Adult Characters Research Articles

Morphological phylogeny of Panorpidae (Mecoptera: Panorpoidea)

AbstractPanorpidae is the largest family of Mecoptera with approximately 500 described species in one extinct and eight extant genera. The phylogeny of Panorpidae was inferred from DNA sequences recently, but has not been comprehensively studied based on morphological characters to date. Here, the phylogeny of Panorpidae was analysed for 155 extant species in eight genera based on 182 morphological characters of adults under Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood, respectively, with two species of Choristidae and three species of Panorpodidae as outgroups. The resulting phylogenetic trees are overall consistent with those reconstructed in the molecular analyses, and support the monophyly of two major clades and all the extant genera except Panorpa and Neopanorpa, which may need further splitting. A new subfamily, Neopanorpinae subfam.n., is established to include Neopanorpa and Leptopanorpa, with all the other genera assigned to Panorpinae. Thirty‐two species groups (24 in Panorpa and eight in Neopanorpa) are recognized. We speculate that Panorpidae likely originated from East Asia, with independent dispersal events that probably occurred at least twice for the Indonesian fauna, five times for the Japanese fauna, twice for the western Palearctic fauna, and four times for the Nearctic fauna.This work has been registered in ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7B451D1E‐1DA3‐4D65‐B6BD‐4730B10416E5

New insights into the phylogeny of Tortopus Needham and Murphy and Tortopsis Molineri (Ephemeroptera, Polymitarcyidae) with description of three new species

AbstractThe family Polymitarcyidae, with a worldwide distribution, includes mayflies with large burrowing nymphs. South America harbors the highest diversity of this family, including the subfamilies Asthenopodinae and Campsurinae. In this work, three new species belonging to the generaTortopsisandTortopus(Campsurinae) are described based on adults and nymphs from Colombia:Tortopsis torosp. nov.,Tortopsis andakisp. nov.andTortopus coreguajesp. nov.Additionally,Tortopsis limoncochais firstly recorded from Colombia. A cladistic analysis of all the species in these genera is presented, using external morphological characters of adults and eggs. Keys to male and female adults of all the species of both genera are presented.

Diaulota koreana, new species on Korean coasts with a discussion of its phylogenetic relationships (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)

• Diaulota koreana is described in the intertidal zone of the southern Korea. • A cladistic analysis suggests that the new species belongs to the genus Diaulota . • Phylogenetic relationships of Diaulota koreana are briefly discussed. Diaulota koreana Yoo and Ahn new species is described in the intertidal zones of the southern part of the Korean peninsula and illustrations of diagnostic characters are presented. A cladistic analysis of the Liparocephalini based on 50 adult characters suggests that the new species belongs to the genus Diaulota Casey within the Liparocephalini. Similarities and differences among the liparocephaline genera are presented. Phylogenetic relationships of Diaulota koreana Yoo and Ahn new species among the Liparocephalini are briefly discussed.

Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species.

Describing ontogenetic morphological change is an important part of integrative taxonomy; still, most taxonomic studies are based only on adult characters. Here, we provide illustrations and a morphological description of the sea stars from Bahia, including ontogenetic and intraspecific variation, and identify taxonomic issues. A total of 293 specimens from different localities along the Bahia State coastline and comparative material from other localities were examined. Eighteen species (11 genera, eight families) of Asteroidea were identified; Astropectinidae was the most representative family. All species identified also occur in subtropical Brazilian waters and most species are from shallow water habitats with soft bottoms. Most observed ontogenetic variation was quantitative in nature, such as the increase in the number of spines in the furrow and of spinelets in the paxillae with specimen growth. Genera that require further taxonomic studies are Astropecten and Othilia, whose specimens are commonly misidentified in local studies. One third of the species from Bahia are currently classified as "Vulnerable" in the Brazilian Red List, but baseline data on the population biology of these species are scarce. An illustrated identification key to the 65 Brazilian sea star species is also provided. This taxonomic study will facilitate the identification of specimens occurring along the Brazilian coast and help scientists and policy makers to establish the conservation status of the Brazilian species.

Rediscovery of Cerroneuroterus apenninus (Trotter, 1923) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) a valid species from Italy with description and neotype designation.

Neuroterus apenninus Trotter, 1923 associated with a Cerris section oak, Quercus cerris L., was rediscovered in Italy in 2017. Alessandro Trotter (1903) described a leaf gall collected on Q. cerris from the Italian Apennines; he did not obtain the gall inductor and ascribed the galls to the genus Neuroterus, based on morphological similarity with other Neuroterus galls. We have found the same gall and obtained the gall inducer. Detailed study of morphological characters of adults revealed that the species belongs to the genus Cerroneuroterus Melika Pujade-Villar, 2010. The asexual generation of Cerroneuroterus apenninus comb. n. is described for the first time, a neotype is designated, and a diagnosis, host associations and biological notes are given; an identification key to the Western Palaearctic Cerroneuroterus species is provided.

Ontogeny of highly variable ceratitid ammonoids from the Anisian (Middle Triassic).

Ammonoids reached their greatest diversity during the Triassic period. In the early Middle Triassic (Anisian) stage, ammonoid diversity was dominated by representatives of the family Ceratitidae. High taxonomic diversity can, however, be decoupled from their morphologic disparity. Due to its high phenotypic variability, the high diversity of ceratitids of the Anisian of Nevada was initially assumed to be caused by artificial over-splitting. This study aims to contribute data to settle this issue by applying geometric morphometrics methods, using landmarks and semi-landmarks, in the study of ontogenetic cross-sections of ammonoids for the first time. The results reveal that alterations in ontogenetic trajectories, linked to heterochronic processes, lead to the morphologic diversification of the species studied herein. Our knowledge, based on these ontogenetic changes, challenge the traditional treatment of species using solely adult characters for their distinction. This study furthermore demonstrates that the high diversity of the Anisian ammonoid assemblages of Nevada based on the traditional nomenclatoric approach is regarded to be reasonably accurate.

Phylogenetic relationships of Manonychus Moser among the Neotropical Melolonthinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Manonychus Moser, 1919 is composed by seven species, all endemic from Brazil, and it is placed in incertae sedis of Melolonthinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae). This study aimed to test the monophyly of Manonychus and its position among the other genera of the subfamily. Around 184 specimens belonging to seven melolontine tribes and one orphnine were analysed. A total of 66 morphological characters of adults, including mouthparts and male genitalia were built, and 15 are a new contribution to the subfamily. Equal and implied weighting analyses were carried out using TNT program and Fitch parsimony as optimization criteria. From the equal weighting analysis a consensus of two trees was obtained with 340 steps length (ci = 0.221; ri = 0.483); and in the implied weighting analysis one tree was obtained with k = 18.920.302 steps length, and 56.28 of adjusted fit (ci = 0.245; ri = 0.550). Manonychus is monophyletic, its sister clade is composed by Ovomanonychus + (Apterodemidea + Sericoides). All these genera are nested in Sericoidini, subsidising the inclusion of Manonychus and the confirmation of Ovomanonychus in this tribe. The placement of Manonychus rufinus and Manonychus ovalis in Manonychus is corroborated.

First description of larvae of Paryphoconus Enderlein with a new species from Brazilian Amazonia and phylogenetic placement of the genus based on immature stages (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Two species in the predaceous midge genus Paryphoconus Enderlein, P. inesae sp. n. and P. flavidus (Johannsen), are described from adults, pupae and larvae. Immatures were collected in Brazilian Amazonia using pipettes and plastic trays where “kinon”, macrophytes and wet sand were placed and raised in the laboratory to adults. All described stages of both species are compared with their most similar congeners. In addition, a cladistic analysis was performed based on 37 characters of larvae, 83 pupal characters, and three adult characters of 44 genera of Ceratopogonidae whose larvae and/or pupae have been described. The TNT version 1.1 was used to assess the phylogenetic position of Paryphoconus. This is the first description of the larval stage for this genus, and it suggests that Paryphoconus is very closely related to genera in the tribe Palpomyiini in the subfamily Ceratopogoninae.

Two additional new species of Clypeocaenis Soldán, 1978 (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) from the Western Ghats of Peninsular India.

Two new mayfly species of Clypeocaenis (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) are described based on nymphal and adult characters from Kaveri River, Kodagu, Karnataka, Southern India. The main characteristics that distinguish Clypeocaenis kaveri sp. nov. from other Oriental species are: (i) fore femur with 4 long spines at middle of inner margin, a row of bifid spines at outer margin and row of bifid spines at subapical surface; (ii) dorsal surface of femora with complete transverse row of bifid setae located 3/4 distance from the base; (iii) forceps smaller than penis lobe. The main characteristics that distinguish Clypeocaenis napoklu sp. nov. from other Oriental species are: (i) fore femur with 2 long spines at middle of inner margin and row of thin setae on outer margin; segment 2 with bifid spine at apex.(ii) dorsal surface of femora with incomplete transverse row of bifid setae located 2/3 distance from the base; (iii) forceps little longer than penis lobe. A key for the nymphs of described species has been provided.

Synonymy of soil-feeding termites Pseudocapritermes sowerbyi and Pseudocapritermes largus, with evidence from morphology and genetics

• Drawing of morphological characters for measurement on Pseudocapritermes. • Description and comparison of two species of Pseudocapritermes on morphological characters. • Sequencing and analysis of full-length genes of COI , COII , and 16S rRNA. • Confirmed the close relationship between Pseudocapritermes and Sinocapritermes. Pseudocapritermes Kemner is a termite group that constructs subterranean gallery systems in topsoil. This genus is distributed in the Oriental region and contains 18 species. Dependence on the morphological measurements of soldiers makes the taxonomy of Pseudocapritermes difficult. In this study, we compared morphological characters of soldiers and adults of P. largus and P. sowerbyi . In addition, three fulllength mitochondrial genes ( COI , COII , and 16S rRNA ) were sequenced from a total of eight P. largus and P. sowerbyi colonies. Morphological comparison of soldiers showed that P. largus is larger than P. sowerbyi , but there was overlap in some measurements. In adults, the morphological characters of P. largus were congruent with those of P. sowerbyi . Sequence alignments of COI , COII , and 16S rRNA revealed a high pairwise genetic identity (ranging from 99.64 to 100%) between the two species, which suggested that P. largus and P. sowerbyi are the same species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on COII revealed that Pseudocapritermes belongs to the Termes group having soldiers with asymmetrical snapping mandibles and is more closely related to Sinocapritermes than to other Termes group genera distributed in China. Morphological similarity and genetic identity indicate that P. largus is a junior synonym of P. sowerbyi .

Adulthood in Children's Literature by Vanessa Joosen

Reviewed by: Adulthood in Children's Literature by Vanessa Joosen Jéssica Amanda de Souza Silva ADULTHOOD IN CHILDREN'S LITERATURE. By Vanessa Joosen. Series: Bloomsbury Perspectives on children's literature. Bloomsbury Academic, 2018, 243 pages. ISBN: 978-1-350-04978-9 While scholars of children's literature focus mostly on aspects linked to the children's universe, Vanessa Joosen, in her work Adulthood in Children's Literature, invites readers to look at an object of study that is little observed: the understanding of adulthood and how it is constructed and performed by adult characters in children's books. The cover image sets the scene. As the author explains in her introduction, the cover is taken from Marita De Sterck's and An Candaele's picture book Koekeloeren (2008), and shows the children watching their parents through a huge keyhole. As such, it presents the topic of the study and invites readers to explore the representation of adulthood as a stage of life in children's literature. Divided into six chapters, the book offers valuable contributions by analyzing well-known novels and picturebooks by Dutch, Flemish, and English writers and illustrators. The corpus encompasses children's books for children up to twelve years old, published between the 1970s and today, excluding those books intended for young adults, in which adulthood appears as a more frequent subject. Through a verb-iconic appreciation of the books, taking into account the social and historical context, Joosen examines how the idea of adulthood "is represented by adult characters... or expressed in meta-reflections" (p.19). To this end, Joosen draws on theories from childhood studies, children's literature studies, and, above all, Age Studies. Based on the assumption that "age and life course are socially constructed [factors]" (p.21), the historical and cultural context and other social factors—such as gender, sexuality, and economic class—must be taken into account. Her approach highlights the importance of interdisciplinary perspectives within children's literary studies as well as age studies. In her first chapter, based on Neil Postman's The Disappearance of Childhood (1982), Joosen analyzes several literary works to reflect on the definition and relationship between "adulthood" and "childhood" in children's books. In the second chapter, she focuses on the study of adult characters who assume roles as protagonists by showing how their presence is important for the perception of the heterogeneity of adulthood. This overcomes closed and polarized visions about what it means to be a child versus what it means to be an adult. In this section, the author also emphasizes that the presence of these adult characters is important to raise awareness of intergenerational socialization and solidarity. The third chapter analyzes the representations of the body of the adult in children's literature. This is regardless of their role as parents, uncles, grandparents, teachers, and so on, focusing, mostly, on the representation of body hair as a marker of adulthood. Proposed by Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, the concept of "infantilism" as a form of discrimination against children is thoroughly examined by Joosen in the fourth chapter. Here she also reveals adult characters that are considered hostile, intimidating, or [End Page 102] frightening to child readers. Such negative characters are contrasted with the sympathetic adult writer (the author's alter ego) in the next chapter. Finally, the sixth chapter focuses on the last stage of adult life, old age, emphasizing the intergenerational relationship of old characters and children. While there are many adults represented as "old mentor" or "old storyteller, "other narratives, reinforce stereotypes and prejudices by portraying the aging process as decline. Besides paving the way for new interdisciplinary research in children's literature studies and highlighting the potential for intergenerational dialogue that children's books can promote, Adulthood in Children's Literature legitimizes the topic of adulthood as a possible object of study among researchers in these fields, shedding light on what previously seemed to be, as the author herself states, a "blind space" (14). Jéssica Amanda de Souza Silva PhD Research in Literary Studies, University of Aveiro Copyright © 2021 Bookbird, Inc.

Символ детства и конструирование образа «врага номер один» в советском и американском кинематографе холодной войны

The paper analyses, based on the Soviet and US Cold War films, the role of the childhood symbol as a resource of forming the image of the enemy. The scientific relevance of the problem stems from the need to study 1) the reasons for and the forms of politicizing the childhood images, 2) the ways of constructing the image of the enemy and the means of deconstructing it, and 3) the cinematic images of the Cold War enemy, since they remain a factor in the contemporary relations between Russia and the United States. The author points out that the interest that symbolic politics actors show in the childhood symbol is explained by its ability to trigger strong emotional response. The Cold War cinematic representations of childhood served as an efficient tool for constructing the image of an enemy. Such an image had a number of functions: maintaining collective identity, mobilisation, justification of violence, legitimation of power, and predicting the victory. Unlike adult characters, children’s characters — even the negative ones — were pictured by both Soviet and US filmmakers not as enemies, but rather as victims of the unnatural and unjust social system of the “enemy number one”. In general, the Soviet and US films feature similar roles of “their” (i. e., Soviet and American, respectively) children and similar treatment of children — whether “their” or not — by adult characters. The cinematic images of children convincingly show that, despite the fact that both superpowers presented each other as antipodes, the basic values of the USSR and the US were much closer than it may seem. Finally, the paper demonstrates that the Cold War cinema employed the childhood symbol for the deconstruction of the image of the “enemy number one” and for rehumanisation of the opponent in the period of the detente.

Integrative description of Macrobiotus porifini sp. nov. (Macrobiotidae) from Madagascar and its phylogenetic position within the hufelandi group

In this paper we applied an integrative taxonomy approach to describe a new tardigrade species from Madagascar. The description is based on morphological and morphometric data (using both light and scanning electron microscopy), combined with genetic data (nuclear sequences, i.e., 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and mitochondrial COI sequences). Based on egg chorion morphology the new species is most similar to: Mac. hannae, Mac. joannae, Mac. kamilae, Mac. madegassus, Mac. modestus, Mac. paulinae and Mac. polypiformis, but differs from them in several morphological and morphometrical characters of eggs and adults (e.g. absence of eyes, different oral cavity armature, size of cuticular pores, absence of dentated lunules under claws, size of eggs and egg processes, and shape of terminal discs of egg processes). The uncorrected genetic p–distances enabled an independent verification of Macrobiotus porifini sp. nov. as a species new to science. Genetic analysis also allowed us to determine the phylogenetic position of Mac. porifini sp. nov. within the hufelandi group.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7D719ACC-84E3-4C1B-9B74-C558788B3140

Roundness-sharpness rating and analysis of Japanese Hiragana characters in Japanese-speaking, Japanese hearing-impaired, and English-speaking adults

Roundness-sharpness rating and analysis of Japanese Hiragana characters in Japanese-speaking, Japanese hearing-impaired, and English-speaking adults

Phylogeny of the tribe Empoascini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) based on morphological characteristics, with reclassification of the Empoasca generic group

AbstractA morphology‐based phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Empoascini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) is presented for 58 of 83 formerly recognized genera based on 99 morphological characters of adults. The results support excluding the New World Beamerana generic group from Empoascini. The remaining genera of Empoascini were recovered as a monophyletic sister group of Dikraneurini. Previously recognized tribes Jorumini and Helionini are derived from within Empoascini and are considered synonyms of the latter tribe. Three previously recognized informal generic groups, the Empoasca group, Alebroides group and Usharia group were paraphyletic but the Ficiana group was recovered as monophyletic based on five synapomorphies. Genera previously placed in the Alebroides group represent at least six independent lineages, indicating that the hind wing character separating this group from the Empoasca group (CuA and MP veins free) is highly homoplasious. Empoasca (sensu lato) is also paraphyletic. Thus, twelve previously recognized subgenera of Empoasca are elevated to genus status and five species groups of Empoasca from the New World are recognized as separate new genera. Sikkimasca Dworakowska, 1993 is treated as synonym of Marolda Dworakowska, 1977 based on the phylogeny. Biogeographic analysis suggests that Empoascini most likely first evolved in the Oriental region and spread to other biogeographic realms more recently by multiple independent invasions.

First report of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, infecting hops, Humulus lupulus, in São Paulo, Brazil.

In 2019, during a nematologic survey in Jaboticabal, Brazil, root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita parasitizing hops (Humulus lupulus) was identified with based on morphological characters of adults, esterase phenotypes (n = 16), and molecular analysis. Modified Koch’s postulates was carried out and after 90 days, the average total population recovered had different stages of development, with a reproductive factor (RF) of 4.81. This is the first report of H. lupulus as a host of M. incognita in the state of São Paulo and in Brazil.

«Гендерная дидактика»: голос автора в советской школьной повести 1960-х–1980-х гг.

The article deals with the representation of ideas about gender norms and gender roles in children’s literature on the material of a Soviet school story of the 1960s-1980s. The author refers to the element of narrative structure — the text in the voice of the author-narrator analyzes the main artistic techniques (direct reference, commentary, remark, delegation of the statement to the characters) by means of which the writer broadcasts his ideas about the gender picture of the world. It is argued that the position of the text written in the voice of the narrator in relation to the child reader is more authoritative than the direct speech of the characters or their internal monologues. The article substantiates the legitimacy of combining into a single subject of study the texts of the school story written in the last decades of the Soviet era, examines the works of the classics of Soviet children’s literature (Vladislav Krapivin), and also both famous and little-known writers (Maria Prilezhaeva, Lev Davydychev, Simon Soloveychik, Sergey Ivanov, Ivan Zyuzukin, German Matveev, Natalia Loiko, Nikolay Nikonov), reveals a certain gender asymmetry proposed by school authors as a norm of gender socialization and notes that this asymmetry appears to be more pronounced in the depiction of adult characters.

Three-dimensional characterization of first instar horse and rhinoceros stomach bot fly larvae (Oestridae: Gasterophilinae:Gasterophilus,Gyrostigma): novel morphology and evolutionary implications

AbstractLarval characters are of importance in systematic and evolutionary studies of Diptera but lag behind characters of adults due to difficulties in obtaining relevant information. Larvae of stomach bot flies are obligate parasites completing development exclusively in the alimentary tract of equids and rhinoceroses. They possess diversified morphological adaptations, providing remarkable examples to further our understanding of larval evolution. Herein, three-dimensional structures of first instar Gasterophilus pecorum and Gyrostigma rhinocerontis are compared using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We suggest CLSM has a large potential for exploiting cryptic character systems of micro fly larvae, as spectral range and intensity of autofluorescence emitted by sclerotized structures and soft tissues are distinct, presenting a high-contrast mechanism for multistructural visualization with non-destructive sample preparation. Five new potential synapomorphies are proposed to corroborate the sister-group Gasterophilus and Gyrostigma. The upward curving mouth-hooks of first instar Gasterophilus and Gyrostigma are distinctive in Cyclorrhapha and possibly serve to facilitate the larval subcutaneous migration within the host. Three types of mouthhooks are recognized in first instar Oestridae, with the gently curved and gradually tapered type optimized as the ancestral state, from which the gasterophiline and hypodermatine types evolved independently.

A Study of Traumatic Experiences of Female Characters in Sophia Khan’s Novel “Yasmeen”

The current study aims to explore the traumatic experiences of female characters of Sophia Khan’s Yasmeen. M. Balaev (2014) identified “the concept of trauma as pathological and unspeakable” in the genre of trauma fiction. The insights Bloom’s Psychological Trauma Theory (1999) provided the theoretical framework for the descriptive and critical textual analysis of the novel which in turn disclosed the traumatic experiences of leading female characters, Yasmeen, Irenie, Celeste and Mehrunissa. The current study is in the qualitative paradigm of research and suggested through findings that the female characters are suffering from various traumatic experiences resulted through the loss, distrust, immoral values, and re-enactment; the teenage young characters, Irenie and Celeste can dilute the trauma by dissociating the emotions whereas Yasmeen and Mehrunissa, the adult characters cannot cope their traumatic experiences. Though the traumatic experiences of all characters are separate in content and degree but the traumatic experiences of ‘Evolution’s legacy’, emotions of loss, and ‘Learned helpless’, constrained actions, are common to all female characters.

Dance and Music in Children’s Literature: A Qualitative Study of Intergenerational Solidarity Themes

Intergenerational Solidarity is consistently recognized by the United Nations as a primary focus for work being undertaken to build a society for all ages. This study utilized a qualitative methodology to examine themes of intergenerational solidarity contained within children’s literature. Specifically, this study explored intergenerational examples of dance and music shared by older adults and children. McGuire’s (2016) Growing Up and Growing Older annotated bibliography for preschool-to-third grade children, which contains over seventy pages of non-ageist children’s literature references (N= 411), served as the sample frame for this study. A sample of six story and picture books was selected after inclusion criteria and availability from two public children’s libraries considerations were met. Inclusiveness of the present sample is manifested through geographic origin of dance and music traditions as well as the age range, gender, primary spoken language, and kin relationships of the older adult and children characters. Results revealed three intergenerational solidarity themes: 1) a humanizing portrayal of an older adult, 2) common cause, 3) continuity of tradition. This study demonstrates the efficacy of the arts, specifically dance and music, for facilitating intergenerational solidarity. This study identifies three themes that primary school teachers and children's librarians can utilize when selecting reading material about intergenerational solidarity. Finally, this study contributes to decades of pioneering educational gerontology literature focused on combating ageism through development of curricula that stimulate discovery of the elder within.