Adsorption Breakthrough Curves Research Articles

Experimental study on controlled oxidation of active sites in closed fire zone thermal decomposition coal

ABSTRACT Reignition often occurs after the fire area is unsealed, many people attribute it to the reoxygenation of smoldering coal. However, there were also case of reignition after the fire area was extinguished. In this study, the optimal gas ratio was obtained and confirmed by controlled oxidation experiments under different ratios of O2-N2 and O2-CO2. The mechanism of controlled oxidation technology was investigated through experiments involving Multi-component Adsorption Breakthrough Curves, FTIR, and ESR. The results show that the thermal decomposition process of coal-generated numerous active sites, which led to the re-ignition of the closed fire zone. However, controlled oxidation technology can slowly consume the active sites without causing a drastic temperature rise. It is found that 5% O2 and 95% CO2 are the best atmospheres for controlled oxidation technology. Forty grams of coal was oxidized at room temperature under air conditions, and the coal core temperature rise rose 1.99°C. However, under controlled oxidizing gas atmosphere, the temperature rise was reduced by 71%. This was due to the controlled oxidized atmosphere impeding the reaction of coal with oxygen. The free radical content of the controlled oxidized coal was 3.01 × 1016 spins/g, which was lower than that of the air-oxidized coals. This difference was attributed to the suppression of free radical chain reactions in the controlled oxidized atmosphere. The research results provide a feasible idea to unseal the extinguished fire area safely.

Fixed-bed natural gas CO2 adsorption performance of ZSM-5 zeolites impregnated with amines

This research studies the fixed-bed natural gas carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption performance of ZSM-5 zeolites impregnation with different amines: monoethanolamine (MEA), ethylenediamine (ED), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 4-aminophenol. The structural, morphological, and performance characteristics of the modified zeolites were examined through the use of several analytical techniques. These techniques featured Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermogravimetric analysis revealed weight losses in two stages linked to the removal of bound water molecules and the breakdown of the hydroxyl structure. Through fixed bed adsorption experiments, it was discovered that ZSM-5 zeolites functionalized with MEA/ED showed the CO2 adsorption capacity. This study investigated how well four different mathematical models—Clark, Yoon-Nelson, Thomas, and Adams-Bohart—could predict CO2 adsorption breakthrough curves from natural gas using non-linear regression methods. The results showed that all models had very high adjusted determination coefficients (Adj. R²) of over 0.99, indicating they matched the experimental data really well for various adsorbents. The analysis highlighted the models' effectiveness in reflecting adsorption kinetics and capacities, particularly noting the superior performance of the Thomas, Adams-Bohart, and Yoon-Nelson models in capturing uniform breakthrough behaviors. These findings underscore the models' utility in enhancing CO2 removal processes in natural gas purification, which is pivotal for optimizing industrial gas processing systems. These results highlight the efficiency of amine-functionalized ZSM 5 zeolites in capturing CO2 from natural gas streams.

Preparation of porous imidazole-based poly(ionic liquid) adsorbents and their toluene adsorption performance.

Efficient, economical, and durable adsorbents are required to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from air. Cross-linked polyvinylic ionic liquids (PVIC) with porous structures were synthesized by quaternizing 1-vinylimidazole (1VI) with 1-bromobutane to obtain 3-butyl-1-vinylimidazolium bromide (VIC), which was then co-polymerized with divinylbenzene (DVB) radicals. 1H NMR, 13C NMR, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms were applied in characterizing the composites. Through modification of the polymer structure by adjustment of DVB concentration（the ratio of DVB concentration to VIC concentration was x: 1 (x=0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) and the product was named PVIC-s (s=2, 3, 4, 5)）, the optimal PVIC-4 pore structure was obtained, with a specific surface area and total pore volume of 192.5 m2 g-1 and 0.192 cm3 g-1, respectively. A toluene adsorption test verified the adsorption capacity. The adsorption behavior for VOCs, based on toluene, was investigated using adsorption breakthrough curves, adsorption kinetics, and isotherms. The adsorption process is well describing by the Bangham kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The dynamic adsorption of toluene followed the order PVIC-4 > PVIC-5 > PVIC-3 > PVIC-2. The optimum toluene adsorption by PVIC-4 was 264.4 mg g-1 as a result of its excellent pore structure. PVIC-4 also performed well in terms of recovery and has potential for the removal of VOCs from air.

A Proposed Model for Breakthrough Curves of Methylene Blue Adsorption on Biochar

A Proposed Model for Breakthrough Curves of Methylene Blue Adsorption on Biochar

Multicomponent mass transfer modeling of antagonistic binary adsorption of metallic pollutants from water using helical fixed-bed columns

A multicomponent advection-dispersion model was proposed to simulate the breakthrough curves of antagonistic adsorption of zinc, nickel and cadmium cations from water using helical fixed-bed columns packed with bone char. It was formulated using a linear driving force model, empirical multicomponent Langmuir-based isotherm and retardation coefficient to correlate the experimental breakthrough curves obtained for different binary (metal 1 + metal 2) aqueous solutions, which showed a higher asymmetry degree because of the antagonistic adsorption and axial dispersion impact in this complex fixed-bed configuration. Several parameters of this model were handled as column feed concentration dependent to improve the results of data fitting. The experimental results indicated the presence of a strong antagonistic adsorption effect of zinc and cadmium cations, causing the nickel breakthrough curves to show a clear desorption process (i.e., a displacement effect of the ions already adsorbed on the bone char surface commonly known as roll up) during helical column operation. Experimental bed adsorption capacities ranged from 0.03 to 0.74 mmol/g. The proposed advection-dispersion model fitted the experimental breakthrough profiles satisfactorily for the tested binary adsorption systems, including the desorption zone where the mean modeling errors were lower than 10 % for tested mixtures. Several column operation and mass transfer parameters were calculated and discussed to analyze the separation performance of the tested helical fixed-bed bone char columns. These results suggest that the proposed advection-dispersion model can simulate the multicomponent antagonistic adsorption of relevant water pollutants using intensified adsorption equipment such as helical fixed-bed columns.

Characterization and Performance of Peanut Shells in Caffeine and Triclosan Removal in Batch and Fixed-Bed Column Tests.

Peanut shells' adsorption performance in caffeine and triclosan removal was studied. Peanut shells were analyzed for their chemical composition, morphology, and surface functional groups. Batch adsorption and fixed-bed column experiments were carried out with solutions containing 30 mg/L of caffeine and triclosan. The parameters examined included peanut shell particle size (120-150, 300-600, and 800-2000 µm), adsorbent dose (0.02-60 g/L), contact time (up to 180 min), bed height (4-8 cm), and hydraulic loading rate (2.0 and 4.0 m3/m2-day). After determining the optimal adsorption conditions, kinetics, isotherm, and breakthrough curve models were applied to analyze the experimental data. Peanut shells showed an irregular surface and consisted mainly of polysaccharides (around 70% lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose), with a specific surface area of 1.7 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.005 cm3/g. The highest removal efficiencies for caffeine (85.6 ± 1.4%) and triclosan (89.3 ± 1.5%) were achieved using the smallest particles and 10.0 and 0.1 g/L doses over 180 and 45 min, respectively. Triclosan showed easier removal compared to caffeine due to its higher lipophilic character. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model provided the best fit with the experimental data, suggesting a chemisorption process between caffeine/triclosan and the adsorbent. Equilibrium data were well-described by the Sips model, with maximum adsorption capacities of 3.3 mg/g and 289.3 mg/g for caffeine and triclosan, respectively. In fixed-bed column adsorption tests, particle size significantly influenced efficiency and hydraulic behavior, with 120-150 µm particles exhibiting the highest adsorption capacity for caffeine (0.72 mg/g) and triclosan (143.44 mg/g), albeit with clogging issues. The experimental data also showed good agreement with the Bohart-Adams, Thomas, and Yoon-Nelson models. Therefore, the findings of this study highlight not only the effective capability of peanut shells to remove caffeine and triclosan but also their versatility as a promising option for water treatment and sanitation applications in different contexts.

Simultaneously enhancing toluene adsorption and regeneration process by hierarchical pore in activated coke: a combined experimental and adsorption kinetic modeling study.

Activated coke is a type of commonly used adsorbent for benzene series VOCs such as toluene, but traditional microporous activated coke usually faces the challenge of poor regeneration performance. Herein, based on self-made activated cokes with typical pore configuration, we found that adsorption and regeneration of toluene can be simultaneously enhanced by constructing hierarchical pore in activated coke. Correlations of pore configuration with toluene adsorption capacity and regeneration efficiency reveal that micropore contributes for strong toluene adsorption; meso-macropore provides mass transfer channel for toluene desorption and regeneration process. Hierarchical porous activated coke prepared from Zhundong subbituminous coal not only achieves the highest toluene adsorption capacity of 340.92mg·g-1, but also can retain more than 90% of initial adsorption capacity after five adsorption-regeneration cycles. By contrast, micropore-dominant activated cokes can only retain 70% of initial adsorption capacity. Adsorption kinetic modelling on adsorption breakthrough curves shows that hierarchical porous activated coke prepared from Zhundong subbituminous coal exhibits high adsorption and diffusion rate constants of 14.39 and 33.45min-1, respectively, much higher than those of micropore-dominant activated cokes. Due to the accelerated surface adsorption and diffusion processes induced by meso-macropore, toluene adsorption and regeneration behavior can be simultaneously improved. Results from this work validated the role of pore hierarchy in toluene adsorption-regeneration process, providing guidance for designing high-performance activated coke with synergistically improved toluene adsorption capacity and regeneration performance.

Polymer-grade propylene production through temperature swing adsorption: Molecular simulation and techno-economic analysis

Producing polymer-grade propylene from the propylene-rich mixtures can be quite challenging since the most commonly employed technology, distillation, requires high-energy input and is expensive. Therefore, identifying less-costly, efficient, and environmentally friendly methods, such as the use of the adsorptive process, is highly desirable. In this regard, six pure silica zeolites (AFV, AST, AVL, IFR, LEV, and SWY) as propane selective adsorbents are investigated for the separation of 10 mol.% propane and 90 mol.% propylene mixture. Molecular simulation Monte Carlo (MC) is used to calculate framework structure parameters such as pore volume, surface area, and framework density of pure silica zeolites. Also, adsorption isotherms, propane selectivity, and working capacity are presented using MC calculations. The Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model is utilized to calculate isotherm parameters. A system model is implemented in Aspen Adsorption software (version 11) and breakthrough curves are achieved. The Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) cycle is simulated and key performance parameters such as propylene purity, recovery, and productivity for all six silica zeolites are calculated. Finally, economic analysis of the TSA process is performed using the Aspen Capital Cost Estimator (version 11) and Aspen Process Economic Analyzer (version 11) and compared with the cost of the conventional distillation process. Results showed that the capital cost and operating cost of temperature swing adsorption are 42.3 % and 91.37 % less than those of distillation, respectively.

The influence of activated carbon fiber paper structure on adsorption performance of cyclohexane

Activated carbon fibers paper (ACFP), made through wet-laid technology, had exhibited promising adsorption performance compared with granular and powdered activated carbon. This study prepared activated carbon fibers papers with different fibrous structures and investigated the dynamic adsorption performance of thin-layered ACFP against cyclohexane gas. The effects of inter-fiber pore size, dilution degree of activated carbon fibers, and porosity of the paper sheet on the adsorption performance were explored. The Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model was employed for fitting and calculation, and the Flowdict module in Geodict software was used to analyze the flow field within the paper sheet. The results indicated that the inter-fiber pore size variation of ACFP had no significant effect on its adsorption breakthrough curve against cyclohexane gas. However, as the dilution degree of activated carbon fibers in the ACFP increased, the breakthrough time prolonged, and the adsorption utilization efficiency of activated carbon fibers continuously improved. Furthermore, decrease of ACFP porosity significantly impaired the adsorption performance. When the porosity decreased from 95.4 % to 91.4 %, the breakthrough adsorption capacity decreased from 134 mg/g to 95 mg/g, and the critical bed thickness increased from 0.029 cm to 0.044 cm.

Preparation of amine functionalized micro-mesoporous silicon adsorbent from fly ash and its kinetic characteristics of CO2 adsorption/desorption process

Micro-mesoporous silicon materials were prepared using silicate filtrate produced from fly ash as a silicon source. Then, the micro-mesoporous silica material was used as the carrier and amine compounds as modifiers to prepare a micro-mesoporous CO2 adsorbent. Afterwards, the structural properties, surface groups, thermal stability of micro-mesoporous silicon materials and micro-mesoporous CO2 adsorbent were studied. The results reveal that the micro-mesoporous CO2 adsorbent maintains the same micro-mesoporous structure as the micro-mesoporous silica material. And the thermal stability temperatures of adsorbent is below 383 K. Later, the CO2 adsorption performance and kinetic characteristics of adsorption process were studied through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and adsorption column experiments. The results indicated that the optimal CO2 adsorption capacity of 2.31 mmol/g-adsorbent was achieved at 343 K, and the adsorption capacity remained basically unchanged after 10 adsorption/desorption cycles. Dynamics studies have shown that the Avrami fraction model fits the CO2 isothermal adsorption curve very well, and the fitting results reveal that the intra-particle diffusion dominates the speed of the adsorption process. Additionally, the Yasyerli deactivation model can perfectly fit the CO2 adsorption breakthrough curve, and the fitting results indicate that the CO2 adsorption process is the deactivation process of the adsorbent. Finally, the adsorption/desorption kinetic simulation parameters can be used for the design and optimization of CO2 adsorption and desorption processes in industry.

Valorization of winemaking residues as biochar for removing Ni(II) from real industrial painting process effluent in a fixed-bed column.

In this work, the adsorption of nickel ions from a real effluent from a metal-mechanic industry was investigated in a fixed-bed column using biochar. Biochar was prepared from winemaking residues originating from the Beifiur® composting process. The use of wine industry residues as precursor materials for biochar production is established in biomass residue valorization using the existing logistics and the lowest possible number of manipulations and pre-treatments. The results found in the work showed that the optimal conditions for nickel adsorption in fixed-bed columns were bed height (Z) of 7 cm, initial nickel concentration (C0) of 1.5 mg L-1, and flow rate (Q) of 18 mL min-1. In this condition, the maximum adsorption capacity of the column was 0.452 mg g-1, the mass transfer zone (Zm) was 3.3 cm, the treated effluent volume (Veff) was 9.72 L, and the nickel removal (R) was 92.71%. The Yoon-Nelson and BDST dynamic models were suitable to represent the breakthrough curves of nickel adsorption. Finally, the fixed-bed column adsorption using biochar from winemaking residues proved to be a promising alternative for nickel removal from real industrial effluents.

Monitoring of sugars adsorption breakthrough curves with online Raman spectroscopy

We introduce a new application for online Raman spectroscopy to monitor adsorption breakthrough curves of a glucose and xylose mixtures. Univariate and multivariate Partial Least Squares (PLS) calibration models are developed for each sugar when they are dissolved in water and in the case of the ethanol addition as a cosolvent. The models are validated by performing actual breakthrough experiments in a liquid phase using a column packed with a zeolite adsorbent. The first statistical moments of predicted curves are compared to the reference curves obtained with offline High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Glucose and xylose univariate predictions in the presence or absence of ethanol in the mixture are accurate and no improvements are found with the PLS models. Spectral subtraction coupled with the first derivative proved to be effective pretreatments to develop robust univariate models.

Hydrogen Sulfide Adsorption Mechanism and Breakthrough Curves of Highly Stable Na-, Na-H-, Ca- and K-Mordenites.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a hazardous gas found in natural gas and biogas, lethal over 100 ppm. When released into the atmosphere, it can turn into sulfur dioxide. One option to remove H2S is using porous materials such as zeolites. Among them, mordenite stands out due to its channel structure, wide availability, and low cost. In this work, we evaluated the H2S adsorption capacity of mordenite using a volumetric static method. The results show the adsorption capacity of H2S in mordenite varies with the exchanged cation. The highest was measured in Na-mordenite (~4.08 mmol H2S/g mordenite). The experimental breakthrough curves for this zeolite confirmed Langmuir-type adsorption and strong affinity between Na+ cations and H2S. Despite this interaction, the XRD diffractograms of Na-mordenite show that the material retained its crystalline structure. More information about the differences in the amount of H2S adsorbed in the zeolites caused by the change in exchanged cation was obtained by H2S adsorption followed by FTIR spectroscopy. The spectra show differences in the position of the peaks related to the different adsorption modes of H2S caused by a change in the polarizing power of the cations due to their charge and position inside the zeolite pores.

Effects of mesopore size on ethyl acetate adsorption–desorption behaviors over hierarchical ZSM-5/MCM-41 molecular sieves

A series of micro-mesoporous structure ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites with different mesopore sizes were successfully fabricated through surfactant-mediated recrystallization method using the template agents with different alkyl chain length. Mesopore pore sizes were tuned from 2.11 nm to 5.09 nm. Taking ethyl acetate as the VOC probe molecule, the adsorption and desorption properties were evaluated by the dynamic adsorption breakthrough curves and TPD experiments. Results showed that the adsorption capacity was enhanced under dry and humid condition owing to the introduction of mesopore size structure. Especially for ZSM-5/MCM-41 (C12), its adsorption capacity reached up to 208.92 mg·g−1 and 82.29 mg·g−1 at dry and saturated humidity (4 v/v% H2O). Simultaneously, the hierarchical molecular sieves exhibited an excellent regeneration performance. Even after the fifth cycle, above 86% adsorption capacity remained under humid condition. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics of ethyl acetate on ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites followed the Bangham model. The results indicated that hierarchical composite molecular sieve can be considered as a potential adsorbent for VOCs removal.

Assessment of the new kinetically limited linear driving force model for predicting diffusion limited adsorption breakthrough curves

Assessment of the new kinetically limited linear driving force model for predicting diffusion limited adsorption breakthrough curves

Breakthrough curve modeling for lysozyme by ion-exchange nanofiber membrane: Linear and nonlinear analysis

BackgroundNanofibers prepared by electrospinning technology are widely used as an adsorber in protein purification processes. However, the evaluation of dynamic adsorption performance has not been reported yet. MethodsLysozyme was subjected to assess dynamic adsorption of weak ion exchange nanofiber membranes by applying a continuous flow system. Different operating conditions were selected to study the lysozyme adsorption breakthrough curve, which included four factors: pH, feedstock lysozyme concentration, feed flow rate, and stacked membrane layers. The breakthrough curve was applied to analyze the performance for dynamic binding with lysozyme as a model protein. In addition, the adsorption models (Bohart-Adams, Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and BDST) were fitted to the breakthrough curves using linear and nonlinear regression analysis. Significant findingsIt was found that the four operating parameters had considerable influences on the dynamic adsorption performance. Among these models, the breakthrough curve was well-fitted by using linear regression analysis of the Yoon-Nelson model. The breakthrough curve characteristics could be used to describe the dynamic binding performance of interested membranes to lysozyme molecules.

Investigating the impact of adsorbent particle size on column adsorption kinetics through a mathematical model

Experimental data demonstrates that the breakthrough curves of column adsorption exhibit qualitative differences related to the size of the adsorbent particles. Standard models do not account for particle size, consequently, in this paper we develop a new formulation that incorporates the diffusion of the adsorbate into the adsorbent particles. Two kinetic models are considered, Langmuir adsorption and a linear driving force. Approximate analytical solutions are developed for these two models coupled to mass flow and intra-particle diffusion equations. The accuracy of the analytical solutions is verified through comparison with numerical solutions of the full mathematical model. Comparison with experimental data confirms that the new analytical solutions show better agreement than previous models. However, in certain cases, neither form of model predicts the behaviour suggesting a combination of different effects contribute to the breakthrough form.

Green composite aerogel based on citrus peel/chitosan/bentonite for sustainable removal Cu(II) from water matrices

Here, we propose a green and sustainable 3D porous aerogel based on citrus peel (CP), chitosan (CS), and bentonite (BT). This aerogel is prepared through a simple sol–gel and freeze-drying process and is designed for efficient capture of Cu(II) ions from water matrices. CCBA-2, with its abundance of active binding sites, exhibits an impressive Cu(II) adsorption yield of 861.58 mg/g. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics follow the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. In the presence of coexisting mixed-metal ions, CCBA-2 demonstrates a significantly higher selectivity coefficient (KdCu = 1138.5) for removing Cu(II) ions compared to other toxic metal ions. Furthermore, the adsorption of Cu(II) ions by CCBA-2 is not significantly affected by coexisting cations/anions, ionic strength, organic matter, or different water matrices. Dynamic fixed-bed column experiments show that the adsorption capacity of Cu(II) ions reaches 377.4 mg/g, and the Yoon-Nelson model accurately describes the adsorption process and breakthrough curve. Through experiments, FTIR, and XPS analyses, we propose a reasonable binding mechanism between CCBA-2 and metal cations, involving electrostatic attraction and chemical chelation between Cu(II) and the functional groups of the aerogel. CCBA-2 saturated with Cu(II) ions can be successfully regenerated by elution with 1 M HNO3, with only a slight decrease in adsorption efficiency (5.3%) after 5 adsorption–desorption cycles. Therefore, CCBA-2 offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly material that can be considered as a viable alternative for the green and efficient removal of toxic Cu(II) ions from wastewater.

Dynamic modelling of reservoir fines retention by mesoporous silica nanofluid to improve oil recovery during low salinity water flooding of a consolidated sandstone

Mesoporous silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (MSNP) was used to stabilize formation fines for increased oil recovery during low salinity water flooding. Likewise, the effect of porous media length on dynamic retention of fines at high temperature reservoir condition was investigated. Breakthrough curves of reservoir fines adsorption by mesoporous SiO2 nanofluid (MSNF) were described using Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. Similarly, effect of concentration, flow rate, porous media length and temperature on the retention capacity of reservoir fines was modelled using Box Behnken design of experiments. Subsequently, effect of reservoir fines stabilization on oil recovery was evaluated. Formation damage remediation propensity of MSNF was investigated. Finally, the oil recovery mechanisms were determined using the sessile drop contact angle and Wilhelmy plate methods. Experimental results of the dynamic adsorption with coefficient of determination (R2) values between 0.967 and 0.999 signifies that the reservoir fines adsorption by MSNF were well predicted by Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. Consequently, MSNF stabilized the reservoir fines by attaching onto their surface rather than on the porous media thereby changing the wettability to water-wet, decreasing the contact angle to 16.1°, 17.1° and 20.7° for kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite, respectively. Thus, increasing oil recovery by 22–23% original oil in place.

Development of ZnO-GO-NiO membrane for removal of lead and cadmium heavy metal ions from wastewater

The presence of heavy metal (HM) ions, such as lead, cadmium, and chromium in industrial wastewater discharge are major contaminants that pose a risk to human health. These HMs should separate from the wastewater to ensure the reuse of the discharged water in the process and mitigate their environmental impacts. The distinctive mechanical properties of 2D graphene oxide (GO), and the antifouling characteristics of metal oxides (ZnO/NiO) nanoparticles combined to produce composites supporting special features for wastewater treatment. This study employed solution casting and phase inversion methods to synthesize PSF-based GO, ZnO-GO, and ZnO-GO-NiO mixed matrix membranes and the effects of variation in composition on the removal of lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) ion was examined. Several characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were applied to analyze the synthesized NPs and MMMs. The composite membranes were also analyzed in terms of their porosity, permeability, hydrophilicity, surface roughness, zeta potential, thermal stability, mechanical strength, and flux regeneration at various transmembrane pressures (2–3 kgcm−2), and pH value (5.5). The highest adsorption capacities were measured to be 308.16 mg g−1 and 354.80 mg g−1 for Pb (II) and Cd (II), respectively, for membrane (M4_A) having 0.3 wt% of ZnO-GO-NiO nanocomposite, at 200 mg L−1 of feed concentration and 1.60 mL min−1 of permeate flux. The Pb (II) and Cd (II) adsorption breakthrough curves were created, and the results of the experiment were compared with the data of the Thomas model.