Adsorption Refrigeration Research Articles

A statistical physics-based methodology for evaluating the efficiency of an adsorption refrigeration cycle using C3H2F4/Maxsorb III

Recently, the statistical physics modeling found a great success in the description of various aspects of adsorption phenomena such as olfaction, depollution, and photovoltaic processes. Therefore, we attempted here to apply this treatment in the domain of refrigeration by an adsorption/ desorption process cycle, using the grand canonical formalism of the statistical physics as a working tool. So, for this study, four advanced equations based on statistical physics treatment are used to clarify the adsorption process at molecular level and define its physico-chemical parameters for refrigeration applications. Our results showed that the double layer model with two energies provides useful details concerning this phenomenon by determining the number of captured HFO-1234ze (E) (C3H2F4) molecules per site nAM, the density of receptor site Drs, the adsorption quantity at saturation N a sat and two energetic parameters Phs1 and Phs2. The steric results revealed that the adsorbed C3H2F4 molecules tended towards a parallel position when the temperature increased. Evaluations of the adsorption energies and enthalpy values indicated that the anchoring process is exothermic and of a physisorption nature. In order to improve the thermodynamic efficiency, the coefficient of performance was calculated by analyzing changes in thermodynamic functions, giving a value of 0.58 for the C3H2F4 / Maxsorb III. Also, the COP value can be enhanced by using the same adsorbate with high compressibility to minimize the machine size but changing the present adsorbent by activated carbon derived from biomass such as: Waste Palm Trunk (WPT-AC) and Mangrove wood (M−AC).

Monte Carlo simulation of an ammonia adsorption refrigeration system based on calcium chloride impregnated nanoporous carbon.

We use Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the effect of incorporating calcium chloride salt into nanoporous carbon on the performance of an ammonia-carbon adsorption refrigeration system. Simulations of ideal carbon slit-pores with pore sizes of 1, 2, and 3nm, each containing calcium chloride with ion densities of 0.0, 0.25, and 0.5nm-3, were carried out at temperatures between 0 and 30 °C and ammonia pressures up to 15.0 bar. The results reveal that ideal 1nm pores are able to achieve a good refrigeration performance using waste heat below 100 °C to drive the process, but adding salt to these pores increases the waste heat temperature required beyond 100 °C. However, ideal 2nm pores require the addition of 0.25nm-3 salt to achieve a similar performance, while the 3nm pores were unable to achieve a satisfactory refrigeration performance. Considering that real nanoporous carbons usually feature a variety of specific adsorption sites and non-ideal geometries that should have a similar impact to adding salt, these results indicate that nanoporous carbons with pores in the range of 1-2nm are likely to hold the most promise for adsorption refrigeration applications and that the addition of salt may not always be helpful.

Experimental study of the optimal mixing ratio of metallic additives for improving the performance of the solar activated carbon-methanol adsorption refrigeration system

An activated carbon–methanol system can run on low heat (70–100°C). Methanol is dependable and works well with activated carbon because of several benefits, including an appropriate latent heat of evaporation, a low freezing point, and negligible copper corrosion and steel at temperatures below 100 °C. An experimental study of the thermal performance by increasing the adsorption bed thermal conductivity was conducted. Using0 10 % 20 and %30 % of metallic copper powder with activated carbon to improve the bed thermal conductivity. A sample is prepared with 20 % copper powder to find out the improvement of heat transfer characteristics to the cooling effect. The temperature gradient has been tested with two flow rates to examine the coolant performance and increase. Solar energy can be effectively utilized based on low-grade temperature consumption in such systems. This work aims to make an experimental investigation of the thermal performance of an activated carbon-methanol adsorption refrigeration system to study the effect of the enhanced thermal conductivity of the adsorbing bed. Using 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 % of metallic copper powder with activated carbon to enhance the thermal conductivity of the bed, providing a significant improvement in the system efficiency, specific cooling power (SCP), and coefficient of performance of adsorption cooling. It is found that copper filing with a mass concentration of 20 % are appeared the optimal ratio metallic additive to enhance the thermal performance of the system. Moreover, the effect of the hot water flow rate is studied. Results indicated that the addition of 20 % metallic copper filings to the activated carbon lowered the evaporator temperature to reach -5 and -10 °C for heating water flow rates 3 and 2 LPM, respectively. Also, the addition of copper filing enhances the cycle COP of the system by 49 % and 46 % at hot water flow rates of 2and 3 LPM, respectively. The highest cycle COP of the current system reached was 0.92 for the condition 20 % additives at 3 LPM hot water flow rate. Owning the feature of great solar energy availability and the long daily sunny hours, solar-powered adsorption cooling systems have promising potential applications in Egypt. A mathematical model of the system performance is also studied.

Operating characteristics of an adsorption chiller with heat and mass recovery scheme for low-grade heat source

Waste heat recovery from data center is regarded as one of the most promising application of adsorption refrigeration in the future. To better understanding of the system, the operating characteristics, including temperature, pressure and heat exchange capacity, of the adsorption chiller for such low-grade heat source should be revealed. Unfortunately, they have not been detailedly reported yet. In this paper, lab experiments on a silica gel-water adsorption chiller prototype with heat and mass recovery scheme are implemented. The results show that this chiller can achieve 3.17 kW of average cooling power and 0.482 of coefficient of performance under the conditions of 60 °C hot water inlet temperature, 30 °C cooling water inlet temperature and 22 °C chilled water inlet temperature. The temperature and pressure characteristics reveal that adsorbent bed desorption phase results in the worsening of the deviation from ideal cycle when compared to its adsorption phase. Hence, the heat and mass transfer performance of bed in desorption phase is prioritized to be enhanced. The analysis on heat exchange capacity indicates that mass recovery operation is more beneficial to the adsorption reaction. The optimal heat recovery time is found to be 24 s while the heat recovery efficiency is 0.711.

Solar adsorption cooling system operating by activated–carbon–ethanol bed

One efficient way to convert small thermally energized into effective cooling is through adsorption cooling technology, which increases energy efficiency and reduces environmental pollution. This study's primary goal is to hypothetically examine the thermal coefficient of performing the solar adsorptive refrigerator machine operated with an activating carbon/Ethanol operating dual. The impact of different operating situations and design factors on the machine's performance is inspected and evaluated. The present double-bed solar energy adsorptive-cooler unit is modeled by thermodynamic methodology. Then, it was analyzed to evaluate its effectiveness work under Baghdad climate conditions. For the current study, the two-bed solar adsorption cooling unit with 0.5 kW capacity input heat 11893 that operates at 5 °C for the evaporator and 45 °C for the condenser is presented. The Engineering-Equation-Solver (EES) simulation program was created and used to solve the modeling equations that predict the optimal cycle performance and evaluate the optimum reasonable values of the operation parameters of the proposed system. The pressure range for the refrigeration cycle is 2.408 kPa for the evaporation state and 23.14 kPa for the condensation state. The findings demonstrate that an optimum coefficient of performance (COP) is 0.702 at 95 °C, a 20% performance increase, which generates 39.4 of cooling water. It produced 1 kg of chilled water for 2.463 kg of activated carbon at a temperature of 5°C. The improved solar-powered adsorption systems and refrigeration technologies are appealing substitutes that can satisfy energy demands in addition to meeting needs for cooling, ice production, air conditioning, and refrigeration preservation and safeguarding of the environment with Iraq's climate conditions.

Monte Carlo simulation of ammonia adsorption in high-silica zeolites for refrigeration applications

Climate change and the continual rise in cooling demand means more efficient and environmentally friendly refrigeration technologies are required more than ever. One attractive route to reducing future demand is to improve adsorption refrigeration technologies based on natural refrigerants such as ammonia. The choice of ammonia adsorbent plays an important role in achieving improved refrigeration efficiency and suitable operating conditions. This paper reports a detailed study on the suitability of zeolites as an adsorbent of ammonia in refrigeration applications. Systematic Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to study ammonia adsorption in five high-silica zeolites with a wide range of pores sizes and porosities. Simulations were carried out at temperatures between -50 and 50°C and pressures up to 4.0 bar. It is found that zeolites, in particular the ones with large porosities, could be very good ammonia adsorbents for adsorption refrigeration applications, since their use allows for large refrigeration capacities and tuneable operating conditions with good coefficients of performance (COP).

Experimental and theoretical analysis of the solar adsorption refrigeration system under south Iraq climate condition

This study investigates the performance of a solar adsorption refrigeration system utilizing activated carbon and methanol as the adsorbent/adsorbate combination in the context of the climate conditions in southern Iraq. The primary aim is to develop an efficient and environmentally friendly refrigeration technology that can operate off-grid, particularly in regions with limited access to electricity. Through a combination of experimental trials and theoretical analysis, the research explores the impact of factors such as solar radiation intensity, collector design, and operational parameters on system efficiency. The findings reveal that the tubular form of the collector/adsorber enhances system performance by simplifying maintenance and reducing the risk of leaks. Additionally, the study demonstrates the system's capability to cool water significantly, showcasing its potential for practical applications. The key contribution of this research lies in its innovative approach to solar refrigeration technology, offering a sustainable solution for cooling needs in challenging environments. The solar-driven refrigerator achieves a COP of 0.38 (ambient 30 °C) using 5.5 kg of carbon and 0.24 kg of methanol. Collector efficiency reaches 43 % under peak sun (847 W/m2), with a theoretical maximum of 51 % (1000 W/m2). The refrigerator cools 1 L of water from 30 °C to −0.6 °C, demonstrating its potential for sustainable refrigeration and reduced reliance on fossil fuels. These findings contribute to advancing solar-driven refrigeration and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. To counteract climate change, this work lays out a practical road towards sustainable refrigeration.

Design, fabrication, and performance assessment of a novel biomass gasification-powered all-season climate control unit for perishables

Availability of storage and processing facilities that work off-the-grid is crucial to agrarian economies for meeting sustainable development goals. We report a novel biomass-gasification-powered climate control unit (CCU) with independently controlled temperature and humidity, which enables the system to maintain a wide range of climatic conditions for storage, processing and farming of perishables. The developed all-season CCU has a temperature control subsystem driven by a novel biomass gasification-based hot water generator (heating capacity – 22 kW), which also powers an adsorption refrigerator (cooling capacity – 11 kW). The heat content of the hot flue gas (≈250°C) from the exhaust of gasification-based hot water generator is recovered using flue gas-to-air heat exchanger and utilized to regenerate (3.6 kW) the desiccant wheel thus enabling an off-the-grid humidity control. Auxiliary components such as pumps, blowers, control panels, and valves are operated in an off-the-grid manner using solar photovoltaic panels (≈ 1.5 kWe) backed by storage batteries. An algorithm is devised to demonstrate autonomous and independent control of temperature and relative humidity over a wide range of psychrometric conditions (0–50 °C and 15–90 % RH). We also present the cost analysis and identify the immediate challenges facing the developed system. The waste-to-energy concept of high lignin-based biomass such as forest wood, agricultural residue demonstrated herein lays the foundation for a proper biomass utilization besides empowering farmers with a much-needed technology towards sustainable growth.

Evaluation of adsorption characteristics of HFO-1234yf refrigerant with different adsorbents

The adsorption refrigerator system with HFO-1234yf refrigerant (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) has a global warming potential of less than 4 and activated carbons (MaxsorbIII, MH-00), mesoporous silica (TMPS-2), and metal organic frameworks (MOF-177). We measured the adsorption isotherm under diverse temperature and pressure conditions experimentally, and evaluated the adsorption characteristics of these adsorbents. In this study, we designed an experimental apparatus using a volumetric method and measured the adsorption equilibrium uptake. The MaxsorbIII/HFO-1234yf pair has an adsorption uptake as high as 1.30 g-HFO-1234yf/g-ads at 40 °C and 300 kPa. The adsorption uptake is approximately equivalent to that of the MaxsorbsIII/HFC-134a pair. The experimental data of the adsorption/desorption isotherms show that there is no hysteresis for the studied pair. The experimental results were reproduced using the Dubinin–Astakhov model (D–A model). The D–A model fits the experimental results precisely within 7%. A diagram of the relationship between HFO-1234yf and MaxsorbsIII also generated the D–A model, and the adsorption uptake capacity between the adsorption and desorption steps was obtained as 0.07 kg-HFO-1234yf/kg-ads at 40 and 80 °C. The adsorption capacities of MOF-177, MaxsorbIII, TMPS-2, and MH-00 were evaluated under similar operating conditions to be 0.19, 0.08, 0.11, and −0.03 kg/kg respectively.

Thermodynamic analysis for new solutions of data center cooling with adsorption refrigeration and heat pipe

This study investigated the potential of integrating separate heat pipe and adsorption refrigeration systems as a data center efficient cooling system. Compared to water-cooled data centers, this approach demonstrates improved heat transfer efficiency and reduced energy consumption. The effectiveness of heat transfer in this approach is illustrated by applying exergy and entranspy theories. By conducting numerical simulations across five representative Chinese cities with different climates, both Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) and key cooling system performance indicators are assessed. The analysis reveals that all cities can achieve a PUE below 1.095, realized a 65.87 % and 13.60 % reduction in cooling system energy consumption and entransy dissipation, respectively. Data centers using mechanical chiller cooling cause a high energy consumption. This paper indicates the benefits of integrating heat pipe and adsorption refrigeration systems in reducing energy consumption and optimizing overall data center performance.

Tunable Low-Pressure Water Adsorption in Stable Multivariate Metal-Organic Frameworks for Boosting Water-Based Ultralow-Temperature-Driven Refrigeration.

The green water-based adsorption refrigeration is considered as a promising strategy to realize near-zero-carbon cooling applications. Although many metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been developed as water adsorbents, their cooling performance are commonly limited by the insufficient water uptakes below P/P0 = 0.2. Herein, the development of multivariate MOFs (MTV-MOFs) is reported to highly modulate and boost the low-pressure water uptake for improving coefficient of performance (COP) for refrigeration. Through ligand exchange in the pristine MIL-125-NH2 , a series of MTV-MOFs with bare nitrogen sites are designed and synthesized. The resulting MIL-125-NH2 /MD-5% exhibits the significantly improved water uptake of 0.39g g-1 at 298 K and P/P0 = 0.2, which is three times higher than MIL-125-NH2 (0.12g g-1 ) and comparable to some benchmark materials including KMF-1 (0.4g g-1 ) and MIP-200 (0.36g g-1 ). Combined with its low-temperature regeneration, fast sorption kinetics and high stability, MIL-125-NH2 /MD-5% achieves one of the highest COP values (0.8) and working capacities (0.24g g-1 ) for refrig-2 under an ultralow-driven temperature of 65°C, which are higher than some best-performing MOFs such as MIP-200 (0.74 and 0.11g g-1 ) and KMF-2 (0.62 and 0.16g g-1 ), making it among the best adsorbents for efficient ultralow-temperature-driven refrigeration.

Experimental research on the cooling effect of a novel two-phase closed thermosyphon with semiconductor refrigeration in permafrost regions

Hybrid two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT) artificial ground freezing technique is an effective cooling strategy adaptable to different geological and meteorological conditions in permafrost regions. Previous studies have focused on the feasibility of hybrid TPCT with little attention given to the cooling characteristics and long-term effects of this technique under actual environmental conditions. In this study, a novel structured semiconductor refrigeration device, with simple structure, small size, and wide operating temperature range, was designed and manufactured to act as the active condenser of a hybrid TPCT, and the cooling effect of this device was investigated during a two-year field test under stable power supply. This study showed that: 1) The minimum (maximum) average temperature of the semiconductor refrigeration two-phase closed thermosyphon (SRTPCT) evaporator was 0.5 (2.1) °C lower than the TPCT evaporator. The average ground temperature decreased by 0.3 °C, and the permafrost table rose to 0.2 m at 1 m from the evaporators around SRTPCT. The semiconductor refrigeration device added more than 9.75 MJ of cold storage to the soil around the TPCT evaporator during an operating cycle. 2) The optimal working period for the semiconductor refrigeration device was from June to October, and the cooling effect was better when the ambient temperature was low in the warm season. 3) As active condenser of hybrid TPCT in permafrost regions, semiconductor refrigeration device has a larger heat transfer power enhancement for TPCTs than vapor compression refrigeration device in the warm season, and vice versa in the cold season, as well as a higher heat transfer power enhancement for TPCTs than adsorption refrigeration device. The results of this study provide relevant parameters and references for the design and engineering application of future SRTPCT.

Optimizing adsorption refrigeration with MOF-propane integration: a sustainable approach

Optimizing adsorption refrigeration by integrating MOFs with a low-global warming potential refrigerant, propane.

Demonstration of long-term cyclic sorption of ammonia in modified expanded graphite-calcium chloride composites for practical applications

The long-term viability of the ammonia‑calcium chloride (NH3−CaCl2) pair in commercial adsorption refrigeration systems faces challenges due to the disintegration of calcium chloride (CaCl2) during multiple ammonia sorption cycles. To address this issue, we conducted a comprehensive study, starting from lab-scale investigations to experiments with full-scale commercial refrigeration systems. We prepared three calcium chloride–expanded graphite (CaCl2:EG/4:1) composite samples (labelled B1, B2, and B3) with varying water content (20–45% by weight), and also used a conventional CaCl2-activated carbon-white cement composite (CaCl2:AC:WC/16:4:1, sample A). The composites were coated over fin tubes wrapped around with wire mesh for this purpose. These composites were tested for structural integrity over 300 continuous cycles in a customized constant-volume single fin-tube adsorption/desorption bed. While all samples initially exhibited similar sorption capacity ∆χof≈0.6−0.7kgNH3/kgCaCl2, sample A experienced a significant deterioration of approximately 60% in capacity within 300 cycles due to agglomeration and volumetric expansion. In contrast, the EG-based samples demonstrated remarkable stability, with B3 maintaining ∆χ≈0.57kgNH3/kgCaCl2 even after 800 cycles. We applied B3 in a 2 TR adsorption refrigerator that uses biomass as fuel to demonstrate <15% cooling power attenuation even after prolonged operation over 800 cycles in practical scenarios. We believe these engineering interventions are necessary to encourage the broader adoption of ammonia-based adsorption refrigeration systems, which are a sustainable choice due to their zero global warming and ozone depletion potentials.

Experimental and theoretical analysis of Metal-Organic Frameworks’ energy storage performance for heating, cooling, power generation, and desalination

The study addresses the urgent need to find materials and an advanced adsorption cycle for renewable and sustainable energy sources, aiming to resolve the conflict between rapidly increasing renewable energy demand and the low efficiency of the adsorption system. The simultaneous thermal analysis machine is utilized to measure the adsorption characteristics and adsorption heat of the adsorbent. Microscopic analysis of the adsorbent's structure is conducted using a confocal microscope. Through computational analysis, this paper investigates the comprehensive performance of the advanced adsorption cycle, including adsorption refrigeration, heating, power generation, and seawater desalination capabilities. The findings indicate that the material of HKUST-1(Cu) has the highest performance in heating, cooling, power generation, and desalination. The cooling capacity, heating capacity, power generation capacity, and desalination capacity are 727.9 kJ/kg, 1431.9 kJ/kg, 14.5 kJ/kg, 0.34 kg/kg when the temperature of heating, condensation, and evaporation is about 140 °C, 30 °C, and 15 °C. The HKUST-1(Cu) and UiO-66-BDC-NH2 have the highest desalination capacity and are suitable for high and low-temperature heat source usage. The study concludes that the material of HKUST-1(Cu) possesses the potential to serve as a viable alternative energy source in the cooling, heating, power generation, and desalination system. The novelty of this work lies in the comprehensive evaluation of the advanced cycle’s performance of multiple metal–organic frameworks within the context of cooling, heating, desalination, and power generation in one adsorption system. This research goes beyond previous efforts by providing valuable insights into the advanced cycle and its comprehensive performance of cooling, heating, power generation, and desalination capabilities.

Review of Micro- and Nanobubble Technologies: Advancements in Theory and Applications and Perspectives on Adsorption Cooling and Desalination Systems

Adsorption refrigerators are a compelling ecological alternative to compressor refrigerators; global warming forces us to constantly look for alternative sources of energy and cold. Cold production in adsorption chillers is based on the use of heat generated by other processes running in the company. Waste heat from production processes, which has, until now, been irretrievably lost, is a potential source of energy for generating cold via an adsorption unit producing chilled water. Cooling optimizes the use of the heating network in summer and can lead to increased electricity production while reducing heat supply losses. Thus far, attempts to implement adsorption refrigerators for widespread use have not been successful as a result of the low efficiency of these devices; this is directly related to the poor heat and mass transfer conditions in the beds and heat exchangers of adsorption refrigerators. The solutions used so far, such as new working pairs, glued beds or modifications to the structure or cycle length, are still not strong enough for these devices. Therefore, it is necessary to look for new solutions. Using micro- and nanobubbles as media to increase mass and heat transfer in refrigerators is an innovative and pioneering solution. Thus, this document describes the most important features of micro- and nanobubble technology applications in adsorption refrigerators. This article is an introduction and a basis for the implementation of further research, consolidating the existing literature as a review.

Development and experimental study of a compact silica gel-water adsorption chiller for waste heat driven cooling in data centers

In recent years, data centers have experienced rapid construction, leading to a significant surge in energy consumption, and cooling systems have emerged as prominent energy consumers of data centers. Among the cooling technologies, liquid cooling allows higher cooling circuit temperatures and provides potential for heat recovery. As a thermally driven cooling technology, adsorption refrigeration systems offer an alternative way to compression refrigeration systems by utilizing low-grade waste heat from liquid-cooled circuits to produce chilled water for air-cooled components. In this study, a compact silica gel-water adsorption chiller is developed for a small modular data center and experimentally investigated under extremely low driving temperatures. Under the typical summer conditions with the hot/cooling/chilled water inlet temperatures of 50 °C/30 °C/23 °C, the adsorption chiller achieves the cooling power of 4.9 kW and the COP of 0.50. When the cooling water inlet temperature changes from 32 °C to 24 °C, both the cooling power and COP show significant improvements, from 3.04 kW to 10.50 kW and from 0.44 to 0.66, respectively. Moreover, the increase of the hot water inlet temperature from 48 °C to 56 °C can enhance the cooling power to some extent, while the chilled water inlet temperature has little influence on the performance. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the developed adsorption chiller in data center waste heat driven cooling. Besides, potential adsorbents and possible optimization strategies are presented for performance improvement based on adsorption potential method.

Performance evaluation of a high-efficient hybrid adsorption refrigeration system for ultralow-grade heat utilization

50–80 °C heat sources are abundant in renewable energy areas and industrial processes. However, they are difficult to be effectively used due to their ultralow grade. In order to solve this problem, this paper presents a high-efficient hybrid adsorption refrigeration system combing with desiccant coated heat exchangers. In this study, the performance of the hybrid system is experimentally investigated and parametric effects are fully discussed. Results indicate that the hybrid system operates efficiently across a wide heat source range of 50–80 °C. A high-temperature hot water facilitates the cooling production of the hybrid system, while a low-temperature hot water is more beneficial to the COP promotion. Also, a lower cooling water temperature, higher air temperature, higher relative humidity and longer switch time can enhance system performance. The optimal cooling capacity is quantified as 4579 W when powered by 80 °C hot water and the COP reaches its maximum of 0.673 under a heat source temperature of 50 °C. Comparison results show that compared with present systems, the hybrid system has greater adaptability as well as higher efficiency in utilizing 50–80 °C ultralow-grade heat sources, and can satisfy the simultaneous demand for cooling and dehumidification, which offers a promising way to high-efficient energy utilization and sustainable development.

Dynamic performance analysis of a solar adsorption system: the effect of operating conditions and collectors’ area

A continuous adsorption refrigerator, aiming for cold production to a fruit storage room installed in arid regions, is proposed. After cooling load estimation, a technical-economic study of different types of solar collectors was performed. Then, the dynamic performances of a solar-driven two-bed adsorption chiller are studied. Furthermore, this study shows that an optimal choice of the collector-type area and the operating conditions can reduce the global system cost and ensure better energy management. With 43.47 m 2 collectors’ area, a solar fraction of 55% is reached at cycle time (tcycle) 1600s; however, 49% is obtained at tcycle of 900s. With a total collectors’ area of 43.47 m2, a tcycle of 1600s and a cooling water inlet temperature (TCW,in) of 22°C, 60% of the cooling demand is solar produced. However, 57% is achieved at a tcycle of 900s, 50.61 m2 collectors’ area and TCW,in of 25°C. Highlights The cooling load of a storage room used for indigenous fruit preservation was estimated. A technical-economic study of different types of solar collectors is carried out to choose the most suitable one. A detailed dynamic approach to the thermodynamics of a solar adsorption refrigerator according to the time-varying solar radiation intensity and climatic data were presented. The effect of solar collectors’ area and different operating conditions has been studied to optimise the global system performance and cost.

Review of Fluidized Bed Technology Application for Adsorption Cooling and Desalination Systems

Adsorption technology utilizes low-temperature renewable and waste heat sources for cost-effective and environmentally friendly cooling and water desalination systems. However, the problem with existing adsorption refrigerators is the low COP. This is caused by poor heat and mass transfer in existing packed bed designs. The solution to this problem lies in the use of fluidized bed technology, which enhances heat and mass transfer mechanisms. Various approaches to the construction and operation of adsorption systems with a fluidized bed of adsorbent can be found in the literature; hence, the aim of the work is to analyze the existing applications of a fluidized bed in adsorption refrigerators and other systems utilizing sorption beds. There are many methods for improving the energy efficiency of adsorption refrigerators. However, the literature suggests that fluidized bed systems have the potential to significantly improve the energy efficiency of adsorption cooling and desalination systems. Based on the review, it was concluded that using fluidization technology in adsorption cooling and desalination systems can be beneficial and represents significant potential for future research.