Resin Adsorption Research Articles

A novel approach for synchronous transformation and extraction of psoralen from fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves based on polarity of different macroporous adsorption resins

In this study, using fig leaves as materials, strong acidic cation exchange resin of D072 with –SO3H functional group was selected as catalyst to promote the conversion of psoralen-glucoside (PO) to psoralen (PSO), and the strong acidic cation exchange resin transformation method (SACERTM) was developed for efficient extraction of PSO from fig leaves. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the yield of PSO was 36.74 mg/g. The transformation efficiency of PO to PSO reached 70.41% using 2 g of D072 resin as catalyst. Then, PSO in fig extract was enriched efficiently by X-5 macroporous adsorption resin (MAR). After eluting with 14-fold of column volume of 70% ethanol at 0.64 BV/h of elution flow rate, the purity of PSO was 24.8-fold higher than before enrichment. The results show that SACERTM combined with MAR purification is an efficient method for extracting and enriching PSO from fig leaves.

Adsorption Equilibrium and Thermodynamics of Tea Theasinensins on HP20-A High-Efficiency Macroporous Adsorption Resin.

The separation and preparation of theasinensins have been hot spots in the field of tea chemistry in recent years. However, information about the mechanism of efficient adsorption of tea theasinensins by resin has been limited. In this study, the adsorption equilibrium and thermodynamics of tea theasinensins by a high-efficiency macroporous adsorption HP20 resin were evaluated. The adsorption of theasinensin A, theasinensin B, and theasinensin C on HP20 resin were spontaneous physical reaction processes. Adsorption processes were exothermic processes, and lowering the temperature was beneficial to the adsorption. The Freundlich model was more suitable to describe the adsorption of tea theasinensins. The adsorption equilibrium constant and maximum adsorption capacity of theasinensin A were significantly higher than theasinensin B and theasinensin C, which indicated that the adsorption affinity of theasinensin A was stronger than that of theasinensin B and theasinensin C. The phenolic hydroxyl groups and intramolecular hydrogen bonds of theasinensin A were more than those of theasinensin B and theasinensin C, which might be the key to the resin’s higher adsorption capacity for theasinensin A. The HP20 resin was very suitable for efficient adsorption of theasinensin A.

Ultrasonic extraction, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity of oligosaccharides from red yeast rice.

Red yeast rice is consumed as a medicinal food to lower blood lipids. Besides, it is used to color food, make wine, etc. In this study, water‐soluble oligosaccharides in red yeast rice were extracted by ultrasonic‐assisted extraction method. The parameters to extract oligosaccharides from red yeast rice were optimized by the Box‐Behnken design under the following optimal extraction conditions: extraction temperature, 60°C; extraction time, 97 min; and liquid/material ratio, 25 ml/g. The structure and the antioxidant activity of the new oligosaccharide were preliminarily investigated. Total carbohydrates extracted from red yeast rice with 80% ethanol–water solution (v/v) were first removed from pigments using D101 macroporous adsorption resin. The total sugar contents were then purified by DE52 resins and Sephadex G‐25 resins to obtain red yeast rice oligosaccharides, coded as RYRO1. Structural characterization experiments indicated that RYRO1 is an oligosaccharide with a weight average molecular weight of 874 Da and a theoretical degree of polymerization of 4.86. RYRO1 is composed of mannose, glucosamine, glucose, and galactose with a molar ratio of 0.248:0.019:1:0.026. The ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assays showed antioxidant nature of RYRO1.

Large-scale targetedly isolation of biflavonoids with high purity from industrial waste Ginkgo biloba exocarp using two-dimensional chromatography coupled with macroporous adsorption resin enrichment

Seeds and leaves of Ginkgo biloba have been widely applied for industrial application, viewing and medicinal resource. However, the exocarp of G. biloba is usually abandoned and considered as industrial waste. In this work, an efficient and industrially viable protocol for large-scale targetedly isolation of bioactive biflavonoids with high purity from industrial waste G. biloba exocarp was established firstly. Macroporous adsorption resin was used for enriching bioflavonoids, and targeted on-line recognition of biflavonoids was based on their characteristic UV absorption at 210, 270 and 330 nm. Two-dimensional preparative normal phase/reversed phase HPLC-DAC50 system was applied for isolating biflavonoids. A total of 3 biflavonoids including bilobetin, ginkgetin and isoginkgetin were isolated and their purity > 99.0%, dozens or hundreds of milligrams were obtained in one isolation within 30 min. This work will not only provide an effective method for isolating large-scale high purity biflavonoids, but contribute to making full use resources of industrial waste G. biloba exocarp.

Application of Amberlite IRA 402 Resin Adsorption and Laccase Treatment for Acid Blue 113 Removal from Aqueous Media.

Despite Acid Blue 113 (AB 113)’s extensive use and negative environmental impact, very few studies have focused on its efficient and environmentally friendly removal. This research aims the removal of AB 113 from environmental aqueous media and its consequent enzymatic biodegradation. A strongly basic anion exchange resin in Cl− form, Amberlite IRA 402 (IRA 402(Cl−)) was used for AB 113 adsorption and a laccase was used to further biodegrade it. For the first time, two novel, efficient and environmentally friendly physical–chemical and biological assays for AB 113 wastewater removal and subsequent biodegradation were combined. The adsorption of AB 113 onto IRA 402(Cl−) was tested in batch and continuous flux modes. Influence of contact time, concentration and desorption in acidic media were evaluated. The kinetic data were best modulated by the Lagergren model with R2 = 0.9275. The Langmuir isotherm model best fitted the experimental data, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 130 mg/g. Dye, resin and AB113 loaded resin were characterized by thermogravimetry and FTIR to evaluate their physical chemical properties modification. Based on the performed studies, a consecutive methodology is proposed, incorporating the ion exchange process in the first stage and the biodegradation process in the second. Thus, in the second stage the residual concentration of AB 113 is reduced by an efficient bio-degradation process produced by the laccase at pH = 4.

In Situ Neutron Reflectometry Analysis of Interfacial Structure Formation between Phenolic Resin and Silica during Curing.

The structural formation mechanism of phenolic resin-silica interfaces was investigated in situ by neutron reflectometry during curing. There was a 4 nm thick novolac resin adsorption layer on the silica surface before curing. The curing reaction of the novolac resin with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) increased the coherent neutron scattering length density of the resin due to the cure shrinkage accompanied by the volatilization of ammonia, which is a byproduct of HMTA decomposition. As curing proceeded at 180 °C, the thickness of the bulk layer increased despite the cure shrinkage, and the thickness of the interfacial layer decreased from 4 to 1 nm. This is attributed to the diffusion of decomposed HMTA fragments generated in the bulk layer into the interfacial novolac adsorption layer during diffusion throughout the bulk layer, incorporating the upper part of the interfacial layer reacting with the fragment into the bulk layer. On the other hand, the fragments could not diffuse into the tightly bound immobile segments of novolac resin in direct contact with the silica surface, retaining the 1-2 nm thick interfacial layer in the cured resin. This structural formation mechanism caused interfacial cross-link inhomogeneity in the cured resin on the silica surface.

Biological evaluation of a novel bilirubin adsorbent and its therapeutic effect on animal models of hyperbilirubinemia.

Hyperbilirubinemia caused severe hepatobiliary diseases with various causes, especially hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis caused by end-stage hepatitis B and C. Plasma adsorption perfusion (PP) has a tremendous advantage in treating patients with hyperbilirubinemia and liver failure, wherein, a safe and effective adsorbent is the key to filter out bilirubin successfully in PP. In this work, a simple engineering strategy, a new porous polymer adsorption resin ERM-0100 based on the homopolymer predispersion system, is proposed to produce high-performance bilirubin adsorbents. Preliminary experimental results show that ERM-0100 exhibits a large surface area and uniformly porous structure. Experimental results verify that ERM-0100 has high biocompatibility and bilirubin adsorption efficiency (TBIL:35%, direct bilirubin [DBIL]:30%, IBIL:87%) that is significantly higher than most of the reported adsorbents. Animal experiments prove that ERM-0100 has high bilirubin adsorption efficiency and can improve the liver function of animals. The combination of high biocompatibility and high adsorption capacity positions the ERM-0100 as a promising candidate for bilirubin removal.

Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents.

Huge quantities of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaves (OPL) are generated as agricultural biomass from oil palm plantations. OPL are known to contain significant amounts of flavonoids. For maximal exploitation of these valuable antioxidant compounds, an innovative and sustainable extraction method employing natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) combined with ultrasonic assisted extraction was developed. Various NaDES composed of choline chloride as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and 1,2 propanediol (PD), 1,4 butanediol (BD), glycerol (GLY), glucose (GLU), maltose (MAL), and lactic acid (LA) as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) were synthesized. The influence of these compositions, the methods of their synthesis, molar ratios, and water contents on their capacity to extract flavonoids from OPL was evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that methods which incorporate a heating step produced NaDES with the best capacity to extract OPL flavonoids. These thermal methods combined with molar ratios of 1:3 or 1:4 and water contents of 17 to 50% were found to be the optimal conditions for preparing NaDES, specifically when applied to the PD, BD, and GLY NaDES. Subsequently, UHPLC-UV/PDA-MS/MS analysis revealed NaDES extracts recovered by macroporous adsorption resin XAD7HP were able to optimally extract at least twelve luteolin and apigenin derivatives in OPL NaDES extracts prepared from glycerol and 1,4-butanediol demonstrated better and comparable efficiency as aqueous methanol in extracting flavonoids from OPL. The in vitro studies of antioxidant and wound healing properties supported these findings by exhibiting good free radical scavenging, cell proliferation, and migration activities. Additionally, the NaDES extracts also showed non-cytotoxicity effects at 1000 µg/mL and below on 3T3 fibroblast cells. Results of the study showed that NaDES could be a promising eco-friendly green solvent to extract bioactive OPL flavonoids that have great potential for applications as wound healing agents.

In vitro antioxidant activity and antidiabetic effect of fractionated potato protein hydrolysate via ultrafiltration and adsorption chromatography

Potato processing effluents represent a potential source of valuable proteins for the production of bioactive peptides. In this study, potato protein was hydrolyzed with Alcalase and fractionated using ultrafiltration (10, 2 kDa molecular weight cut off) and adsorption chromatography (adsorbent resin XAD-16 column). Potato protein hydrolysates (PHM and PHC), membrane fractions PHR1 (>10 kDa), PHR2 (2–10 kDa) and PHR3 (<2 kDa) and column fractions PF1 (hydrophilic) and PF2 (hydrophobic) were investigated for antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition. In addition, α-amylase kinetic inhibition, fluorescence quenching and surface hydrophobicity were evaluated. PF2 fraction showed the best antioxidant activity with the highest ABTS•+ scavenging activity, Fe2+ chelating and DPPH• scavenging activity. PHR1 was the most active against α-amylase whereas α-glucosidase activity was weak for all samples. Fluorescence quenching results of α-amylase showed higher red shift after interaction with PHR1 than PF2. Higher quenching constant for PHR1 demonstrated higher affinity and interaction between this fraction and the enzyme than PF2. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed that PHR1 and PF2 fractions reduced α-amylase activity through uncompetitive and mixed inhibition, respectively. These results demonstrate higher antioxidant activity for hydrophobic fraction and higher α-amylase inhibitory activity for high molecular weight fraction of the potato hydrolysates.

Synthesis of a novel Poly-chloromethyl styrene chelating resin containing Tri-pyridine aniline groups and its efficient adsorption of heavy metal ions and catalytic degradation of bisphenol A

A new type of poly-chloromethyl styrene chelating resin (CPS-TA) containing tri-dipyridine aniline side group was synthesized from poly-chloromethyl styrene (CPS) and 4′-(4-aminophenyl)-2,2′:6′,2-tri-pyridine. The results of batch adsorption experiments show CPS-TA chelating resin has excellent adsorption capacity for Cu (II), Ni (II), and Pb (II), and the maximum adsorption capacity is 5.02, 3.38, and 1.27 mmol/g, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters indicate that the CPS-TA chelating resin adsorption for ions is a spontaneous process. CPS-TA chelating resin has good repeated use performance, and the CPS-TA-Cu formed after adsorption has excellent catalytic performance for H2O2 degradation of bisphenol A. The paper simulates the adsorption process through column experiments, indicating CPS-TA chelating resin could be used to adsorb and enrich heavy metal ions in wastewater, which provides a new way to effectively solve the problem of treating wastewater that contains heavy metal ions.

The viscosifying behavior of W/O emulsion and its underlying mechanisms: Considering the interfacial adsorption of heavy components

Formation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion seriously limits heavy oil production, and the interfacial adsorption of heavy components of oil is the key to clarify the emulsification of crude oil and formation water. In this study, the viscosifying behavior of W/O emulsion was correlated with the interfacial adsorption of heavy components using two typical heavy oil samples, i.e., high-resins oil and high-asphaltenes oil. Results showed that the resins, instead of the asphaltenes, contributed to the pseudoplastic behavior of W/O emulsion. The interfacial adsorption of resins presented the lower interfacial tension (IFT), the higher interfacial viscosity and the stronger film stability. However, when more asphaltenes was adsorbed on the interface, the film of oil-water interface changed from viscous to brittle and breakable. According to the composition analysis, the interfacial activity of resins was much stronger than asphaltenes. Besides, the W/O emulsion formed using model oil with resins performed the better stability compared with that formed using model oil with asphaltenes. This study provided that the interfacial adsorption of resins enhanced the emulsifying ability of crude oil and the film stability of W/O emulsion, which heavily aggravated the viscosifying behavior.

The Separation and Purification of Ellagic Acid from Phyllanthus urinaria L. by a Combined Mechanochemical-Macroporous Resin Adsorption Method

Ellagic acid is a phenolic compound that exhibits both antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity in a wide range of assays in vitro and in vivo. It occurs naturally in some foods such as raspberries, strawberries, grapes, and black currants. In this study, a valid and reliable method based on mechanochemical-assisted extraction (MCAE) and macroporous adsorption resin was developed to extract and prepare ellagic acid from Phyllanthus urinaria L. (PUL). The MCAE parameters, acidolysis, and macroporous adsorption resin conditions were investigated. The key MCAE parameters were optimized as follows: the milling time was 5 min, the ball mill speed was 100 rpm, and the ball mill filling rate was 20.9%. Sulfuric acid with a concentration of 0.552 mol/L was applied for the acidolysis with the optimized acidolysis time of 30 min and acidolysis temperature of 40 °C. Additionally, the XDA-8D macroporous resin was chosen for the purification work. Both the static and dynamic adsorption tests were carried out. Under the optimized conditions, the yield of ellagic acid was 10.2 mg/g, and the content was over 97%. This research provided a rapid and efficient method for the preparation of ellagic acid from the cheaply and easily obtained PUL. Meanwhile, it is relatively low-cost work that can provide a technical basis for the comprehensive utilization of PUL.

Performance of two new epoxy resins as potential corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in 1MHCl medium: Combining experimental and computational approaches

The novelty of the work is to investigate the application of two new epoxy resins namely as hexaglycidyl N-phenylaminopropoxy-N.N.N-triphenyl propane-1.3-diamine (ERH) and octaglycidyl N.N.N.N-tetraphenylamino-N.N.N.N-tetrapropoxy methylene dianiline (ERO) as potential corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel (CS) in 1 M HCl medium. The corrosion resistance was quantified by various techniques namely polarization curve (PC), electrochemical measurement (EIS), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), global quantum chemical descriptors (GQCDs) and molecular dynamics (MDs) simulation. EIS data suggest that the corrosion efficiency of ERO (94.1%) is higher than that of the ERH (89.7%) in HCl medium at room temperature. Further, PC results indicate that the corrosion efficiency of ERO (95.6%) is higher than that of the ERH (95.4%) in the presence of 10 −3 M of studied inhibitors and also PC data suggest that the two epoxy resins investigated acted as a mixed type inhibitor. Langmuir adsorption isotherm is the most acceptable technique or method to describe the ERH and ERO epoxy resins adsorption on the CS area. SEM/EDS data display the two ERH and ERO epoxy resins can be stopped the acid attack though chemisorption on the CS surface. GQCDs calculations were applied by density functional theory (B3LYP and WB97XD) and Hartree-Fock (HF) methods using 6-31G(d,p) basis sets to study the inhibition efficiencies of the two epoxy resins inhibitors. GQCDs such as E HOMO , E LUMO , energy gaps, electronegativity, hardness, electrophilicity, fractions of electron transferred were calculated and discussed. Other energetic parameters such the free energy of adsorption, the metal-inhibitor energy gaps, the electron transfer back-donation energy and the initial molecule-metal interaction energy were also calculated and discussed. The molecular dynamics simulation approach was performed to investigate the adsorption behaviors of the investigated inhibitors on Fe(110) surface. The results obtained using the computational methods and the molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the ERO inhibitor has more inhibitory effect against corrosion of the Fe-metal than that of the ERH inhibitor. The obtained theoretical results were adapted with experimental inhibition efficiency results. • Two epoxy resins (ERH and ERO) were synthesized and investigated as potential anticorrosive protection. • Corrosion efficiency of ERO is higher than that of the ERH in HCl solution. • SEM/EDS analysis displayed the both ERH and ERO inhibitors could effectively block the acids attack by chemisorption. • Theoretically approaches are in good agreement with experimental data.

Exploring Gunnera tinctoria: From Nutritional and Anti-Tumoral Properties to Phytosome Development Following Structural Arrangement Based on Molecular Docking.

Gunnera tinctoria, an underexplored invasive plant found in Azores, Portugal, was studied regarding its nutritional, antioxidant, and antitumoral properties. Higher antioxidant activity was found in baby leaves, followed by adult leaves and inflorescences. A phenolic fraction of the plant was enriched using adsorbent resin column chromatography (DiaionTM HP20LX, and Relite EXA90). Antitumoral effects were observed with the enriched fractions in breast (MCF-7) and pancreatic (AsPC-1) cancer cell lines, being more pronounced in the latter. To improve protection and membrane absorption rates of phenolic compounds, nano-phytosomes and cholesterol-conjugated phytosomes coated with natural polymers were loaded with the enriched fraction. The particles were characterized, and their physiochemical properties were evaluated and compared. All samples presented anionic charge and nanometer size in relation to the inner layer and micrometer size regarding the external layers. In addition, the molecular arrangement of phenolics within both types of phytosomes were studied for the first time by molecular docking. Polarity and molecular size were key factors on the molecular arrangement of the lipid bilayer. In conclusion, G. tinctoria showed to be an interesting source of nutrients and phenolic compounds with anti-tumoral potential. Moreover, phytosome loading with these compounds can increase their stability and bioavailability having in view future applications.

Tetrapeptide ligands screening for antibody separation and purification by molecular simulation and experimental verification

Short peptide resin has a great advantage in the separation and purification of antibodies due to its high selectivity and stable ligand binding ability. In this study, a peptide library containing 480 tetrapeptides was established with six critical residues (Phe, Tyr, Leu, Glu, Ile, Lys) of Protein A binding to Fc part of the antibody and one Histidine. Then the library was screened by LibDock and five tetrapeptide ligands with high LibDock scores were selected. Subsequently, the electrostatic interaction energies and van der Waals interaction energies between the screened ligands and the Fc-A fragment of IgG were further calculated by molecular dynamics simulation to research the binding ability between ligands and target proteins. The simulation results showed that YEHF was the optimal ligand with higher van der Waals interaction energies. Then, four tetrapeptides (YFLH, FYHI, FYKH and YEHF) were selected as ligands for preparing adsorption resins, and the resins were used to bind hIgG and BSA by static adsorption experiments. The results showed that Ac-YEHF-4FF resin had higher hIgG binding ability and lower BSA binding ability, also indicating that YEHF was the optimal screened ligand. Therefore, molecular simulation was verified as a well use technology for antibody separation and purification.

An enriched polyphenolic extract obtained from the by-product of Rosa damascena hydrodistillation activates antioxidant and proteostatic modules

BackgroundProlonged maintenance of proteome stability and functionality (proteostasis) is of emerging significance in aging retardation and healthspan. PurposeAn enriched polyphenolic extract obtained from the hydrodistillation of rose petals was tested for its capacity to activate the proteostasis network modules, and thus modulate health- and/or lifespan at the cellular and whole organism level. MethodsThe aqueous extract that remained after the hydrodistillation of Rosa damascena petals, was processed with a polystyrene-FPX66 adsorption resin and sequentially fractionated by FCPC. NMR and UHPLC-HRMS analyses revealed the presence of 28 metabolites, mainly glycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. ResultsThe extract showed high in vitro antioxidant activity and was not toxic in normal human skin fibroblasts, while it promoted the upregulation of NRF2-induced antioxidant genes and main proteostatic modules. Consistently, supplementation of this extract in Drosophila flies’ culture medium induced a cncC/NRF2-mediated upregulation of antioxidant and proteostatic modules. Prolonged administration of the extract in flies’ culture medium was not toxic and did not affect food intake rate or fecundity; also, it delayed the age-related decline of stress tolerance and locomotion performance (neuromuscular functionality) and dose-dependently extended flies’ lifespan. ConclusionOur findings indicate that the enriched polyphenolic extract obtained from the residue of R. damascena hydrodistillation activates cytoprotective cellular modules that, likely, contribute to its potential anti-aging properties.

Extraction of Tanshinones Rich Extract of Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge) Root Using Adsorptive (Non-Ionic) Macroporous Resins

Tanshinones are an important lipophilic, bioactive diterpenoid group of danshen roots with many pharmacological activities. In this study, tanshinones rich extract of danshen roots, a typically valuable product of danshen, was prepared through a two-step process of extraction and purification. In which, adsorptive (non-ionic) macroporous resins were exploited in the purification step to remove impurities and enrich tanshinones. The obtained refined extract was red brownish dry powder with the following characteristics: loss on drying of 4.04 ± 0.18%, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone content of 10.55 ± 0.21% and 5.78 ± 0.64%, respectively (the results met the requirements of the Tanshinones monograph in The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015). The overall yield of the established extraction process was 2.21 ± 0.12%, calculated by the weight of dry extract.&#x0D; Keywords: Tanshinones, danshen, macroporous resins, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone.&#x0D; References&#x0D; [1] X. Yan, Overview of Modern Research on Danshen, G. Du, J. Zhang, Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza) in Medicine, Springer, Germany, Vol. 2, 2014, pp. 3-17.[2] C. Y. Su, Q. L. Ming, K. Rahman, H. Ting, L. P. Qin, Salvia miltiorrhiza: Traditional Medicinal Uses, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2015, pp. 163-182, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(15)30002-9.[3] Y. Cui, B. Bhandary, A. Marahatta, G. H. Lee, B. Li, D. S. Kim, S. W. Chae, H. R. Kim, H. J. Chae, Characterization of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Ethanol Extract as An Anti-osteoporotic Agent, BMC complementary and alternative medicine, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2011, pp. 120-131, https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-11-120.[4] J. Li, H. A. Chase, Development of Adsorptive (Non-ionic) Macroporous Resins and Their Uses in The Purification of Pharmacologically-Active Natural Products From Plant Sources, Natural product reports, Vol. 27, No. 10, 2010, pp. 1493-1510, https://doi.org/10.1039/c0np00015a.[5] Tanshinones, The Chinese Pharmacopoeia, China, 2015, pp. 398-399.[6] G. Tian, T. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Ito, Separation of Tanshinones From Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by Multidimensional Counter-Current Chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 945, No. 1-2, 2002, pp. 281-285, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01495-9.[7] D. Wu, X. Jiang, S. Wu, Direct Purification of Tanshinones From Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by High‐speed Counter‐current Chromatography Without Presaturation of The Two‐phase Solvent Mixture, Journal of Separation Science, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2010, pp. 67-73, https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200900491.[8] M. Liu, X. H. Xia, Study on The Chemical Stability of Tanshinone IIA, Zhong Yao Cai, Vol. 33, No. 4, 2010, pp. 606-609, PMID: 20845791 (In Chinese).[9] X. Bi, X. Liu, L. Di, Q. Zu, Improved Oral Bioavailability Using a Solid Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System Containing a Multicomponent Mixture Extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza, Molecules, Vol. 21, No. 456, 2016, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21040456.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Preparation of Macroporous High Adsorbent Resin and Its Application for Heavy Metal Ion Removal

AbstractMacroporous high adsorbent resins (MHAR) are important and urgent requirements for qualified adsorbents to remove toxic heavy metals in wastewater since the short adsorption time and large adsorption capacity. Herein, a new type of MHAR was prepared by graft copolymerization of acrylic acid with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium alginate (SA) by using N, N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ascorbic acid as initiator. We characterized the morphology of the MHAR and explored the optimal conditions for MHAR to absorb water. The results showed that pH and temperature had great influences on the amount of heavy metals adsorption. The adsorption process is a linear model of multiphase multilayer molecular adsorption reaction, which belongs to the second‐level kinetic model. The adsorption thermodynamic experiment showed that the adsorption of Cu2+ by MHAR conforms to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. This work succeeded in preparing a MHAR that may have potential applications in environmental governance.

Microencapsulation of enriched extracts of two Satureja species by spray drying, evaluation of the controlled release mechanism and cytotoxicity

Background: Phenolic compounds are one of the main groups of secondary metabolites responsible for multiple biological and pharmacological properties that play a vital role in improving human health quality. Encapsulation by spray dryer creates protection toward the phenolic compounds as an efficient way for increasing product performance. Method: The phenolic compounds of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (SKH) and S. rechingeri Jamzad (SRH) were enriched based on adsorbent resin column chromatography and the enrichment index was confirmed by HPLC-UV analysis. Gum Arabic, carboxylated chitosan, and pectin with the optimum percentage of 1% w/w used to encapsulate SKH and SRH by the spray drying technique. Result: Encapsulation yield was 38.18 – 59.00 %, particle size ranged 2.278 - 4.689 µm, and release time was between 4.08 - 82.08 min. The gum Arabic-based capsules showed the fastest and pectin-based revealed the slowest release time. The best statistical model explained a release mechanism was Korsmeyer model. Anomalous transport was observed from all formulas except SKH-gum Arabic (case-I transport), SKH-pectin, and SRH-carboxylated-chitosan (super case-II transport). The cytotoxic activity of encapsulate SKH’s revealed reducing the viability of AGS evaluated by the MTT compared with SRH’s. Conclusion: Encapsulation by spray drying has proven to be a promising technique to improve the bioavailability, release time, and mechanism of functional polyphenolic compounds as medicines, food supplements, and food additives.

Mechanism by which Eucommia ulmoides leaves Regulate Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease based on system pharmacology

Ethnopharmacological relevanceEucommia ulmoides (E. ulmoides) leaves are included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and are traditionally used to treat hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. Numerous pharmacological studies have shown that E. ulmoides has a good effect on lowering blood lipids and can improve obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver. AimTo study the mechanism of E. ulmoides leaves in regulating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by combining prediction and validation. MethodsUsing network pharmacology, and molecular docking to predict E. ulmoides in regulating the action mechanism and potential active ingredients of nonalcoholic fatty liver, large hole adsorption resin enrichment active sites, in vitro experiments were performed to verify its fat-lowering effect and mechanism. ResultsThe major components of E. ulmoides leaves exhibited good combination with lipid metabolism-regulating core proteins, particularly flavonoids. EUL 50 significantly reduced lipid accumulation, and increased PPARγ. Compared with the control group, the autophagy level increased after the administration of EUL 50. PPARγ decreased significantly after the addition of chloroquine (CQ, autophagy inhibitor). ConclusionThe active ingredients in E. ulmoides leaves regulating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are mainly flavonoids and phenolics. EUL 50 may play a role in lowering lipids by regulating PPARγ expression through inducing autophagy.