A novel magnetic carbon-coated cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4/C) nanorod adsorbent has been synthesized via a hydrothermal carbonization process using the one-dimensional cobalt ferrite as carrier and glucose as carbon source. The as-prepared sample was characterized by XRD, SEM, TG-DTA and FTIR. The adsorption property of Cr(VI) onto the CoFe2O4/C in different conditions was investigated. The thermodynamics and dynamics properties for the adsorption of Cr(VI) onto CoFe2O4/C nanorods were discussed. The results showed that the Cr (VI) can be effectively removed from aqueous solution at pH 3.0 with the mass ratio of CoFe2O4 nanorods to glucose at 0.1.