Support Of Adult Children Research Articles

Perspectives of older adults, adult children and caregivers on internet of things home care technologies in China: a qualitative study

ABSTRACT Internet of Things (IoT) home care technologies have great potential to support older adults’ everyday activities and compensate for age-related changes. This study aims to explore older adults’ preferences for IoT home care technologies and factors influencing their acceptance from different perspectives. A total of 19 participants were purposively recruited, including 12 community-dwelling and nursing home older adults (74.8 ± 8.7 years), three adult children (48.3 ± 11.9 years), and four caregivers (43.8 ± 9.4 years). Their experiences and attitudes were explored through semi-structured interviews, assessing their general opinions toward IoT home care technologies and exploring what factors may hinder or facilitate their use. Twenty-two IoT home care services were included and the interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results revealed that community-dwelling older participants preferred entertainment services, while the nursing home group preferred safety services. Eight factors affecting older adults’ acceptance of IoT home care technologies were extracted: personality traits, self-health assessment, adult children support, roommate influence, affordability, credibility, compatibility, and substitutability. The impact of generational thrifty personality, adult children’s support, and service credibility are highlighted in the Chinese cultural context. Promotion of and education on using IoT services among older adults’ and their children is recommended.

Mother-Child Closeness and Adult Children's Time and Financial Assistance.

Drawing on the intergenerational solidarity framework and life course perspective, the authors assessed how mother-child closeness across different life stages is associated with adult children's time and financial assistance to mothers in later life. Using children's reports of their perceived closeness to mothers from Waves 1 to 4 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) and mothers' reports about adult children's time and financial assistance from Wave 2 of the Add Health Parent Study (AHPS) in the United States, the authors investigated how mother-child closeness during adolescence, emerging adulthood, and young adulthood is related to midlife adult children's support with a focus on difference between mother-daughter (N = 934) and mother-son (N = 899) dyads. Closeness during young adulthood was an important determinant of adult children's time assistance to their mothers, regardless of child's gender. Daughters' closeness with mothers during young adulthood also had a direct association with their financial support to mothers but not sons'. In contrast, sons' perceived closeness during emerging adulthood had a direct association with their financial support later in life. Closeness during adolescence had no direct association with later-life transfers of time or money but had an indirect association through its influence on mother-child relationships at subsequent life stages. Mother-child closeness is a continuously evolving process. Although mother-child bond formed during adolescence has no direct influence on help to mothers later in life, it shapes the progression of mother-child interactions over time that eventuates in support.

Step-Gap in Upward Support: The Role of Biological Relatedness and Childhood Co-residence Duration.

Although prior research has detected a step-gap in intergenerational relationships in various aspects, there is a lack of studies examining adult children's support toward their biological parents and stepparents. We investigated (i) whether adult children provide more support to their biological parents than stepparents and (ii) whether the childhood co-residence duration is associated with the support given to stepparents. The data were drawn from the German Family Panel (pairfam). Upward support was indicated by using 3 different measures, namely, financial, practical, and emotional support provided by adult children to their biological parents and stepparents. A path analysis was conducted to detect the potential differences regarding upward support. More support was channeled toward the biological parents than the stepparents. Moreover, the length of co-residence during childhood and adolescence was positively associated with the frequency of support provided toward the stepparents. Consequently, an increased childhood co-residence duration decreased the step-gap in upward support, although it did not fully eliminate it. The findings showed that stepparents are in a more disadvantaged position than the biological parents regarding receiving support from their adult children. In the context of a high old-age dependency ratio, it is important to recognize that stepparents may not have the opportunity to receive adequate support from their families as compared to individuals with biological children.

The impact of adult children's support on the psychological health of rural older adult people in China.

Family old-age care is dominant in Chinese rural society, and children's support is an important force in family old-age care. However, the migration of a large number of young and middle-aged rural laborers has undermined the traditional arrangements for old-age care in rural areas and affected the psychological health of the older adult. 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey targets Chinese citizens aged 60 or older and covers 28 provinces in mainland China. In this paper, the database of the CLASS was selected for empirical analysis to explore the impact of children's support on the depression level and loneliness of rural older adults through multiple linear regression, and was divided into two groups according to children's migration to analyze heterogeneity. Children's financial support facilitates the maintenance of mental health among rural older adults. Children's support promotes mental health among rural older adults, but this association does not exist among older adults without children's migration. Individual characteristics of older people have a greater impact on mental health. Our study firstly compares the differences of children's migration status between children's support and mental health among the older adult in rural China. In order to improve the mental health of the older adult, it is necessary to create a favorable atmosphere of love and respect for the older adult, improve the social security system in rural areas, and give full play to the strengths of the social forces, so as to ensure that the older adult have a sense of worthiness and enjoyment in their old age.

Intergenerational support and retirement timing among older men and women by race/ethnicity

Retirement timing is associated with health and economic outcomes for older adults. However, it is unclear how the pressures of supporting older parents and young adult children are associated with retirement. This study uses a life course perspective to consider how the linked lives of working older adults and their support of adult children and parents are associated with retirement. Cox proportional hazard models are estimated using the Health and Retirement Study (1992–2014) to assess the relationship between intergenerational support exchanges and retirement timing by gender and race/ethnicity. Providing most types of intergenerational support and especially providing time support are associated with an increased risk of retirement. Unlike all other respondents, Hispanic women providing intergenerational time support have similar retirement risks as those not providing any intergenerational support. These differing patterns by race/ethnicity suggest that earlier life course trajectories may shape older adults’ ability to respond to family needs.

Perceptions and desires of Chinese senior outbound tourists receiving travel support from adult children: a qualitative study

PurposeThis qualitative study explores how Chinese senior outbound tourists perceive support from their adult children and what kinds of support they desire.Design/methodology/approachQualitative data were collected from semi-structured interviews with 26 participants. Transcribed interviews were analysed via thematic analysis.FindingsThis study captured the contradictory feelings of different types of Chinese senior outbound tourists (i.e. independent, neutral, and dependent) according to the degree of desire for support from their adult children. The results further identified the real desires among Chinese senior outbound tourists for children's attitudinal support, caring support, appropriate financial support, companionship, and timing support.Research limitations/implicationsSince this qualitative research is based on small samples with typical social and cultural characteristics, our research results only describe an existence. Our findings provide insight into the existence of the phenomenon, rather than allowing the results to be generalized to the wider population (Gram et al., 2019).Practical implicationsThe tourism industry could develop products to alleviate such feelings. Integrating the concept of filial piety into adult children's support for their parents' overseas travel can not only meet parents' expectations but also relieve parents' ambivalence. Destination operators and travel agencies could thus design mixed products targeting Chinese elderly parents and their adult children by providing activities for both generations. Purchasing behaviour represents a type of emotional and instrumental support for the elderly. Destination operators and travel agencies can also launch products suitable for in-depth outbound travel that cater to adult children's leisure travel while meeting the elderly's travel needs.Originality/valueThis study also extends both intergenerational support theory and intergenerational ambivalence theory regarding Chinese senior outbound tourists.

Whom Can I Rely on? The Impact of China's Public Pension Program Expansion on the Expectations for Old-Age Support

Aging is a global trend and China is no exception. Older people in China mostly rely on their adult children for old-age support. This traditional provision pattern of old-age support, however, is challenged by hundreds of millions of internal migrant workers. They relocate from rural to urban regions for better employment and are no longer able to provide old-age support to their older parents in rural areas. The aim of this study was to determine the impacts of China’s public pension program expansion in rural areas on older people’s expectations for old-age support. Utilizing the natural experiment of program expansion, this study identified an instrumental variable as the county adoption of the pension program. In addition, the study analyzed a nationally representative longitudinal dataset CHARLS with fixed effects model. Results from the statistical model showed that given the participation in the pension program, older adults reported more reliance on pension for old-age support financially and less reliance on children. Heterogeneous effects were found for older adults living together with children and older adults living independently. These important findings suggest that the government partially assumes the responsibility for the old-age support of adult children in the traditional sense. The potential benefits of this study provide a policy implication for developing countries to alleviate old-age support problems and enable internal migration for economic development.

The Effect of Caregiving Expectation and Support of Adult Children on the Type of Property Inheritance Preference Among the Rural Elderly

본 연구의 목적은 부양기대와 성인자녀지지가 농촌노인의 재산상속선호형태에 미치는 영향이 어떠한지를 살펴보는데 있다. 전남과 전북지역에 거주하는 60세 이상 397명 농촌노인을 대상으로 1:1면접에 의한 설문조사를 하였고 재산상속선호형태를 ‘전통형’, ‘평등형’, ‘노후대비형‘과 ’사회환원형‘으로 구분하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 농촌노인의 재산상속선호형태는 노후대비형이가장 높았고, 전통형, 평등형, 사회환원형 순이었다. 둘째, 부양기대는 평균 2.35점으로 중위값 2.5점보다 낮았고, 성인자녀지지는 1~5점범위에서 3.31점으로 중위값 3점보다 높았다. 셋째, 농촌노인의 재산상속선호형태별로 사회인구학적 특성, 부양기대, 성인자녀지지의설명력을 살펴본 회귀분석 결과, 노후대비형 회귀모델의 설명력이 30%로 가장 높았는데 부양기대가 낮을수록 노후대비형에 동의하는비율이 높았다. 전통형은 성인자녀지지가, 평등형은 교육수준이, 사회환원형은 성별이 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 나타냈다. 즉, 노인의재산상속 선호유형별로 통계적으로 의미 있게 영향을 미치는 변수에 차이가 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 농촌노인의 재산상속선호형태에대한 인식의 변화 및 각각의 재산상속선호형태에 영향을 미치는 변수를 바탕으로 정책적, 실천적 함의를 제시하였다.

Intergenerational Support for Retirees: The Role of Adult Children in the Livelihood of their Parents after Retirement in Bumula Constituency, Kenya

There is a cultural expectation among the Luhyia and particularly the Bukusu sub-tribe that children’s provision of financial support and care to their retired and ageing parents is a guarantee. However, whether this is obligatory or not is still a question of discourse in among researchers and scholars. Despite an array of studies, there is no consensus on the role of children in supporting their elderly parents. This paper therefore entails a study that was conducted in an attempt to elucidate intergenerational support retirees with focus on retired primary teachers in Bumula constituency. Respondents were selected from ten locations including Bumula, Kabula, Kimaeti, Siboti, Mateka, Mayanja, Napara, Mukwa, Mabusi and Khasoko. A total of 28 respondents were obtained through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. In-depth interviews were then conducted and responses tape-recorded for thematic analysis. The Altruism Theory by Auguste Comte formed the foundation of the study as presented in this paper, the study found out that despite the high level of unemployment among youths, retired primary school teachers in Bumula received substantial economic, social and psychological support from their children. It was established that adult children's support, though on the decline, is a critical component in the life of ageing parents because it affects the quality of life after retirement and thus, requires holistic and continuous approach. Adult children's support to the elderly and more so to parents in modern society is perceived as voluntary and/ or discretional as opposed to the traditional times when it was mandatory. The study support recommends a need for concerted efforts to strengthen the agents of socialization and enhance stakeholder participation to address economic and policy factors militating against adult children's support to ensure dignified lives to the elderly.

Relationship between caregiver burden and basic and instrumental activities of daily living among compound and noncompound caregivers

ABSTRACT Parental caregivers can expect to support their children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) across the lifespan. Providing ongoing support for adult children with ASD who have difficulty performing activities of daily living (ADLs) independently can increase caregiver burden. This may be particularly challenging for compound caregivers (caring for at least one adult child with ASD and another care recipient). The present study investigated differences in relationships between caregiver burden and basic ADLs (BADLs) and instrumental ADLs (IADLs) between compound and noncompound caregivers. Using a nonexperimental correlational research design, 320 parental caregivers of adults with ASD completed a web-based survey. The quantitative analysis compared compound and noncompound caregivers on relationships between caregiver burden and ability to perform ADLs independently. Differences for caregiver burden, BADLs, and IADLs between compound and noncompound caregivers were statistically significant. However, comparison of correlations of caregiver burden and ADLs between the two groups was not significant. These findings provided support that caregiver burden was negatively impacted by the lack of independence in functional ability of their care recipients with ASD for both groups. Social workers and other professionals should offer relevant interventions, supports, and services that benefit compound and noncompound caregivers and their adult children with ASD.

중년세대의 성인자녀 지원 부담과 긍정심리자본이 경제적 노후준비에 미치는 영향

중년세대의 성인자녀 지원 부담과 긍정심리자본이 경제적 노후준비에 미치는 영향

성인자녀에 대한 경제적 지원 및 도구적 지원에 영향을 미치는 요인

성인자녀에 대한 경제적 지원 및 도구적 지원에 영향을 미치는 요인

When Does Childhood End? Post-Separation Support for Adult Children in Canada

This paper discusses the provisions of the federal Divorce Act and provincial legislation like British Columbia’s Family Law Act that impose an obligation on separated or divorced parents to support adult children, and reviews leading cases interpreting these legislative provisions. While the obligation to support adult children remains a contentious and discretionary area, there are some clear trends in the case law. Social and economic changes have resulted in “delayed adulthood;” young adults are living with their parents longer, as well as looking to parents for financial support for increasing periods. These changes have been reflected in judicial attitudes towards the support of adult children whose parents have separated or divorced: compared to three decades ago, when the present Divorce Act came into effect, Canadian courts are recognizing a greater and longer obligation to provide support for adult children, especially those undertaking post-secondary education. For higher income payors, this may extend to support for a professional degree or degrees, with support into their mid-twenties. When an adult child has a disability and continues to reside with one parent and receive care and support from that parent, the courts may extend the support obligation indefinitely, though social assistance and disability pensions will be considered in setting the amount of this obligation.

Early-Life Parent-Child Relationships and Adult Children's Support of Unpartnered Parents in Later Life.

The proportion of older adults who are unpartnered has increased significantly over the past 25 years. Unpartnered older adults often rely on their adult children for support. Most previous studies have focused on proximal factors associated with adult children's support of their parents, while few have examined distal factors, such as parent-child relationships formed during childhood. This study fills the gap by investigating the direct and indirect associations between early-life parent-child relationships and adult children's upward transfers to unpartnered parents. Data came from two supplements to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, in which respondents were asked about their relationships with mothers and fathers before age 17 and their transfers of time and money to parents in 2013. Path models were estimated for unpartnered mother-adult child dyads and father-adult child dyads separately. For adult children of unpartnered mothers, psychological closeness has a direct, positive association with time transfer, while physical violence has an indirect association with time transfer through adult children's marital status. For adult children of unpartnered fathers, psychological closeness has neither a direct nor an indirect association with time or money transfer, but physical violence has a direct, negative association with time transfer. Early-life parent-child relationships play a pivotal role in influencing adult children's caregiving behavior, both directly and indirectly. Our findings suggest that by improving their relationships with children early in life, parents may be able to increase the amount of time transfer that they receive in late life.

Parents’ housing careers and support for adult children across Europe

Housing careers have important consequences for individuals’ well-being. The present study focuses on the role of parents’ housing careers in affecting the way and extent to which they provide economic support to their adult children. By adopting a family life course perspective, it shows that while housing tenure has relatively little effect on parents’ transfer behaviour, mobility between different tenures can elicit or suppress intergenerational support; moreover, the quality of the house positively affects intergenerational co-residence. Support received to acquire a home along one’s life course has an important demonstration effect: those parents who have received their home as a gift or have received economic support for buying it are more prone to provide help to their adult children. The empirical results do not allow to identify macro-contextual conditions that shape the effect of parents’ housing careers on intergenerational support, but they show that the demonstration effect plays only a marginal role in Southern Europe.

Adult children's support and self-esteem as mediators in the relationship between attachment and subjective well-being in older adults

The present study aimed at exploring the roles of adult children's support and self-esteem in the relationship between attachment and subjective well-being in older adults. The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR), Parents-Adult Children Social Support Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem (RSE) and Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH) were administered to 319 older adults from different communities. Results from structural equation modeling revealed that adult children's support partially mediated the association between attachment anxiety and subjective well-being, while the association between attachment avoidance and subjective well-being was fully mediated by adult children's support and self-esteem. These findings provide insights into the effect of attachment on the subjective well-being of the elderly.

Why Do Adult Children Support Their Parents?

This study investigates the reasons why adult children support their parents. In the current literature, four factors commonly appear in causal explanations of children’s helping behaviors: intimacy, altruism, obligation, and reciprocity. Yet, attempts to test the combined or relative explanatory power of these factors are rare, and the possibility that the causal relationships might change as children and parents age has not been considered. This study was designed to fill this gap. It is based on a sub-sample of 620 adult children of different age groups taken from the 2005/2006 pre-study of the German ‘Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics’. The dependent variable of interest is the degree of material and instrumental support given to mothers and fathers. The most important explanatory variables were short-term reciprocity, the degree of a child’s attachment to his or her parent, and altruism. The explanatory effect of these variables changed across different stages of the parent-child relationship.

Child Support for Adult Children: When Does Economic Childhood End?

Canadian law imposes an obligation on parents who are separated or divorced to provide support for adult children. This paper examines the legislation applicable in Ontario, both federal and provincial, which imposes an obligation to support adult children, and reviews leading cases interpreting this legislation. Unlike most areas of child support law where the introduction of the Child Support Guidelines in Canada in 1997 brought a significant degree of predictability and reduced the need to consider the circumstances of individual children and parents, support for adult children remains an area where there is significant judicial discretion and only limited predictability. While this remains a contentious and discretionary area, there are some clear trends in the case law. Reflecting the changes in intact families where young adults are living with their parents longer as well as looking to parents for more financial support, compared to a couple of decades ago, the courts in Ontario and other Canadian provinces are now more likely to recognize the obligation to provide support for adult children. Further, the duration of support is now likely to be a somewhat longer, though most support orders terminate when children are in their early twenties, and the obligation to provide support very rarely extends past the mid-twenties.

Gender Differences in Adult Children's Support of Their Parents in Taiwan

This paper examines the patterns and determinants of four types of support provided by adult children to their parents, with particular attention to differences in the helping behaviors of sons and daughters. The data come from the 1989 wave of the Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan. The analysis is based on 12,166 adult children from 2,527 families. We find that usually only one child in a family provides help with activities of daily living (ADLs) or instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), but for financial or material support the responsibility is likely to be shared among siblings. Sons generally carry the major responsibility for taking care of their older parents, and daughters fulfill the son's roles when sons are not available.

Financial Support for Adult Children in Australia

Financial gifts from parents to children appear to amount to large sums in the wealthier industrialised nations, but little is known about these intergenerational transfers in Australia. This paper reports some preliminary research into parental attitudes to such transfers and finds the level of parental education is closely linked to the giving of financial gifts. Interestingly, philosophical support for financial assistance to adult children is found to be not directly linked to income or wealth. However, belief in supporting adult children during the years of higher education is linked to education, occupation, income and wealth of the parents. Regarding the question of whether financial support changes the economic behaviour of recipients, the data suggest that recipients are more likely to be savers than non-recipients. Moreover, the only statistically significant demographic difference between savers and non-savers among recipients is annual income, with a higher proportion of the non-savers having low (<$30,000) annual household income.