Adsorbent For Removal Of Lead Research Articles

Bentonite/amino-functionalized cellulose composite as effective adsorbent for removal of lead: Kinetic and isotherm studies

In this study, bentonite/amino-functionalized cellulose composite (BAC) adsorbent was synthesized by intercalating the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide surfactant (HDTMA) into bentonite followed by exfoliating the HDTMA-modified bentonite (MB) into amino-functionalized cellulose (AC). The physicochemical properties of BAC were evaluated by FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, TGA, and Zeta potential measurement. A series of batch mode adsorption experiments were carried out to identify the optimal adsorption conditions as a function of experimental variables such as pH of solution, uptake time, initial Pb2+ concentrations, BAC dosage, and assess both percent removal (%) and Pb2+ uptake (mg g−1). The result demonstrated that the synergetic advantage of combining HDTMA-modified bentonite (MB) and amino-functionalized cellulose (AC) in Pb2+ uptake (69 mg g−1) surpassed that of HDTMA-modified bentonite (12.14 mg g−1) and amino-functionalized cellulose (31.33 mg g−1) alone. Further, Pb2+ uptake onto BAC was higher than the HDTMA-modified bentonite/cellulose composite (BC) (42.12 mg g−1) due to the introduction of the amino group to cellulose through grafting with ethylenediamine (EDA). The adsorption of Pb2+ from aqueous solution by BAC fit well with pseudo - 2nd-order kinetic (R2 = 0.998) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.999) models. The kinetic study indicated that the active sites in the BAC exhibit heterogeneity and possess different activation energies for chemisorption. The monolayer attachment of Pb2+ onto the BAC surface was realized from the isotherm study, and the maximum predicted adsorption capacity was found to be 71.869 mg g−1. Regeneration studies showed that BAC maintained its good Pb2+ uptake capacity for up to four cycles.

Undoped polyaniline-modified sawdust as an adsorbent for lead removal

Heavy metal ion adsorption employing abundant natural and agricultural wastes appears to be promising. Biodegradable sawdust is promoted as a green and sustainable alternative. In this work, potential application of sawdust has been explored for uptake of lead ions from contaminated water. Specifically, undoped polyaniline, a highly conductive polymer, was added to sawdust to improve its uptake capacity. Highest lead uptake capacity of 218 mg/g was observed at 318 K. Different surface-based characterizations for this material were performed. Morphology of prepared sawdust revealed a one-dimensional flake-like structure having a porous nature. FTIR and XRD analysis inferred successful incorporation of polyaniline into sawdust. In addition, XPS analysis revealed the importance of polyaniline chains during electrostatic adsorption of lead ions. At an adsorbent dosage of 1 g/l, optimal equilibrium conditions were reached. In accordance with Langmuir isotherm analysis, lead ion uptake was mainly driven by monolayer adsorption. As-prepared adsorbent was subjected to batch studies, where, effects of pH and interfering ions were carried out. Regeneration was also studied for four cycles.

An Early Study on the Synthesis of Lignin-Graft-(Net-Poly(acrylamide-co-N,N′methylenebisacrylamide)), Characterization of the Produced Copolymer, and Evaluation of Its Performance as Adsorbent for Lead Removal from Wastewater Purposes

A lignin-graft-(net-poly(acrylamide-co-N,N′methylenebisacrylamide)) copolymer was synthesized by conventional free-radical crosslinking copolymerization using conventional and microwave heating. Grafting of the polymer network onto lignin was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and elemental analysis. The performance of the modified materials for the removal of lead from water was evaluated. The materials obtained by the two types of heating showed excellent removal efficiencies: sample HLigAM4h, 96%; and sample HLigAMMW5, 86%. The maximum adsorption capacity of HLigAM4h was 209.82 mg g−1. The obtained copolymer (sample HLigAM4h) was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and SEM/EDS after its evaluation as an adsorbent, which confirm the adsorption of Pb2+. This is the first of a series of studies on the topic, of a preliminary nature, with several other ones coming up in due time.

Adsorptive Removal of Lead and Chromate Ions from Water by Using Iron-Doped Granular Activated Carbon Obtained from Coconut Shells

In this study, a low-cost granular activated carbon doped with Fe2O3 nanoparticles (Fe–GAC) was prepared via a modified sol-gel technique and utilized for the elimination of lead (Pb(II)) and chromium (Cr(T)) ions from synthetic and actual brackish water. The effect of adsorption parameters on the removal of Pb(II) and Cr(T) ions from the water was evaluated in batch adsorption tests. The characterization results validated the distribution of well-defined Fe2O3 nanoparticles onto the GAC surface. GAC loaded with 5 wt.% of Fe2O3 (Fe–GAC 5) exhibited a maximum surface area of 848.2 m2 g−1. The equilibrium data of Cr(T) adsorption were in close agreement with the Langmuir and Sips models with R2 values of 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. However, the R2 values of the equilibrium data for Pb(II) adsorption were greater than 0.91 for all four models, i.e., Langmuir, and Sips, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacities of Pb(II) and Cr(T) by Fe–GAC 5 at pH 5.6 and room temperature were 11.9 and 22.1 mg g−1, respectively. Pseudo-second order (R2Pb(II) = 0.99, R2Cr(T) = 0.99) and Elovich kinetic models (R2Pb(II) = 1, R2Cr(T) = 1) were found the most suitable for describing the adsorption kinetics data of Pb(II) and Cr(T) using Fe–GAC 5. The adsorption/desorption studies illustrated that the Fe–GAC is reusable and can be regenerated using 1.0 M HCl. Moreover, the Fe–GAC 5 was found effective to reduce heavy metals loading in actual brackish water to the allowed international standards of drinking water. Accordingly, the Fe–GAC could be a promising material for large-scale applications for the elimination of heavy metals from water.

Adsorptive Removal of Lead from Water Using a Novel Cysteine-Bentonite/Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Alginate Nanocomposite

Adsorptive Removal of Lead from Water Using a Novel Cysteine-Bentonite/Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Alginate Nanocomposite

Development of Titanium Dioxide Pillared Clay Adsorbent for Removal of Lead (II), Zinc (II), and Copper (II) ions from Aqueous Solution

The removal of heavy metals from an aqueous solution using titanium dioxide pillared clay was investigated in this study. The clay was beneficiated and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), resolution scanning electron microscope (HRSEM) were used to describe its characteristics, among others. The synthesis of titanium dioxide was carried out with Parkia biglobossa plant extract. The functionality of the titanium dioxide beneficiated clay (TiO2-Bclay) was studied for metal ions adsorption from the aqueous solution. The effects of adsorbent dosage, temperature, contact time, and pH on Zn(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) ion removal percentages from the aqueous solution were investigated. Equilibrium adsorption data were fitted into isotherms and kinetic models to test their consistency. Characterization results showed that the clay contains functional groups that can bind heavy metals and absorb other hazardous substances. The pillared TiO2 was rutile phase, porous; it was also quite high in alumina and silica. Up to 99.00% Zn(II), 92.51% Pb(II), and 88.27% Cu(II) ions were extracted at 30°C using 20 g/L adsorbent. The adsorption kinetics was best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The titanium dioxide pillared clay was found to be effective in these experiments and adjudged effective adsorbents, for heavy metals confiscation from industrial wastewater.

Toxicological assessment and adsorptive removal of lead (Pb) and Congo red (CR) from water by synthesized iron oxide/activated carbon (Fe3O4/AC) nanocomposite.

Heavy metals and dyes are the persistent pollutants causing harmful effects on living organisms in different ecosystems. In current study, removal of Lead (Pb) and Congo Red (CR) from water was performed using Iron oxide/Activated Carbon (Fe3O4/AC) nanocomposite. Ferromagnetic behavior of the nanocomposite is the crucial advantage in separation of nanocomposite after biosorption process. The biosorbent was thermally stable till 800 °C of temperature. The synthesized biosorbent was polycrystalline in nature comprising of elements like C, O, Fe. The influence of various experimental conditions was optimized through batch study with the biosorption capacity of 144.92 mg/g (Pb) and 122.22 mg/g (CR) at pH 5–6, Fe3O4/AC dosage (0.04 g) for 40 mg/L of Pb and CR. Toxicological assessment was performed using Danio rerio and seeds to evaluate the harmful effects of pollutants on these organisms. The phytotoxicity results revealed that growth inhibition of seeds lies between 85.64% and 55.92% (Pb) and 77.94%–51.85% (CR). The LC50 value of Pb on the Danio rerio was found to be 20.98 mg/L. In contrast, we observed significant increase in LC50 value about 86.82 mg/L after biosorption of Pb onto biosorbent.

Eggshell Powder as an Adsorbent for Removal of Lead (II) in Panchor’s River

Heavy metal such as lead has increase in the natural environment especially in the aqueous solution. Remediation method of adsorption offer a treatment for removing heavy metal in river. This experiment is to analyse and compare eggshell adsorbent of activated carbon in Panchor’s river through its efficiency in removing heavy metal of Lead (II). Eggshell is designed as an activated carbon through physical and chemical activation in treating the water by undergoing adsorption process of few laboratory test. The efficiency of eggshell chemical activated carbon is high as the percentages removal of Pb is 48.21% compare to physical activated carbon with 32.14%. However, this study showed that both eggshell activated carbon is an effective adsorbent in removing Pb from aqueous solution of natural environment.

Gum Arabic-Magnetite Nanocomposite as an Eco-Friendly Adsorbent for Removal of Lead(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies

In this study, a gum Arabic-magnetite nanocomposite (GA/MNPs) was synthesized using the solution method. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The prepared composite was evaluated for the adsorption of lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The controlling factors such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial ion concentration, and temperature were investigated. The optimum adsorption conditions were found to be 0.3 g/50 mL, pH = 6.00, and contact time of 30 min. The experimental data well fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity was determined as 50.5 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated postulating an endothermic and spontaneous process and a physio-sorption pathway.

Efficient Removal of Pb(II) from Aqueous Medium Using Chemically Modified Silica Monolith.

The adsorptive removal of lead (II) from aqueous medium was carried out by chemically modified silica monolith particles. Porous silica monolith particles were prepared by the sol-gel method and their surface modification was carried out using trimethoxy silyl propyl urea (TSPU) to prepare inorganic–organic hybrid adsorbent. The resultant adsorbent was evaluated for the removal of lead (Pb) from aqueous medium. The effect of pH, adsorbent dose, metal ion concentration and adsorption time was determined. It was found that the optimum conditions for adsorption of lead (Pb) were pH 5, adsorbent dose of 0.4 g/L, Pb(II) ions concentration of 500 mg/L and adsorption time of 1 h. The adsorbent chemically modified SM was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET/BJH and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The percent adsorption of Pb(II) onto chemically modified silica monolith particles was 98%. An isotherm study showed that the adsorption data of Pb(II) onto chemically modified SM was fully fitted with the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. It was found from kinetic study that the adsorption of Pb(II) followed a pseudo second-order model. Moreover, thermodynamic study suggests that the adsorption of Pb(II) is spontaneous and exothermic. The adsorption capacity of chemically modified SM for Pb(II) ions was 792 mg/g which is quite high as compared to the traditional adsorbents. The adsorbent chemically modified SM was regenerated, used again three times for the adsorption of Pb(II) ions and it was found that the adsorption capacity of the regenerated adsorbent was only dropped by 7%. Due to high adsorption capacity chemically modified silica monolith particles could be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.

Waste Cotton and Cotton/Polyester Yarns as Adsorbents for Removal of Lead and Chromium from Wastewater

ABSTRACT The possibility of using waste cotton and cotton/polyester yarns to remove lead and chromium ions from polluted water was investigated in this work. Structural, morphological, and adsorption properties of yarns were determined by iodine sorption, water retention scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and streaming potential method for determination of an isoelectric point. It was found that the presence of polyester component negatively affects adsorption capacity, through the reduced porosity of cotton/polyester yarn surface, increased surface, and structural crystallinity. Relatively fast adsorption of lead and chromium ions from binary mixture onto cotton and cotton/polyester yarns follows the pseudo-second order kinetic, while equilibrium data fitted better with the Langmuir isotherm model, with maximal adsorption capacity from 259.0 to 824.7 μg/g. Although, cotton yarn shows slightly higher maximal adsorption capacities, both cotton and cotton/polyester yarns can be utilized as cheap and highly efficient adsorbents for removal of lead and chromium ions from water.

Adsorptive removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solutions by aluminium oxide modified onion skin wastes: Adsorbent characterization, equilibrium modelling and kinetic studies

Aluminium oxide modified onion skin waste (Al2O3/OSW) was characterized and used for adsorption of metal ions (Pb2+ and Cd2+) in this study, and the relations between sorbent properties and metal ion sorption were investigated. The effects of adsorption process conditions on metal ion removal efficiency, including initial cation concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage and pH, were examined. The obtained adsorption data were analyzed by various adsorption isotherm and kinetic models. It was found that the optimum values of the initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage and pH were 10 mg/L, 120 min, 1.6 g/L and 6.0, respectively. At these optimum conditions, maximum removal percentages of Pb2+ and Cd2+ were 91.23 and 94.10%, respectively. The isotherm and kinetic studies showed a multilayer adsorbate-adsorbent system with the dominance of the chemisorption mechanism. The study concluded that onion skin waste is a viable, cheap and effective alternative for removing heavy metal ions from water/wastewater.

Influence of Operating Environments on Adsorptive Removal of Lead (Pb (II)) Using Banana Pseudostem Fiber: Isotherms and Kinetic Study

ABSTRACT Natural fiber as adsorbents is an emerging trend in effluent treatments as the fibers are environmental friendly, abundantly available and superior to polymeric-based materials. In this study, fiber extracted from the banana pseudostem was tested as an adsorbent. The lead (Pb (II)) removal was assessed with various parameters, namely, pH, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage and contact time. Removal efficiency was found maximum in alkaline conditions (pH 10) with a contact time of 140 min. Its efficiency was further optimized for adsorbent dosage and agitation speed. Between the isothermic model and Temkin isotherm model predicted the conditions better by providing the highest respective coefficient of determination (R2 – 0.9942). Similarly, the kinetics for adsorption was fitted well with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Banana pseudostem fiber (BPF) could be a promising source and low-cost adsorbent to remove toxic heavy metals in industrial effluents.

Magnetic Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Decorated with Novel Functionalities: Synthesis and Application as Adsorbents for Lead Removal from Aqueous Medium

Water pollution is one of the major challenges facing modern society because of industrial development and urban growth. This study is directed towards assessing the use of multiwall carbon nanotube, after derivatization and magnetization, as a new and renewable absorbent, to remove toxic metal ions from waste streams. The adsorbents were prepared by, first oxidation of multiwall carbon nanotube, then derivatizing the oxidized product with hydroxyl amine, hydrazine and amino acid. The adsorbents were characterized by various techniques. The adsorption efficiency of the multiwall carbon nanotube adsorbents toward Pb(II) was investigated. The effect of adsorbent’s dose, temperature, pH, and time on the adsorption efficiency were studied and the adsorption parameters that gave the highest efficiency were determined. The derivatives have unique coordination sites that included amine, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups, which are excellent chelating agents for metal ions. The thermodynamic and kinetic results analysis results indicated spontaneous adsorption of Pb(II) by the multiwall carbon nanotube adsorbents at room temperature. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorbents were regenerated using 0.1 N HCl.

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Gayo Coffee Shell as an Adsorbent for Removal of Lead (Pb) in Liquid Waste

Adsorption been a popular low-cost and environmentally friendly method that can be used to reduce heavy metals in wastewater especially with the use of biomass-sourced sorbents. In this study, the adsorbent was prepared from the coffee shell. The Performance of the prepared adsorbent was studied on the adsorption of Pb(II). The initial concentration of Pb(II) solution used was 300 mg/L and contact time was varied to 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. The characteristics of the sorbent were studied in terms of moisture content, ash content, and adsorption of I2. Further characterizations of the coffee shell sorbent were also carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). The characterization results showed that the prepared sorbent meets the quality requirements according to SNI 06-3730-1995. The results from the adsorption process revealed that the maximum absorption capacity that can be performed by sorbent was 170.26 mg/g at the equilibrium time of 90 minutes. In conclusion, the coffee shell can be a potential biomass material to prepare adsorbent with high removal performance of heavy metal.

Soft-Templating of Sulfur and Iron Dual-Doped Mesoporous Carbons: Lead Adsorption in Mixtures.

Lead pollution in drinking water is one of the most common problems worldwide. In this research, sulfur and iron dual-doped mesoporous carbons are synthesized by soft-templating with sulfur content 4.4–6.1 atom% and iron content 7.8–9 atom%. Sulfur functionalities of the carbons are expected to enhance the affinity of the carbon toward lead whereas iron content is expected to separate the carbon from water owing to its magnetic properties. All the carbons were characterized by pore textural properties, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX). In order to study the Pb(II) removal efficiently of this carbon in competitive mode and to mimic the real-world use, one additional heavy-metal, including Cr(III), and four other commonly occurring metals—Na(I), K(I), Ca(II) and Fe (III)—are added with lead prior to adsorption experiments. It was observed that Pb(II) adsorption capacity of this carbon was not influenced by the presence of other metals. A highly elevated concentration of Na(I), K(I), Ca(II) and Fe(III) in the eluting solution compared to the initial dose suggested possible leaching of those metals from other salts as impurities, water source or even from the carbon itself, although the XPS analysis of the carbon confirmed negligible adsorption of those metals in carbon. From the equilibrium and kinetic data of adsorption, few parameters have been calculated, including distribution coefficient, diffusive time constant and pseudosecond order rate constant. The overall results suggest that these iron and sulfur dual-doped mesoporous carbons can serve as potential adsorbents for removal of lead from drinking water in the presence of other competing metals.

A Review on Lead Sources, Occurrences, Health Effects, and Treatment Using Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Adsorbent Made from Fish Waste

The issues of heavy metal contamination in water sources have been increasing substantially along with the rapid pace of industrial revolution. Lead, particularly, is one of the heavy metals that received considerable attention lately due to its frequent detection in the environment and hazardous effects. Although conventional water treatment processes had been utilized for ages, it is still a challenge to remove lead in the treatment plant effectively. In line with the advancement of chemistry and nanotechnology, the study on hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanopowder made from fish waste (skin, bones, and scales) has brought to its beneficial use as an adsorbent for lead removal in water. This paper reviews on the sources, occurrences, and health effects of lead as well as the treatment of lead using HAp adsorbent for its removal in water.

Adsorptive removal of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and mercury (Hg) ions from water using chitosan silica gel composite.

Silica gel chitosan composite was prepared to perform adsorptive experiment of different heavy metal ion solutions. The characterization of chitosan + silica gel (Ch + Sg) composite was done by FTIR and SEM-EDS to understand the presence of active sites and to have an insight on the surface morphology. The adsorption study of heavy metal ions by Ch + Sg composite gives maximum removal percent for Cu, Pb and Ni which were obtained at pH 5 and for Hg at pH 6.The trend of removal by Ch + Sg signifies that maximum removal percent was attained at 120 min. The surface of Ch + Sg is heterogeneous for the adsorption of Hg, Ni and Cu and homogeneous for Pb adsorption. The values obtained for Pb signify that its adsorption best fitted to pseudo first order with the R2 value of 0.986, whereas pseudo second order best fitted to the experimental data of Cu, Ni and Hg as R2 values which are 0.983, 0.819 and 0.957 respectively. The values of change in entropy (⊿S) obtained for Pb, Cu, Ni and Hg are - 69.33, - 118, - 63.33 and - 98.52 J/mol K respectively. Negative values of change in enthalpy, ⊿H in (kJ/mol) are in the range of - 18.2 to - 37.66 which indicates both physical and chemical adsorption involves in the process of adsorption.

Adsorptive removal of lead from aqueous solutions by amine–functionalized magMCM-41 as a low–cost nanocomposite prepared from rice husk: Modeling and optimization by response surface methodology

Amorphous silica that was extracted from rice husk was used to synthesize the magMCM-41 mesoporous silica. This was then functionalized by the APTMS group in order to produce NH2-magMCM-41 as a novel and low–cost adsorbent. The XRD, VSM, N2 adsorption–desorption, FT–IR, TGA, SEM and TEM analyses were utilized to characterize the produced materials. In order to optimize the adsorption of the Pb(II) ions, the RSM (response surface methodology) was applied by using the synthesized adsorbent in aqueous solutions. A rotatable CCD (central composite design) was adopted to carry out the experiments and RSM was used to analyze them. Three independent factors namely, initial solution pH (3–7), adsorbent dosage (0.1–2 g L−1), and initial Pb(II) concentration (15–150 mg L−1) were used to investigate the removal procedure. According to the obtained results, the initial solution pH of 5.22, adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g L−1, and initial Pb(II) concentration of 150 mg L−1 were considered as the optimum conditions with 64.32% removal of Pb(II) and an adsorption capacity of 540.64 mg g−1. The maximum removal efficiency of Pb(II) ions was found to be 96.76%. The Sips isotherm model represents a better correlation with equilibrium data. It was reported by the kinetic study that data taken from the experiments fitted better to the pseudo–second–order model compared to the pseudo–first–order and intraparticle diffusion models. Finally, according to the thermodynamic study, the removal process strongly depends on temperature, which indicates an exothermic behavior and spontaneous nature of the adsorption.

Experimental and kinetic study of removal of lead (Pb+2) from battery effluent using sweet lemon (Citrus limetta) peel biochar adsorbent

The main polluting agents of the environment are different anthropogenic activities; among them, industries are the primary one. Lead (Pb2+) is an extremely toxic metal ion and is the main raw material of lead–acid batteries. The present study focuses on adsorptive removal of lead from battery manufacturing industrial effluent by sweet lemon (Citrus limetta) peel biochar (SLPB). The removal efficiency was about 97.11% at optimum contact time of 160 min with optimum dosage of 3.5 g L−1 at constant temperature. The optimum pH and temperature were recorded to be 5 and 55 oC with their maximum adsorption capacities of 55.67 and 53.89 mg g−1, respectively. The process obeyed second-order kinetics favoring chemisorption over physisorption. The adsorbent was also characterized by SEM–EDX, XRD, BET and FTIR to validate the results obtained. The results were justified by the functional groups present and changes in morphology of the biochar after treating wastewater. Further, adsorption process preferred Freundlich (r2 = 0.98) adsorption isotherm in comparison with Langmuir (r2 = 0.95) adsorption isotherm. The adsorption process demonstrated that the removal process was multilayered and heterogeneous with maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 2840.91 mg g−1 which was higher than most of the values obtained from other materials. Thus, the study concluded that SLPB might be used to overcome the pollution level of metals in our water bodies to maintain the quality of water bodies.