Resin Adsorption Research Articles

Molecular dynamics investigation of epoxy resin adsorption mechanisms on clay surfaces and the mechanical properties of epoxy resin-clay

The strength of natural clay can be improved with epoxy resins. However, nanoscale curing mechanisms remain poorly understood, which is essential for enhancing stability. In this study, molecular dynamics simulation was employed to calculate the quantity of interface hydrogen bonds, adsorption energy, radius of gyration, and mechanical properties of clay cured by diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy resin (DGEBA), diglycidyl ether 4,4’-dihydroxy diphenyl sulfone (DGEDDS), and Aliphatic epoxidation of olefin resin (AEOR). Adsorption behavior and mechanical properties of the clay cured by three epoxy resins were investigated: (1) The chain structure of AEOR led to 18.2% more hydrogen bonds than DGEBA and 59.1% more than DGEDDS. (2) The simulated adsorption energies for DGEBA, DGEDDS, and AEOR with kaolinite were 92.59, 98.25, and 116.87 kcal·mol−1, respectively. (3) The bulk and shear modulus of kaolinite increased by 4.93% and 4.80% when using AEOR. The interface stability and mechanical properties of kaolinite were also improved through strong hydrogen bonds and high adsorption energy. (4) The improvement in Young’s modulus of kaolinite was most significant with AEOR, followed by DGEDDS. AEOR excelled in the Z direction, while DGEDDS excelled in the X and Y directions. This research provided a theoretical foundation to effectively improve the properties of clay using epoxy resins.

Structure-selectivity relationship of anion exchange resins with different quaternary amine functional groups for highly selective removal of PFAS from chromium-plating wastewater

Anion exchange resin (AER) adsorption is an effective technology for the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from wastewater. However, existing AERs with tributylamine functional groups have poor adsorption selectivity for perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), and the structure-selectivity relationship is still unclear. In this study, several novel gel AERs with long-chain amine groups were prepared. It was found that their adsorption selectivity for 6:2 FTS was 3.3-5.1 times that of commercial AERs, and the adsorption amount for 6:2 FTS in chromium-plating wastewater was 2.1 times that of the commercial PFA694E. On this basis, we synthesized 16 AERs with different quaternary amine functional groups, and explored the structure-selectivity relationship through the selectivity coefficients and adsorption energies of different AERs for seven typical PFAS. The order of adsorption selectivity of AERs with different quaternary amine groups for PFAS was AER-(12-1-1) > AER-(8-1-1) > AER-(4-4-4) > AER-(4-1-1) ≈ AER-(2-2-2) > AER-(1-1-1), where the three numbers are the carbon-chain lengths of the three alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom of the quaternary amine group. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed the enhanced adsorption selectivity and contribution of both non-electrostatic and electrostatic interactions by the long-chain amine groups, and a quantitative relationship between theoretical calculations and experimental results was established. These results could provide guidance for the development of efficient adsorbents for PFAS removal from wastewater.

Hierarchically-porous resin for the adsorption of organic matter in raffinate produced by solvent extraction from the vanadium industry

Solvent extraction wastewater contains high concentrations of organic pollutants and metal ions, making it difficult to treat. This paper presents a method of using hierarchically-porous adsorption resin to recover organics from raffinate and regenerate the resin, addressing secondary pollution in extraction processes. The chosen resin, WS6108, removes over 95 % of organics from raffinate, with high metal ion concentrations enhancing its adsorption efficiency. The article conducted an optimization experiment and mechanism study on WS6108 resin for adsorbing organic matter in vanadium raffinate (OIVR), followed by desorption and recycling tests. Results showed WS6108 resin achieved a 96.7 % adsorption efficiency at a solid–liquid ratio of 24 g/L after optimization. The chosen methanol desorbent achieves over 99 % desorption efficiency for the WS6108 cycle under specific conditions. The resin’s performance remains stable for up to 45 cycles. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic experiments indicate that OIVR adsorption by WS6108 resin is endothermic, non-spontaneous and entropy increasing. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics of OIVR by WS6108 resin followed a pseudo-second-order model, based on the activation energy, liquid film diffusion was considered the main rate-controlling step. A column experiment was conducted to verify that WS6108 resin can be used in real vanadium raffinate to remove organics. Density functional theory (DFT) revealed that strong hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking and excellent adsorption diffusion behavior drive OIVR adsorption. This study aims to increase the use of adsorption to treat oily wastewater generated by solvent extraction.

Effect of the Total Saponins of Bupleurum chinense DC. Water Extracts Following Ultrafiltration Pretreatment on Macroporous Resin Adsorption.

Macroporous resin is an efficient separation technology that plays a crucial role in the separation and purification of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, the application of macroporous resins in TCM pharmaceuticals is hindered by serious fouling caused by the complex materials used in TCM. This study examines the impact of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane technology on the macroporous resin adsorption behavior of TCM extracts. In this paper, Bupleurum chinense DC. (B. chinense) water extracts were included as an example to study the effect of UF pretreatment on the macroporous resin adsorption of total saponins. The study results indicated that the adsorption of total saponins constituents from the water extracts of B. chinense on the macroporous resin followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption, including enthalpy changes and Gibbs free energies, were negative, while entropy changes were positive. These results demonstrated that the total saponin components form a monolayer adsorption layer by spontaneous thermal adsorption on the macroporous resin, and that the adsorption rate is not determined by the rate of intraparticle diffusion. Following treatment with a UF membrane with an average molecular weight cut-off of 50 kDa, the protein, starch, pectin, tannin, and other impurities in the water extracts of B. chinense were reduced, while the total saponin content was retained at 82.32%. The adsorption kinetic model of the saponin constituents on the macroporous resin remained unchanged and was consistent with both the second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model; the adsorption rate of the second-order kinetic model increased by 1.3 times and in the Langmuir model at 25 °C, the adsorption performance improved by 1.16 times compared to the original extracts. This study revealed that UF technology as a pretreatment method can reduce the fouling of macroporous resin by TCM extracts and improve the adsorption performance of macroporous resin.

Distinct effects of dilute acid prehydrolysate inhibitors on enzymatic hydrolysis and yeast fermentation.

The effects of dilute acid prehydrolysate from poplar were investigated and compared in the enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, and simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF) in this study. The improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation with resin adsorption and surfactant addition has also been represented. A total of 16 phenolic alcohols, aldehydes, acids and 3 furan derivatives in the prehydrolysates were identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The degree of inhibition from the phenolic compounds (26.55%) in prehydrolysate on the enzymatic hydrolysis was much higher than carbohydrates-derived inhibitors (0.52-4.64%). Around 40% degree of inhibition was eliminated in Avicel enzymatic hydrolysis when 75% of prehydrolysates phenolic compounds were removed by resin adsorption. This showed distinguishing inhibition degrees of various prehydrolysate phenolic compounds. Inhibition of prehydrolysate on enzymatic hydrolysis was more dosage-dependent, while their suppression on the fermentation showed a more complicated mode: fermentation could be terminated by the untreated prehydrolysate, while a small number of prehydrolysate inhibitors even improved the glucose consumption and ethanol production in the fermentation. Correlated with this distinct inhibition modes of prehydrolysate, the improvement of Tween 80 addition in SSF was around 7.10% for the final ethanol yield when the glucose accumulation was promoted by 76.6%.

Improved catalytic stability of immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B on macroporous resin with organic polymer coating for biodiesel production.

Lipase is one of the most widely studied and applied biocatalysts. Due to the high enzyme leakage rate of the immobilization method of physical adsorption, we propose a new lipase immobilization method, based on the combination of macroporous resin adsorption and organic polymer coating. The immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB@resin-CAB) was prepared by combining the macroporous resin adsorption with cellulose acetate butyrate coating, and its structure was characterized by various analytic methods. Immobilized lipase was applied for biodiesel production using acidified palm oil as the starting material, the conversion rate achieved as high as 98.5% in two steps. Furthermore, the immobilized lipase displayed satisfactory stability and reusability in biodiesel production. When the aforementioned reaction was carried out in a continuous flow packed bed system, the yield of biodiesel was 94.8% and space-time yield was 2.88g/(mL∙h). The immobilized lipase CALB@resin-CAB showed high catalytic activity and stability, which has good potential for industrial application in the field of oil processing.

Elucidating the eco-friendly herbicidal potential of microbial metabolites from Bacillus altitudinis.

Microbial herbicides play a vital role in agricultural preservation, amid growing concerns over the ecological impact from extensive development and use of chemical herbicides. Utilizing beneficial microbial metabolites to combat weeds has become a significant focus of research. This study focused on isolating herbicidal active compounds from Bacillus altitudinis D30202 through activity-guided methods. First, the n-butanol extract (n-BE) of B. altitudinis D30202 underwent fractionation using macroporous adsorption resin D101 and Sephadex LH-20, identifying Fr. F as the most potent segment against wild oats (Avena fatua L.). Ultra-performance liquid chromatography - quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC - QTOF-MS) identified nine compounds in the active fraction Fr. F. Subsequently, three subfractions (Fr.F-1 to Fr.F-3) were derived from Fr.F via semi-preparative liquid chromatography, resulting in methyl indole-3-acetate (MeIAA) purification. MeIAA, functioning as an auxin analog, exhibited effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on wild oats' growth, with a root length median inhibitory concentration of 81.06µg/ml. Furthermore, we assessed MeIAA's herbicidal impact on five weed species across diverse families and genera, providing a first-time analysis of MeIAA's mechanism on wild oats. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed structural damage to leaves and roots post-MeIAA treatment. MeIAA treatment increased superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide levels in wild oat roots, alongside with elevated peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, chlorophyll-degrading enzymes (Chlase, MDACase), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and relative conductivity in leaves. Conversely, it decreased catalase (CAT) activity and chlorophyll content. Therefore, this study provides a new material source and theoretical foundation for ecologically sustainable agricultural weed control.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Antioxidant Evaluation of Resveratrol from Peanut Sprouts

The orthogonal array design method was used to optimize ultrasonic-assisted extraction of resveratrol from peanut sprouts. The results showed that the highest extraction yield of resveratrol using ultrasonic-assisted extraction could be up to 1.1%. The optimal extraction conditions were liquid to solid ratio of 30:1 (mL/g) and ethanol concentration of 80% (v/v) as solvent for 40 min at the temperature of 70 °C. AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin was used to purify the crude extract and the resveratrol content increased to 47.5% after one treatment run. The optimal adsorption parameters were initial concentrations in the sample solution of 2 mg/mL, a pH of 5.0, a flow rate of 2 mL/min, and a temperature of 25 °C. The optimal desorption parameters were 60% ethanol and a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The chemical composition of the peanut sprout’s resveratrol sample was investigated via HPLC, and the predominant constituents were found to be protocatechuic acid, catechins, caffeic acid, epicatechuic acid, resveratrol, and rutin. The antioxidant activities of the resveratrol were measured via the following different analytical methods: reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical-scavenger activity, superoxide radical-scavenger activity, the β-carotene bleaching test, and the scavenging nitrite test. The results indicated that the resveratrol in peanut sprouts have significant antioxidant activities and can be used as a source of potential antioxidant. And peanut sprout’s resveratrol has the potential and valuable application to be used as a new type of resveratrol resource. The finding of this study can provide some theoretical reference for the comprehensive utilization of peanut resources in the development of antioxidant health foods.

Biosynthesis of pterostilbene in Escherichia coli from resveratrol on macroporous adsorption resin using a two-step substrate addition strategy.

Pterostilbene (PST), a 3',5'-O-methylated derivative of resveratrol (RSV), is a potent natural antioxidant produced by some plants in trace amounts as defense compound. It exhibits various health-promoting activities, such as anticancer, antiviral, and antimicrobial effects. Large-scale biosynthesis of PST is crucial due to the challenges associated with extracting it from plants. This study aims to develop an efficient method for PST production using an engineered Escherichia coli strain by feeding RSV as a precursor. We introduced a two-step substrate addition strategy combined with immobilized RSV (IMRSV) on macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) to enhance PST production. Five MARs were selected for RSV immobilization, and the substrate addition strategy and fermentation parameters for PST synthesis were optimized. A maximum PST concentration of 403 ± 9 mg/L was achieved, representing a 239% increase over the control, which in a one-step addition of free RSV. The PST titer reached 395 ± 24 mg/L in a 3-L bioreactor. In conclusion, the combination of a two-step substrate addition system and IMRSV is a promising approach for the economical and industrial-scale production of PST.

Novel Antioxidant Peptides from Fermented Whey Protein by Lactobacillus rhamnosus B2-1: Separation and Identification by in Vitro and in Silico Approaches.

Whey is a byproduct of the dairy industry and is rich in protein. To enhance the significance of such byproducts and find efficacious antioxidants for combating oxidative stress, this study reported on the preparation, purification, and identification of novel peptides with antioxidant activities from whey protein metabolites following fermentation by Lactobacillus rhamnosus B2-1. The isolation and identification processes involved macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography, gel filtration column chromatography, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Therein, three novel antioxidant peptides (PKYPVEPF, LEASPEVI, and YPFPGPIHNS) were selected to be synthesized, and they demonstrated remarkable antioxidant activities in vitro chemical assays. PKYPVEPF, LEASPEVI, and YPFPGPIHNS (100 μg/mL) displayed a notable cytoprotective impact on HepG2 cells under oxidative stress induced by H2O2, increasing the cell viability from 49.02 ± 3.05% to 88.59 ± 10.49%, 82.38 ± 19.16%, and 85.15 ± 7.19%, respectively. Moreover, the peptides boosted the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in damaged cells and reduced reactive oxygen species levels. The molecular docking studies highlighted that these antioxidant peptides efficiently bound to key amino acids in the Kelch domain of Keap1, thereby preventing the interaction between Keap1 and Nrf2. In conclusion, PKYPVEPF, LEASPEVI, and YPFPGPIHNS demonstrated substantial antioxidant activity, suggesting their potential for widespread application as functional food additives and ingredients.

Fractionation of phenolic aldehydes by liquid–liquid extraction and polymer resin adsorption

ABSTRACT The extraction and adsorption characteristics of three phenolic aldehydes with high physicochemical similarity in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolyzate, which are fermentation inhibitors, were investigated. The extraction process considered both physical extraction with two organic solvents and reactive extraction with five basic extractants. In physical extraction, n-hexane was found to be the most suitable organic solvent for selectively separating 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde from the three phenolic aldehydes, and in reactive extraction, trioctylphosphine oxide was identified as the most suitable basic extractant for the selective separation of syringaldehyde. In the adsorption process, various neutral polymer resins and anion-exchange polymer resins were employed. Among them, the neutral polymer resin XAD16 was found to be the most suitable for selectively separating 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. To efficiently separate and concentrate the three phenolic aldehydes with equal mass percentages, a proposed five-step fractionation process included the aforementioned extraction and adsorption techniques. By implementing n-hexane-based physical extraction in step 4 and NaOH solution-based back-extraction in step 5 of the fractionation process, the purities of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, and syringaldehyde in the final solution increased from their initial 33.3% each to 67.6%, 69.8%, and 76.4%, respectively, at a volume ratio of the aqueous phase to the organic phase of 1:15.

Total Iridoid Glycosides from Swertia mussotii Franch. Alleviate Cholestasis Induced by α-Naphthyl Isothiocyanate through Activating the Farnesoid X Receptor and Inhibiting Oxidative Stress

Cholestasis refers to a physiological and pathological process caused by bile acid (BA) overaccumulation inside the circulatory system and liver, leading to systemic and hepatocellular damage. Activating the farnesol X receptor (FXR) to restore BA homeostasis is a promising strategy for treating cholestasis. The objective of this research is to reveal solid evidence for the fact that the total iridoid glycosides from Swertia mussotii Franch. (IGSM) alleviate cholestasis. In this research, the whole plant of S. mussotii was extracted with 70% ethanol and separated by macroporous adsorption resin. A rat cholestasis model was established by the injection of α-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT) at a dose of 75 mg/kg. Biochemical and oxidative stress indicators were determined using commercial assay kits. The mRNA abundance of FXR and target proteins was assessed using RT-qPCR. In addition, the effects of main compounds with FXR were evaluated by molecular docking after IGSM analysis using UPLC. The results indicated that IGSM alleviated ANIT-induced cholestasis through reducing serum ALT, AST, AKP, and TBA levels; increasing the mRNA levels of Fxr, Besp, Ntcp, and Mep2; and reducing oxidative stress. The proportion of iridoid compounds in IGSM exceeded 50%, which may be the active substance basis of IGSM. This study provides a theoretical reference for IGSM in the treatment of cholestasis, and future studies may delve more deeply into the FXR regulatory pathway.

Lignan-rich extract from Cinnamomum camphora leaf attenuates metabolic syndrome by modulating glycolipid metabolism and gut microbiota in T2DM mice

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious metabolic syndrome with high mortality and disability rates globally, which usually caused by unhealthy dietary patterns. Cinnamomum camphora leaf is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb used for attenuating hyperglycemia and digestive disorder, and high level of lignans has been found in C. camphora leaf. PurposeThis study aimed to examine the chemical composition of lignans extracted from C. camphora leaf (LCCL), and illustrate its therapeutic effect and mechanism on T2DM and its concomitant glycolipid metabolic disorder. MethodsThe components of LCCL were separated and purified by silica gel and macroporous adsorption resin, and were distinguished through LC/MS and NMR. The antioxidant activity of LCCL was determined by free radical scavenging assay in vitro; the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic abilities were evaluated by α-glucosidase, α-amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibition trials, respectively. T2DM model mice were established by high-sugar and high-fat (HSHF) feed together with streptozotocin (STZ) infection, and then grouped to assess the effect of LCCL treatment. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) and oil red O staining were employed to analyze the histopathology. qRT-PCR assay, 16S rRNA analysis, and western blot were conducted to illuminate the anti-diabetic mechanism of LCCL. Results6 sesamin lignans were identifed from LCCL. The in vitro assays showed strong inhibitive abilities of LCCL with low IC50 on DPPH (33.68 ± 0.54 μg/ml),O2− (39.25 ± 0.61 μg/ml), OH• (45.72 ± 0.72 μg/ml), α-glucosidase (0.82 ± 0.14 mg/ml), α-amylase (0.86 ± 0.11 mg/ml) and pancreatic lipase (0.91 ± 0.12 mg/ml). LCCL treatment (100, 200 and 400 g kg-1mg kg-1) gradually decreased the fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin (FINS), improved the glucose and insulin tolerance, down-regulated the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) indexes, alleviated the hepatic inflammatory response and oxidative stress, promoted the glycogen storage and depleted the fat accumulation in the liver. Besides, LCCL administration alleviated the glycolipid metabolism disorder in T2DM mice with a gut microbiota dependent manner, that significantly increased biodiversity, altered the composition of gut microbiota and increased the proportion of Lactobacillus. ConclusionThe lignan-rich extract of C. camphor leaf (LCCL), containing at least 6 lignans compounds, displayed promising antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. The treatment of LCCL alleviated the glycolipid metabolism disorder in T2DM mice with a gut microbiota dependent manner. These finding suggested that LCCL should be further investigated to develop its complementary therapeutic effect on T2DM.

Purification, characterization, and antimicrobial mechanism of a novel broad-spectrum bacteriocin produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SCA12 from Traditional Chinese Fermented Mustard greens

In this study, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SCA12, a producer of bacteriocins, derived from traditional Chinese fermented mustard greens was isolated. A novel L. plantarum SCA12-derived bacteriocin, LPsca12, was purified through a multi-step protocol involving macroporous adsorption resin, cation exchange, Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The molecular mass of LPsca12 was determined to be 1197.0 Da through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. The amino acid sequence of LPsca12 was characterized as GLFPSLVRGPR via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Antimicrobial assessment was then carried out, identifying LPsca12 as a broad-spectrum bacteriocin active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Salmonella paratyphi A. It demonstrates excellent thermal stability (121 °C, 15 min) and maintains its antibacterial activity under acidic conditions (pH 2.0–6.5). Additionally, LPsca12 is sensitive to digestion by pepsin and trypsin. The antimicrobial action of LPsca12 involves compromising the cell membrane integrity, forming pores, and promoting leakage of intracellular contents, which dissipates both the membrane potential (ΔΨ) and cytoplasmic transmembrane pH gradient (ΔpH) of the target cells. These findings suggest that LPsca12 holds promise as a natural biopreservative in food processing.

Boron/Fe2+/H2O2 combined with resins process cost-effectively remove Ni(II) in wastewater containing Ni-EDTA: Performance and mechanism

This study proposes a green purification strategy in which mild decomplexation of Ni-EDTA into other Ni complexes facilitates the efficient removal and recovery of nickel through resin adsorption. Decomplexation of Ni-EDTA by boron/Fe2+/H2O2 (B/Fe2+/H2O2) followed by resins adsorption was conducted for Ni(II) removal in Ni-EDTA. The Ni(II) removal efficiency could only achieve 1.3 % and 6.2 % while Ni(II) coexisted with EDTA but more than 10 times of higher when Ni(II) coexisted with EDTA-relatives via the single adsorption of commercial heavy metal-affined resins (D001 and D463), which attributed to the increased binding energies of these Ni-EDTA’s degradation products complexes than Ni-EDTA based on density functional theory (DFT) calculation. In comparing to precipitation, the resin adsorption required much less mineralization of EDTA to have a better removal efficiency of Ni(II). B improved the efficiency of Ni-EDTA decompexation by accelerating the recycle of Fe3+/Fe2+. The EDTA (and TOC) removal enhanced from 48.7 % (4.7 %) to 94.7 % (11.9 %) by B/Fe2+/H2O2 process comparing to Fe2+/H2O2 process. With the high EDTA but low TOC removal efficiency after B/Fe2+/H2O2 treatment, Ni(II) removal efficiency via resins adsorption could maximum achieve 80.5 %, 2–3 times of that via regular precipitation method. In addition, B and resins exhibited good reusability in five cycles, and B/Fe2+/H2O2-resins process had excellent adaptability to different heavy metal complexes. B/Fe2+/H2O2-D463 system not only could reduce 78.4 % reagents cost compared with that of Fe2+/H2O2-precipitation process, but also could save much cost than other processes. The results provide new insights for the cost-effective treatment of EDTA-complexed heavy metal wastewater.

Optimization and evaluation of biologically active compound with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties from peony seed meal

Peony seed meal is produced annually on a large scale in China, resulting in considerable solid residue. Unfortunately, most of this residue is discarded, thereby creating environmental pressure. However, the untapped medicinal value of peony seed meal prompted us to establish an efficient methodology for optimizing the extraction and purification of total alkaloid, followed by a detailed analysis of its biological activities. A single-factor experiment and an orthogonal test were used to identify the optimal extraction parameters. Then, further optimization was performed using the response surface methodology. The extract was enriched using D-101 macroporous adsorption resin. Subsequently, silica gel column chromatography was used for separation, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used for further separation and quantification. Meanwhile, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to identify alkaloid components. Finally, the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory were evaluated. The optimal extraction conditions substantially improved the yield of alkaloids. A total of 15 alkaloids were separated. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of Sophoridine, which accounted for 91.88 % of the total alkaloid content. The antibacterial activity of the total alkaloid was tested, and the lowest inhibitory concentrations of E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 29213 were 0.04516 and 0.05645 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, total alkaloid had an inhibitory effect on ear swelling induced by xylene and toe swelling induced by egg white, reducing by 80 % and 24 %, respectively. The current research discovered the antibacterial activity of PSM alkaloid, which has important practical significance for the research and development of new plant-derived antibacterial agents.

Enrichment of secoiridoid glycosides from Gentiana rigescens extracts in amino acid-based deep eutectic solvents via macroporous resin adsorption

The simultaneous enrichment of the secoiridoid glycosides gentiopicroside, loganic acid, swertiamaroside, and sweroside from amino acid-based deep eutectic solvent (AADES) extracts of Gentiana rigescens roots and rhizomes was developed. To screen suitable resins, the performance and characterization of 11 widely used macroporous resins for the adsorption and desorption of target secoiridoid glycosides were considered. Compared with the other resins, the H103 resin was found to have greater adsorption and desorption capacities for gentiopicroside, loganic acid, swertiamaroside, and sweroside. Therefore, this resin was chosen as the best resin for secoiridoid glycosides enrichment. In a column packed with H103 resin, the dynamic adsorption and desorption factors for the target secoiridoid glycosides were investigated and optimized. After dynamic testing on the H103 packed column, the optimal operating conditions were determined as follows: a sample volume of 12 bed volumes (BVs) and a loading flow rate of 2 BV/h were used, the volume of deionized water used for the aqueous washing process was 8 BV, and the aqueous washing flow rate was 3 BV/h. Ethanol with a volume fraction of 10–90 % was used as the eluent in the ethanol desorption process with a gradient of 10 %. Each ethanol volume fraction was used for 2 BV, with a flow rate of 3 BV/h. The eluent fractions containing 40–80 % ethanol were collected, combined, and concentrated, followed by vacuum drying to obtain the final product. The purities of gentiopicroside, loganic acid, swertiamaroside, and sweroside in the final product were 58.11, 13.73, 3.86, and 2.77 %, respectively, with corresponding recovery rates of 74.09, 72.19, 77.50, and 76.45 %, respectively. Additionally, the reuse of AADES proved to be effective.

Integrated deep eutectic solvent extraction and resin adsorption for recovering polyphenols from citrus reticulata Blanco peels: Process optimization, compositional analysis, and activity determination

The recovery of polyphenols from Citrus reticulata Blanco peels was studied based on integrated deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction and resin adsorption. The DES prepared with choline chloride and ethylene glycol (molar ratio 1:4) and hydrophobic interaction/weakly acidic cation exchange mixed-mode adsorption resin HD-1 were used as the extractant and adsorbent respectively. The operating parameters of integrated process were optimized using completely randomized design and response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction kinetics was studied and the composition of extract was analyzed by UPLC-MS. Finally, the antioxidant activity of extract and its inhibitory ability on α-glucosidase and α-amylase were determined. Under the optimal operating conditions (liquid–solid ratio of 20:1, extraction temperature of 43 °C, extraction time of 4.8 h, resin amount of 6.6 g), the polyphenols yield of integrated process was increased by 2.15-fold and the time was shortened by 52.48 % compared with that of traditional sequential process. The extraction kinetic curves of both integrated and sequential processes conformed to pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and the extraction speed of integrated process was significantly higher than that of sequential process. The main polyphenols in extract were neohesperidoside, poncirin, narirutin, and hesperidin, etc. The extract exhibited a strong antioxidant capacity with DPPH free radical scavenging rate of extract reached 79.54 % of that of vitamin C. The inhibition ratios of extract against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were 97.81 % and 427 % of that of acarbose respectively. The results indicated that the extract has a potential application for prevention and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Efficient enrichment and characterization of triterpenoid saponins from Platycodon grandiflorus roots

Platycodon grandiflorum roots (PGR), a widely recognized edible herbal medicine, are extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine for respiratory ailments. PGR are rich in bioactive compounds, particularly triterpenoid saponins, which possess significant pharmaceutical properties, including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. Despite their recognized bioactivity, the purification and enrichment processes of triterpenoid saponins remain underexplored. This study aimed to optimize the extraction and purification of triterpenoid saponins from PGR to enhance resource utilization and minimize waste. Our method involved n-butanol extraction and macroporous adsorption resin, yielding four extracts with varying saponins contents. Qualitative analysis using LC-MS identified 8 triterpenoid saponins across the extracts. Further fragmentation analysis delineated characteristic ion patterns and cleavage pathways for these compounds. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the separation and purification process effectively increased the triterpenoid saponins content, with the highest levels obtained through 30 % ethanol elution. Notably, the absence of Platycodin D in the 30 % ethanol eluate highlighted potential variations due to the origin, processing, and purification methods. These findings provide theoretical support for the development and utilization of triterpenoid saponins in PGR.

Synthesis of a new oil-absorbing PVC oil boom and its application to maritime oil spills

This paper aims to address the issue of environmental pollution resulting from marine oil spills by evaluating the oil adsorption performance of commonly used fence materials. Conventional oil adsorption materials exhibit limited rates and capacities for oil adsorption. Existing methods have proven insufficient in meeting the requirements for efficient and rapid oil–water separation. A new oil-absorbing barrier was developed by utilizing high oil adsorption resin as the primary material and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as the binder, leveraging the exceptional oil adsorption and hydrophobic properties of P(BMA-SMA-St)/MIL-101(Fe) resin. The oil-absorbing fence was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The oil adsorption rates of carbon tetrachloride, toluene, diesel and gasoline by the oil adsorption fence with 25 g/L resin content were 101.26 g/m2, 68.12 g/m2, 35.19 g/m2, and 46.69 g/m2, respectively. After 120 h of UV irradiation, the coating’s oil absorption capacity remained nearly unchanged, and it demonstrated outstanding mechanical, chemical, and wear resistance. As a result, the oil adsorption fence possesses the capability to rapidly absorb oil from the water’s surface during the process of containing oil pollution, leading to positive social and economic impacts.