase the quantity or quality of social connections or reduce loneliness, (iv) had a comparison group, and (v) measured depression and loneliness/social connection as outcomes. Following study screening and selection, the data extraction and risk of bias assessments were independently conducted in duplicate. The Cochrane RoB-2 tool and ROBINS-I tool were used to assess risk of bias. Results were narratively synthesised and random effects meta-analysis with standardised mean differences was conducted. Six studies were included; four in-person interventions with higher education students, one online intervention with higher education students, and one intervention for youth involved in street life. The studies were mostly rated as having some or moderate concerns with risk of bias. The interventions were associated with an overall mean reduction in depression for young adults (SMD = -0.19; 95% CI, -0.33 to -0.05; p = 0.008; 4 studies, excluding studies with serious risk of bias). All interventions had beneficial effects on a range of diverse social connection outcomes, but there was no overall statistically significant mean reduction in loneliness for young adults in pooled analyses (SMD = -0.10; 95% CI, -0.24 to 0.05; p = 0.188; 3 studies). Social connection interventions show some promise in improving depression and social connection outcomes in young adults but more high-quality research, across diverse settings, is needed in this area.

A systematic review and network meta-analysis of psychological, psychosocial, pharmacological, physical and combined treatments for adults with a new episode of depression

Various effective treatments for depression exist. We aimed to identify the most effective first-line treatments for new episodes of less and more severe depression (defined by depression scale cut-off scores), to update NICE guidance on the management of Depression in Adults in England. Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published up to June 2020 (PROSPERO registration number CRD42019151328). We analysed interventions by class and individually. The primary efficacy outcome was depressive symptom change (expressed as standardised mean difference [SMD]). The review for this outcome was updated in November2023. We included 676 RCTs, 105,477 participants and 63 treatment classes. For less severe depression, group cognitive/cognitive behavioural therapy (CT/CBT) class was efficacious versus treatment as usual [TAU], the reference treatment for this population [SMD-1.01 (95% Credible Interval [CrI]-1.76;-0.06)]. For more severe depression, efficacious classes versus pill placebo (reference treatment for this population) included combined individual CT/CBT with antidepressants [-1.18 (-2.07;-0.44)], individual behavioural therapies [-0.86 (-1.65;-0.16)], combined light therapy with antidepressants [-0.86 (-1.59;-0.12)], combined acupuncture with antidepressants [-0.78 (-1.12;-0.44)], individual CT/CBT [-0.78 (-1.42;-0.33)], mirtazapine [-0.35 (-0.48;-0.22)], serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors [-0.32 (-0.43;-0.22)], tricyclic antidepressants [-0.29 (-0.50;-0.05)], and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [-0.24 (-0.32;-0.16)]. Additional treatments showed evidence of efficacy at the intervention level. Evidence for less and more severe depression was of low and low-to-moderate quality, respectively. In the 2023 update, group yoga and self-help without support emerged as efficacious for less severe depression. For more severe depression, combined group exercise with antidepressants emerged as efficacious, whereas combined light therapy with antidepressants failed to remain efficacious. Group CT/CBT (and possibly group yoga and self-help) appears efficacious in less severe depression, whereas antidepressants do not show evidence of effect. Combined antidepressants with individual CT/CBT, acupuncture and, possibly, group exercise, individual psychological therapies (behavioural therapies, CT/CBT) alone, and antidepressants alone appear efficacious in more severe depression. Quality of evidence, cost-effectiveness, applicability and implementation issues also need to be considered when formulating clinical practice recommendations. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

The effect of cognitive stimulation therapy on daily life activities, depression and life satisfaction of older adults living with dementia in nursing home: Randomized controlled trial.

In this research, it was aimed to evaluate the effects of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy on activities of daily living, depression, and life satisfaction in older adults with dementia in nursing homes. It is a randomized controlled experimental study. The study consisted of a total of 60 older adults, 30 in the intervention group and 30 in the control group, in two different nursing homes. In the post-CST comparison, BADLI posttest measurements, IADLS posttest, follow-up test measurements (p < .001, Fr = 45.982, Fr = 42.54) and SWLS posttest (p < .001, Fr = 38.47) of the individuals in the intervention group measurements were significantly higher. The mean depression level of the CSDD posttest and follow-up test intervention group was significantly lower (p < .001, F = 0.402). It was found that Cognitive Stimulation Therapy is effective in increasing the levels of daily life activity and life satisfaction and reducing the level of depression in older adults with dementia. It is recommended to be used by psychiatric nurses.

대학생의 성인애착과 우울의 관계에서 정서인식의 매개효과

Objectives This study aimed to verify the mediating effect of emotion recognition in the relationship between adult attachment and depression. Methods To achieve this, an online survey was conducted to measure adult attachment, emotion recognition, and depression among university students currently enrolled in four-year universities in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Incheon. Data from a total of 347 participants were finally analyzed. Correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were performed using SPSS 22. Results The results can be summarized as follows: First, there were significant positive correlations between attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, emotion recognition, and depression. Second, emotion recognition had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between attachment anxiety and depression. Third, emotion recognition had a full mediating effect on the relationship between attachment avoidance and depression. Conclusions Attachment anxiety directly affected depression or indirectly through emotion recognition, while attachment avoidance did not directly affect depression but influenced it through emotion recognition as a mediator. Based on these findings, efficient counseling intervention strategies and limitations were discussed to address the challenges faced by university students experiencing depression.

Analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on major depressive disorder in adults: a systematic review

Analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on major depressive disorder in adults: a systematic review

Exploring the mediating role of the ventral attention network and somatosensory motor network in the association between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms in major depressive disorders

BackgroundChildhood trauma is closely tied to adult depression, but the neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies suggested associations between depression and large-scale brain networks such as the Ventral Attention Network (VAN) and Somatosensory Motor Network (SMN). This study hypothesized that functional connectivity (FC) within and between these networks mediates the link between childhood trauma and adult depression. MethodsThe Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) assessed developmental experiences, and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17) gauged depressive symptoms. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyzed FC within and between the VAN and SMN. ResultsDepression group exhibited significantly higher HAMD and CTQ scores, as well as elevated FC within the VAN and between the VAN and SMN (P < 0.05). Positive correlations were found between HAMD total score and FC within the VAN (P < 0.05, r = 0.35) and between the VAN and SMN (P < 0.05, r = 0.34), as well as with CTQ total score (P < 0.05, r = 0.27). Positive correlations were also observed between CTQ total score and FC within the VAN (P < 0.05, r = 0.31) and between the VAN and SMN (P < 0.05, r = 0.29). In the mediation model, FC within and between the VAN and SMN significantly mediated childhood trauma and depression. LimitationsThe cross-sectional design limits causal inference. The sample size for different trauma types is relatively small, urging caution in generalizing findings. ConclusionsThe study underscores the association between depression severity, VAN dysfunction, abnormal VAN-SMN FC, and childhood trauma. These findings contribute to understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying childhood trauma and depression.

Efficacy of an internet-delivered cognitive enhancement intervention for subjective residual cognitive deficits in remitted major depressive disorder: A randomized crossover trial

BackgroundCognitive deficits such as difficulties with attention, memory, and executive functions are frequently reported during remission from depression and relates to adverse functioning in daily life and risk of relapse. There is therefore a need for interventions targeting cognitive deficits after depression. However, few randomized controlled trials have investigated the efficacy of interventions targeting subjective residual cognitive deficits in adults remitted from depression. MethodsThis randomized crossover trial aimed to investigate the efficacy of an internet-delivered cognitive enhancement intervention on subjective residual cognitive deficits. Forty-four formerly depressed adults (89 % female;mean age = 39 years) were included. Twenty-three participants received the intervention, and 21 participants were assigned to a waitlist control group. The waitlist control group received the intervention after seven weeks. Analyses of follow-up assessment after six months were conducted for the combined sample. ResultsSignificant differences were found between the intervention and waitlist control group in subjective cognitive functioning (d = 1.83) and rumination (d = 1.65). There was a difference in symptoms of depression between the groups (d = 1.22), whereas symptoms of depression increased in the waitlist control, but not in the intervention group. Fewer participants in the waitlist control group (43 %), compared to the intervention group (78 %) showed reliable improvement in self-reported cognitive deficits after receiving the intervention. LimitationsFindings should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample, and lack of an active control group. ConclusionsInternet-delivered cognitive enhancement interventions may improve subjective cognitive deficits. Waiting time to receive cognitive enhancement interventions may worsen symptoms and treatment response.

Air Pollution Effects on Mental Health Relationships: Scoping Review on Historically Used Methodologies to Analyze Adult Populations

Air pollution’s effects on physical health, especially cardiovascular and respiratory, are well known. Exposure to air pollution may damage every organ and cell in the human body. New evidence is emerging showing that air pollution adversely affects human mental health. Current research suggests that high air pollution levels have long-term mental health effects, such as reduced mental capacity and increased cognitive decline, leading to increased stress, anxiety, and depression. Objectives: This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the methods used in epidemiological literature to ascertain the existence of links between outdoor particulate matter (PM) and multiple adverse mental health (MH) effects (depression, anxiety, and/or stress). A better understanding of the practical research methodologies could lead to improved air quality (AQ) management and enhanced well-being strategies. Methods: This paper undertakes a scoping review. PubMed and EMBASE databases from 2010 to 2024 were searched for English-language human cohort observational studies stating methodologies used in analyzing the link between outdoor particulate matter (ultrafine (UFT) (&lt;0.1 μm), fine (&lt;2.5 μm), and course (&lt;10 μm)) and mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, and stress) in adults (&gt;18 years), excluding vulnerable populations (i.e., elderly, children, and pregnant women). The study focuses on urban, suburban areas, and rural areas. Results: From an initial search of 3889 records, 29 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. These studies spanned various countries and employed robust quantitative methodologies to assess AQ and MH. All included studies investigated the impact of PM on mental health, with some (n = 19/65.52%) also examining nitrogen oxides (NOx), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and carbon monoxide (CO). Depression was the most frequently studied outcome (n = 10/34.48%), followed by anxiety and depression (n = 6/20.69%), and anxiety, stress, and depression, and stress (n = 4/13.79%, each). Depression, anxiety, and stress together were examined in a single study (n = 1/3.45%). Standardized questionnaires involving psychological scales such as Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) (n = 7/24.14%) and The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) (n = 3/10.34%) for depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD) (n = 2/6.90%) for anxiety were commonly used MH tools. 27 out of 29 studies found a significant negative impact of air pollution on mental health, demonstrating a solid consensus in the literature. Two studies did not find a significant correlation. The results consistently indicated that higher levels of air pollution were associated with increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusion: Of the 3889 identified studies, 29 were suitable for inclusion in the scoping review per inclusion criteria. The results show the most preferred methods in assessing air quality and mental health in relevant studies, providing a detailed account of each method’s strengths and limitations used in studies. This scoping review was conducted to assist future research and relieve the decision-making process for researchers aiming to find a correlation between air quality and mental health. While the inclusion criteria were strict and thus resulted in few studies, the review found a gap in the literature concerning the general adult population, as most studies focused on vulnerable populations. Further exploration of the methodologies used to find the relationship between air quality and mental health is needed, as reporting on these outcomes was limited.

The impact of neural emotion reactivity and regulation on the association between depression and suicide ideation in high-risk adults

BackgroundDepression is closely related to suicidal ideation (SI); however, it is unclear who is most vulnerable to SI within the context of depression. Research suggests that individual differences in emotion reactivity and regulation may be potential moderators of the link between depression and SI. Therefore, the current study tested this hypothesis using objective markers of emotion reactivity and volitional cognitive regulation capacity during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). MethodsAdults (n = 91) with active SI completed validated self-report measures of current depressive symptoms and SI severity. Participants completed an fMRI task designed to probe neural response to aversive stimuli and during cognitive reappraisal – a form of volitional emotion regulation. Activation of the amygdala during aversive emotion reactivity was measured. Activation of ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (vlPFC, dlPFC, and dmPFC) during cognitive reappraisal were also measured. A series of hierarchical linear regressions testing the unique and interactive effects of depression symptoms and neural activation on severity of SI were conducted. ResultsAnalyses revealed a depression x amygdala activation interaction. The positive association between depression and SI severity was more robust in the context of high amygdala reactivity than low amygdala reactivity. Analyses also indicated there was no PFC activity (neural cognitive reappraisal) by depression interaction. LimitationsPsychoactive medications were allowed and all participants endorsed suicidal intent. ConclusionStrategies aimed at targeting exaggerated emotion reactivity within the context of depression may be beneficial.

Mobile Intervention with Neural Networks for the Mental Health of Older Adults

This study presents an applied study with a pure experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of the application, with the objective of reducing the levels of loneliness and depression through the use of a mobile application based on neural networks in older adults in the city of Trujillo. In addition, software development technologies such as Flutter, Flask, and ExpressJs were used. The results indicate a significant decrease in the levels of emotional and social loneliness and depression in the experimental group (EG) compared to the control group (CG). Reductions of 15.03% in the level of emotional loneliness (LEL), 24.74% in the level of social loneliness, and a remarkable 44.12% in the level of depression were observed in the EG. In addition, a significant increase of 6% in the mood index was evidenced in the EG. This led to the conclusion that after mobile implementation based on neural networks, the alternative hypothesis is supported, statistically demonstrating the effectiveness of the application in reducing loneliness and depression in older adults. These findings suggest a positive impact on the emotional well-being of this population, underscoring the utility of technology in addressing mental health issues in this demographic.

Ventral striatal-cingulate resting-state functional connectivity in healthy adolescents relates to later depression symptoms in adulthood

BackgroundDepression is a significant public health concern. Identifying biopsychosocial risk factors for depression is important for developing targeted prevention. Studies have demonstrated that blunted striatal activation during reward processing is a risk factor for depression; however, few have prospectively examined whether adolescent reward-related resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) predicts depression symptoms in adulthood and how this relates to known risk factors (e.g., childhood trauma). MethodsAt baseline, 66 adolescents (mean age = 14.7, SD = 1.4, 68 % female) underwent rsFC magnetic resonance imaging and completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). At follow-up (mean time between adolescent scan and adult follow-up = 10.1 years, SD = 1.6, mean adult age = 24.8 years, SD = 1.7), participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Beck Depression Inventory– Second Edition (BDI-2). Average rsFC was calculated between nodes in mesocorticolimbic reward circuitry: ventral striatum (VS), rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), medial orbitofrontal cortex, and ventral tegmental area. Linear regressions assessed associations between rsFC, BDI-2, and CTQ, controlling for adolescent CDI, sex assigned at birth, and scan age (Bonferroni corrected). ResultsGreater childhood trauma was associated with higher adulthood depression symptoms. Stronger VS-rACC rsFC during adolescence was associated with greater depression symptoms in adulthood and greater childhood trauma. LimitationsThe small sample size, limited depression severity, and seed-based approach are limitations. ConclusionsThe associations between adolescent striatal-cingulate rsFC and childhood trauma and adult depression symptoms suggest this connectivity may be an early neurobiological risk factor for depression and that early life experience plays an important role. Increased VS-rACC connectivity may represent an over-regulatory response on the striatum, commonly reported in depression, and warrants further investigation.

Childhood trauma and differential response to long-term psychoanalytic versus cognitive-behavioural therapy for chronic depression in adults.

Childhood trauma is a major risk factor for chronic depression. It has been suggested that adults with chronic depression who have experienced childhood trauma may require long-term treatment owing to a breakdown of basic trust and related difficulties in developing a productive therapeutic relationship. As empirical studies have been preliminary and scarce, we studied the effects of psychoanalytic therapy (PAT) versus cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for chronic depression in adults with a history of childhood trauma. In this subgroup, we expected a greater symptom reduction in PAT compared with CBT. In a large trial of long-term psychotherapies for chronic depression (LAC-Study; Clinical Trial Register ISRCTN91956346), 210 adults received open-ended CBT or PAT in an out-patient setting and were examined yearly over 5 years on the Beck Depression Inventory - II (BDI-II). Based on a linear mixed model approach, we tested participant-reported childhood trauma based on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) as a predictor and moderator of treatment outcome. CTQ subscales were examined exploratively. Depressive symptoms decreased over time (b = -4.55, s.e. = 0.90, 95% CI -6.32 to -2.81, T = -5.08; P < 0.001). A significant three-way interaction between childhood trauma, time and therapy group (b = -0.05, s.e. = 0.02, 95% CI -0.09 to -0.01, T = -2.42; P = 0.016) indicated that participants with childhood trauma profited especially well from PATs. Our results indicate differential benefits from PAT compared with CBT among adults with chronic depression and a history of childhood trauma. The results have important implications for differential indication and policy.

Triple digital divide and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a disparity analysis

BackgroundThe triple digital divide refers to the lack of internet access, use and knowledge among specific populations. In China, middle-aged and older adults and those living in rural areas or...