Adsorption Of Mixtures Research Articles

MOFs with Open Metal(III) Sites for the Environmental Capture of Polar Volatile Organic Compounds.

Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with open metal sites (OMS) interact strongly with a range of polar gases/vapors. However, under ambient conditions, their selective adsorption is generally impaired due to a high OMS affinity to water. This led previously to the privilege selection of hydrophobic MOFs for the selective capture/detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Herein, we show that this paradigm is challenged by metal(III) polycarboxylates MOFs, bearing a high concentration of OMS, as MIL-100(Fe), enabling the selective capture of polar VOCs even in the presence of water. With experimental and computational tools, including single-component gravimetric and dynamic mixture adsorption measurements, in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory calculations we reveal that this adsorption mechanism involves a direct coordination of the VOC on the OMS, associated with an interaction energy that exceeds that of water. Hence, MOFs with OMS are demonstrated to be of interest for air purification purposes.

MOFs with Open Metal(III) Sites for the Environmental Capture of Polar Volatile Organic Compounds

AbstractMetal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with open metal sites (OMS) interact strongly with a range of polar gases/vapors. However, under ambient conditions, their selective adsorption is generally impaired due to a high OMS affinity to water. This led previously to the privilege selection of hydrophobic MOFs for the selective capture/detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Herein, we show that this paradigm is challenged by metal(III) polycarboxylates MOFs, bearing a high concentration of OMS, as MIL‐100(Fe), enabling the selective capture of polar VOCs even in the presence of water. With experimental and computational tools, including single‐component gravimetric and dynamic mixture adsorption measurements, in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory calculations we reveal that this adsorption mechanism involves a direct coordination of the VOC on the OMS, associated with an interaction energy that exceeds that of water. Hence, MOFs with OMS are demonstrated to be of interest for air purification purposes.

Adsorption and diffusion behavior of two-component gases in coal particles at different temperatures

Oxygen (O2) plays a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of coal spontaneous combustion (CSC), but the diffusion behaviors of O2 and oxygen-containing gas mixtures (e.g., CO2-O2) in the microchannels of coal under different temperatures have involved little investigation. In this work, isothermal adsorption experiments of two-component gas mixtures at different temperatures (293 K-333 K) were first carried out. A two-component gas mixture adsorption model for coal particles based on the free gas density gradient (FGDG) diffusion was then developed. The cumulative gas adsorption was obtained by numerical solution and the microchannel diffusion coefficients (Fm) of single-component gases in gas mixtures were obtained by comparing the simulation results with the experimental data. The results show that: (i) the equilibrium cumulative adsorption of three types of gas mixtures decreases with the increase of temperature, and their cumulative adsorption satisfies our proposed empirical equation; (ii) the simulation results of strongly adsorbed single-component gases are in high agreement with the experimental data throughout the adsorption period, and the developed model is verified. It also indicates that the model can characterize the migration behavior of single-component gas in coal particles under different temperature conditions; (iii) the Fm of a single-component gas will gradually increase as the temperature increases, leading to further enhancement of diffusion behavior of the gas. This research is expected to provide some theoretical foundations for understanding the mechanisms of gas mixtures flowing in coal matrices under different temperature environments.

Natural Gas Storage Filled with Peat-Derived Carbon Adsorbent: Influence of Nonisothermal Effects and Ethane Impurities on the Storage Cycle.

Adsorbed natural gas (ANG) is a promising solution for improving the safety and storage capacity of low-pressure gas storage systems. The structural-energetic and adsorption properties of active carbon ACPK, synthesized from cheap peat raw materials, are presented. Calculations of the methane-ethane mixture adsorption on ACPK were performed using the experimental adsorption isotherms of pure components. It is shown that the accumulation of ethane can significantly increase the energy capacity of the ANG storage. Numerical molecular modeling of the methane-ethane mixture adsorption in slit-like model micropores has been carried out. The molecular effects associated with the displacement of ethane by methane molecules and the formation of a molecule layered structure are shown. The integral molecular adsorption isotherm of the mixture according to the molecular modeling adequately corresponds to the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST). The cyclic processes of gas charging and discharging from the ANG storage based on the ACPK are simulated in three modes: adiabatic, isothermal, and thermocontrolled. The adiabatic mode leads to a loss of 27-33% of energy capacity at 3.5 MPa compared to the isothermal mode, which has a 9.4-19.5% lower energy capacity compared to the thermocontrolled mode, with more efficient desorption of both methane and ethane.

Adsorption and Diffusion Behaviors of CO2 and CH4 Mixtures in Different Types of Kerogens and Their Roles in Enhanced Energy Recovery

CO2 geological sequestration in subsurface shale formations is a promising strategy to store CO2 and to increase shale gas production. The understanding of gas adsorption and diffusion mechanisms in microporous media is critical for CO2 storage-enhanced gas recovery (CS-EGR). The type of kerogens is one of the important factors that influence the adsorption and diffusion behaviors of gases. In this work, the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics simulations were utilized to develop kerogen models and further investigate gas and water adsorption and diffusion behavior on the type IA, IIA, and IIIA kerogen models. The results indicated that the adsorption and diffusion capacities of CO2 are larger than those of CH4. The adsorption and diffusion capacity decreased with increasing water content. However, the CO2/CH4 adsorption selectivity increased with the increase in water content. Type IIIA demonstrated the best potential for adsorption and diffusion. This study provides insights into the role of the adsorption and diffusion behavior of CO2 and CH4 mixtures on kerogens of different types under different water contents at a microscopic scale, and can facilitate further understanding of the processes involved in CO2 storage coupled with enhanced energy recovery.

Evaluation and screening of porous materials containing fluorine for carbon dioxide capture and separation

There is a significant challenge to discover porous materials that can effectively capture and separate CO2 from natural gas, refining gas, and flue gas, which has attracted attention in dealing with climate warming and energy purification. Recently, hybrid microporous materials with narrow pores and containing fluorine have been rapidly used in gas separation based on physisorption. In this contribution, molecular simulations combined with high-throughput calculations were performed to calculate structural parameters and performance evaluation metrics of 1015 promising adsorbents to rank and screen out the top candidates for CO2/CH4, CO2/H2 and CO2/N2 separation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to unlock this kind of fluorinated material database in CO2 separation, in which statistical information indicates that a large number of interpenetrating structures lead to 64% of ultra-microporous materials and the number of particles per unit volume of fluorine we defined also has a positive effect on the heat of adsorption of CO2. The structural performance relationship reveals a clear picture of strong CO2 capture but poor energy gas (CH4 and H2) storage. The mathematical model established from the geometry and energy descriptors has a strong correlation with the mixture adsorption selectivity in CO2/N2 separation, and the ideal selectivity can be applied to save computing resources in CO2/H2 separation. Cadmium and vanadium with high frequency may represent the new characteristics of the next generation adsorbent for capturing CO2, among the 18 high-performance materials selected according to the adsorption performance score and mixture adsorption selectivity. The centroid density distribution and radial distribution function manifest that CO2 is preferentially close to fluorine atoms and metal atoms. Here, we established an online high-throughput calculation code (https://github.com/oddthinker/HTCS) for adsorption and separation. All of this will provide guidelines for experimental synthesis and large-scale screening of target materials.

Surfactant-Modified Clay for Adsorption of Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Aqueous Solutions

Surfactant-Modified Clay for Adsorption of Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Aqueous Solutions

Investigating the zeolite and bentonite adsorbent effect on different parameters of soil

Contamination of soils and groundwater resources has become one of the most serious global environmental problems in recent years. The use of natural and inexpensive adsorbents such as zeolite is one of the appropriate methods to prevent the spread of contaminants and increase the adsorption capacity of the soil. In this research, the behaviour of the mixture of sand with 15% kaolinite clay is investigated at first, in both conditions of non-contaminated and contaminated with lead nitrate. Due to the limited adsorption capacity of the sand containing kaolinite, different percentages of zeolite adsorbent were added to this mixture to investigate the adsorption capacity and changes in strength parameters of the soil and adsorbent mixture. According to the results of the atomic adsorption test, zeolite has a favorable effect on increasing the adsorption capacity of heavy metals in soils such that by adding 5% zeolite, the amount of lead adsorption capacity increases by about 70%. The dynamic behaviour of these compounds in both conditions of non-contaminated and contaminated with lead nitrate was studied. Dynamic behaviour shows that in the combination of soil with both types of adsorbents, by increasing the concentration of heavy metal, the cycles corresponding to Ru decreases.

Adsorption of Individual and Mixtures of β-Blockers and Copper in Soils and Sediments.

The (bio)availability of pharmaceuticals at solid/water interfaces is governed by their sorption, which determines their concentrations in groundwaters and surface waters in contact with biota, and can be affected by the presence of other contaminants such as metallic trace elements likely to compete for adsorption sites and form complexes with pharmaceuticals. We studied the adsorption of the pharmaceuticals propranolol and sotalol-two β-blockers-on one soil and one sediment using batch experiments to assess their (bio)availability. The influence of contact time, pH, and concentration was studied. As in the real environment these contaminants are not alone but in mixtures, and they were studied alone, simultaneously added, and in the presence of Cu2+ , which is known to form coordination complexes with propranolol and sotalol, but their presence in mixtures did not alter their adsorption properties. Sotalol was more mobile in water and thus more bioavailable for organisms than propranolol. The mobility in surface waters of both β-blockers and thus their bioavailabity for organisms is more important than their risk of transfer to groundwater during rainwater infiltration and to surface water due to runoff. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2700-2707. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Microcanonical-ensemble perturbation theory for thermodynamic and diffusion properties of square-well fluids

We present results for thermodynamic and diffusion properties of a square-well fluid (SW) using the Microcanonical-Ensemble perturbation theory (MEPT) [Mol. Phys. 116, 351 (2018)]. The aim of this work is to assess the accuracy of MEPT that is required in order to model real substances properties. We consider the extension of MEPT for binary mixtures of SW fluids, using the Lorentz-Berthelot combining rules. The phase behavior of binary square-well mixtures are studied, exploring in detail the influence of the hard-core size ratios, dispersion energy ratios, and variable attractive range potential. Excellent agreement between the MEPT approach and Gibbs Ensemble Monte Carlo (GEMC) simulation is found, for a wide range of temperatures and compositions. The relevance of perturbation terms of order higher than two is also considered, comparing with SAFT-VR results. This approach is a first step in modeling inhomogeneous systems, such as adsorption and interfacial properties of binary mixtures based on discrete potential systems as reference fluids.

P068 Inhibition of Candida glabrata biofilm using the combination of a novel antifungal cyclic lipopeptide and azole: An in vitro synergistic approach

Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PMThe general feature of the biofilm is a densely packed microbial community with an extracellular matrix composed of polysaccharides and proteins. Candida glabrata was reported as the most biofilm-forming species responsible for causing virulent Candida infections among Candida non-albicans (CNA). Candida glabrata is the most azole-resistant species of all Candida species. The early and maturing biofilms enable the Candida cells to overcome the effects of azoles and exhibit higher drug resistance. Since simple azole mono-therapy rarely eradicates recalcitrant Candida biofilms, removal of the infected device becomes necessary for curing the infection.ObjectiveThe objective was to assess the biofilm inhibition effect of antifungal cyclic lipopeptide which has been purified by a multi-step process from the cell-free supernatant of Bacillus subtilis, and to analyze the synergistic activity of the purified lipopeptide lead compound designated as AF4 with the standard antifungal fluconazole using different concentrations.MethodsBriefly, cell-free supernatant was extracted using a solvent mixture and silica gel-based adsorption chromatography. The potential antifungal cyclic lipopeptide variant AF4 was extracted from the soil isolate B. subtilis by a multi-step purification process that involves reversed-phase HPLC and exhibited a wide-spectrum of anti-Candida activity. The XTT reduction assay was used for metabolically active cells after treatment with a combination of drugs, and crystal violet (CV) assay was performed to quantify the cell biomass. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to analyze the biofilm morphology and architecture of the AF4 lipopeptide at (2xMIC) and fluconazole (8x-16xMIC)-treated biofilms. For confocal microscopy-based biofilm visualization, a combination of two different dyes was used. Extracellular polymeric substances were stained by concanavalin A-Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate and, the FUN- 1 fluorescent dye was used for staining the live biofilm-forming Candida cells. After capturing the Z-stack images in CLSM, the biomass (μm3/μm2), average thickness (μm), and roughness of the biofilm were analyzed by Comstat 2.1 software.ResultsThe AFST analysis showed that the MIC of the lead antifungal lipopeptide was 8 μg/mL against the C. glabrata planktonic cells. Adding the antifungal compound at higher MICs such as by 2-folds exhibited strong antibiofilm effect that significantly enhanced the synergistic antifungal activity of the fluconazole against C. glabrata biofilm formation. Synergistic effect of fluconazole at 8x-16xMIC with 2xMIC of the lead compound AF4 on C. glabrata 24 h maturing biofilm had increased significantly as revealed by the XTT and CV assays. The results confirmed ˃ 50% inhibition of the biofilm in both 6 h developmental and 24 h maturing biofilms in 8xMIC fluconazole plus 2xMIC AF4 while compared with fluconazole alone at the same concentration. The results from the XTT and, CV assays and SEM and CLSM (Fig. 1) suggest that the combinatorial treatments of the lead antifungal lipopeptide and fluconazole at varying concentrations have the potential of eradicating or nearly eradicating the maturing biofilm of CAN.ConclusionsThe combinatorial study was found effective in combating the biofilm formation. A correlation between metabolic activity and antifungal resistance in maturing biofilms has been found.

Improved sono-assisted adsorption of a binary dye mixture using bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate modified Amberlite XAD-2 resin and response optimization

Methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) was simultaneously adsorbed ultrasonically on bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (D2EHPA) modified Amberlite XAD-2 resin. The prepared resin was characterized by FESEM, SEM with EDS, FTIR, and point of zero charge. Preliminary studies for the removal of MB and CV dye in the mixture was done by using different ratio of D2EHPA impregnated XAD-2 resin and at different pH. Central Composite Design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design and optimize the removal process. The effective parameters chosen for this study were: ultrasonication time (tus: 3–15 min), adsorbent dosage (m: 0.3–1.5 g), and initial concentration of MB (Cmbin) and CV (Ccvin) dye in solution (5–25 mg L−1). At optimized condition (tus = 10.5 min, m = 1.16 g, and concentration of Cmbin = 16 mg.L−1and Ccvin = 16 mg L−1), the maximum percentage removal for MB and CV dye was 93.38% (Qt = 1.29 mg g−1) and 97.80% (Qt = 1.32 mg g−1), respectively. pH study was performed at optimized condition by varying the pH of the dye solution from 3 to 12. At optimized condition, kinetic and equilibrium studies were performed. For single dye adsorption study, Freundlich model and for binary dye adsorption study extended Freundlich model was best fitted. The pseudo-second-order model best fitted the kinetic data for both the dyes with R2 = 0.998 for MB dye and R2 = 0.999 for CV dye which indicated the chemisorption nature of adsorbent. The possible interaction mechanism between D2EHPA and MB/CV dye was proposed. The continuous study was performed by varying flow rates using a recirculating flow vessel and found to be 12.5% more energy efficient than the batch mode. Regeneration of the adsorbent was done successfully using ethanol-water solution up to five cycles.

Selection of Mass Transfer Models for Competitive Adsorption of Antibiotics Mixture from Aqueous Solution on Delonix regia Pod Activated Carbon

The selection of suitable mass transfer models that fit the adsorption of a mixture of antibiotics in aqueous solution onto activated carbon derived from Delonix Regia Pods (DRPs) was examined in this study. The ripe DRPs were cleaned, activated with KOH and then carbonised at 350 °C. The surface chemistry of the raw and the modified DRPs were characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), before being subjected to batch adsorption of a mixture of Amoxicillin (AMO), Tetracycline (TETRA) and Ampicillin (AMP) under the effect of time (0-240 mins), and concentration (20-100 mg/l). The adsorption diffusion mechanisms of the process were analyzed. The spectra of the raw and modified DRP indicate the existence of hydroxyl groups alkanes, unconjugated ketone, carbonyl, and ester groups. McKay has the highest (0.9445) for the mass transfer diffusion model. This indicates that the adsorption rate of the selected antibiotics in the wastewater is regulated and monitored by the internal mass transport processes in accordance with a pore diffusion mechanism.

Performance of BEA, FAU, LTL, MFI, and MOR zeolites in the removal of ethyl mercaptan traces from natural gas by Monte Carlo molecular simulation

Selective removal of ethyl mercaptan from natural gas is presently challenge in the gas industry. Nanoporous zeolite frameworks with different topologies have been known as the most appropriate compounds for the adsorption of ethyl mercaptan. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation has been employed to predict the adsorption and separation properties of mixtures containing ethyl mercaptan under difficult experimental conditions. The adsorption isotherms of ethyl mercaptan in pure form and mixtures with methane on purely siliceous zeolites including BEA, FAU, LTL, MFI, and MOR have been obtained at the temperature of 298 K over the pressure range of 0–100 kPa. The results show that the adsorption capacity is a function of the pore diameter of zeolites. FAU has appeared as an adsorbent with high adsorption capacity. In contrast, it has shown considerably lower adsorption affinity for methane in comparison with ethyl mercaptan, confirming the competitive adsorption between them. Therefore, FAU could be the promising candidate for industrial desulfurization of natural gas. The effects of temperature, pressure, initial bulk concentration, and pore structure have been examined. Distribution snapshots displays the preferred positions of zeolites for the adsorption of sulfur species.

Competitive Adsorption of a Binary VOC Mixture from the Gas Phase onto Activated Carbon Modified with Malic Acid

Competitive Adsorption of a Binary VOC Mixture from the Gas Phase onto Activated Carbon Modified with Malic Acid

Adsorptive separation of carbon dioxide at ambient temperatures in activated carbon

Gas adsorption by activated carbon (AC) is one of the common approaches applied in industries for separation and purification purposes, e.g., air purification, hydrocarbon processing, and carbon capture and storage. Understanding the preferential adsorption of the adsorbates in the gas mixture is crucial for improving separation technologies. With the develop ment of computational technology, molecular simulation is recognized as a useful tool that can be important compensation for experimental study. A uniform slit pore is commonly used for representing the AC. However, the pore structure of AC is rather complex and is composed of randomly stacked crystallites. Moreover, the confined spaces between the carbon stacks tend to be irregular-shaped. The wedge pore model was used to represent the non-uniformity of AC as its size continuously changes in the axial direction. In this regard, a systematic Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to study the adsorption of bi nary mixtures containing carbon dioxide with methane or nitrogen at the ambient temperatures (i.e., 273–298 K) in slit and wedge-shaped pores with graphitic surfaces. The results were also compared with experimental data and predicted values using Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST). The results of the single wedge pore model agreed at low pressure for single and multicomponent adsorption of experimental data and IAST predictions, while the results of the combination of slit pore with various pore widths were also well fitted or were close to the experimental data and compared to IAST predictions. It is evident from the results that the wedge pore can be the alternative pore model for the AC to reveal some important characteristics and mechanisms for pure and mixture adsorption.

Synthesis and Characterization Bimetallic Organic Framework CoxFex(BDC) and Adsorption Cationic and Anionic Dyes

Co-doped Fe-MOF bimetallic organic framework materials at different ratios were synthesized based on the solvothermal method, and we evaluated their morphological characteristics by modern analytical methods such as SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and isotherm of nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET). The specific surface area of the 0.3 CoFe-MOF sample (280.9 m2/g) is much larger than the Fe-MOF and samples at other ratios. The post-synthesized materials were evaluated for their ability to absorb various dyes, including Methylene Blue (MB), Methyl orange (MO), Congo red (CR), and Rhodamine (RhB), and evaluated for the effects of pH, the initial concentration of the dye solution, time, and dose of adsorbent. The results show that the 0.3 CoFe-MOF material has a high adsorption capacity that is superior to both the original Fe-MOF and the CoFe-MOFs at other ratios. The highest adsorption capacity of MB dye by 0.3 CoFe-MOF reaches up to 562.1 mg/g at pH 10, the initial concentration of MB of 200 mg/L, after 90 min. The charged properties of the dyes and the charged nature of the bimetallic organic frameworks are best demonstrated through the adsorption of dye mixtures. The adsorption efficiency on the mixed system of cationic (MB) and anionic (MO) dyes yielded the highest removal efficiency of 70% and 81%, respectively, after 30 min. Therefore, the research has opened up the potential application of M/Fe-MOF modified materials and CoFe-MOF in organic dyes adsorption in wastewater treatment for environmental protection.

Adsorption, separation and regeneration of cation-exchanged X zeolites for LNG purification: Li+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+

The Li+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+-exchanged X zeolites were prepared using ion exchange method for producing efficient adsorbents that could be used in the purification of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The adsorption, separation and regeneration characteristics of the samples were systematically explored and discussed using static adsorption of pure gases, dynamic adsorption of a binary gas mixture (3%CO2 and 97%CH4) and regeneration experiments. The results showed that Li13X had the largest surface area of 520 m2/g, whereas Ca13X possessed the highest micropore volume of 0.25 m3/g with the smaller pore size observed from the pore size distribution. The adsorption capacity of Li13X for CO2 (4.10 mmol/g) was almost the same as that of Ca13X (4.12 mmol/g), which were larger than all the other samples at 120 kPa and 30 °C. However, K13X had the highest static CO2/CH4 separation factor of 46, which was due to the increased basicity of the framework. For the dynamic adsorption, Ca13X possessed the highest CO2/CH4 separation factor of 93, and showed the smallest CH4 adsorption capacity of 1.22 mmol/g. As for the regeneration of the proposed adsorbents, the heat requirement for CO2 in dynamic was not only affected by the isosteric heat, but was also dependent on the competition between CH4 and CO2. Moreover, the static and dynamic vacuum regenerations had the same tendency and mainly depended on the pore size distribution.

Multifunctional biomass composite aerogel co-modified by MXene and Ag nanowires for health monitoring and synergistic antibacterial applications

Single function of biomass aerogel restricts its further development, multifunctional biomass aerogel is becoming an urgent need. In this work, multifunctional biomass composite aerogel was prepared by co-modifying MXene and Ag nanowires (AgNWs) on bacterial cellulose/chitosan (BC/CH) composite aerogel through a facile method combining physical mixture, lyophilization and electrostatic adsorption. The as-prepared BC/CH/MXene/AgNWs composite aerogel could be applied as health monitoring sensor and photo-thermal antibacterial material. As a sensor, it showed high sensitivity, short response time, and satisfactory cycling stability for health monitoring. Moreover, the composite aerogel was successfully employed to monitor various human body motions including foot movements, elbow movements, wrist movement, respiration, and throat vibration pronunciation. In addition, the composite aerogel displayed excellent photothermal conversion performance, which could be quickly heated to more than 60 °C in 60 s under NIR laser irradiation (808 nm, 0.6 W/cm2). The BC/CH/MXene/AgNWs composite aerogel showed nearly 100% sterilizing effect due to the synergistic antibacterial effect from common antibacterial role of CH/AgNWs and photo-thermal antibacterial role of MXene. The novel aerogel possesses more response characteristics and better antibacterial property than existing biomass aerogels, which may develop potential application prospect in wearable and implantable bioelectronic material for health monitoring.

Simulation study of random sequential deposition of binary mixtures of lattice animals on a three-dimensional cubic lattice

Random sequential adsorption of mixtures of objects of various shapes on a three-dimensional (3D) cubic lattice is studied numerically by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Depositing objects are ‘lattice animals’, made of a certain number of nearest neighbor sites on a lattice. We analyzed binary mixtures composed of shapes of equal size, n = 3, 4, 5. We concentrate here on the influence of geometrical properties of the shapes on the jamming coverage θ J and on the temporal evolution of the density θ(t). The approach of the coverage θ(t) to the jamming limit θ J is found to be exponential, θ J − θ(t) ∼ exp(−t/σ), both for the mixtures and their components. The values of the relaxation time σ are determined by the number of different orientations m that lattice animals can take when placed on a cubic lattice. The value of the relaxation time σ for a mixture is approximately twice the relaxation time for the pure component shape with a larger number m of possible orientations. Depending on the local geometry of the objects making the mixture, the jamming coverage of a mixture θ J can be either greater than both single-component jamming coverages or it can be in between these values. The first case is the most common, while in the second case, the jamming density of the mixture is very close to the higher jamming density for the pure component shapes. For a majority of the investigated mixtures, a component with a larger number of orientations m has a larger value of the fractional jamming density.