Adsorbent For Methylene Blue Removal Research Articles

Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto a Low-Cost And Environmental Friendly Goethite

The commercial adsorbent has been widely used for dye removal, but it is non-economical. The objective of this study is to synthesize a low-cost and environmental friendly goethite as an adsorbent for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution using a batch-adsorption technique. Goethite was synthesized by adding sodium hydroxide to iron salt and aging at 40 °C for 7 and 21 days, then characterized by Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the optimum concentration of adsorbed methylene blue was 300 mg/L with an adsorption capacity of 82.81 and 75.8 mg/g for GPA7 and GT7, respectively. The equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model with correlation efficient higher than 0,99. Based on cost analysis, GT7 was the cheapest adsorbent, compared to GPA7 and commercial goethite.

Construction of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles coupled with flower-like MoSe2 nanosheets for efficient adsorptive removal of methylene blue

In this work, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles coupled with flower-like MoSe2 nanosheets (Fe3O4@MoSe2) with high specific surface area and excellent magnetic properties was fabricated by a stepwise hydrothermal method, and characterized by SEM-EDX, XRD, BET and VSM technique. Moreover, Fe3O4@MoSe2 composites as an adsorbent were firstly applied to remove methylene blue (MB) in water, whose maximum adsorption capacity reaches up 88.1 mg/g. And the influence of various adsorption parameters including temperature, initial concentration and pH values of MB solution were also studied in detail. The data fitting of adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms followed well with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir adsorption model, respectively. In addition, the experimental data calculated by thermodynamic functions further reveals that the sorption process of MB onto Fe3O4@MoSe2 composites is spontaneous and endothermal. After adsorption, Fe3O4@MoSe2 can easily be regenerated under the influence of an external magnetic field, indicating excellent stability and repeatability.

Ferromagnetic xyloglucan–Fe3O4 green nanocomposites: sonochemical synthesis, characterization and application in removal of methylene blue from water

In present study, novel magnetic nanocomposites based on an agro-based material, non-toxic and biocompatible xyloglucan (XG) with magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) were synthesized by a simple, safe and ecofriendly sonication method. The synthesized nanocomposites (XG–Fe3O4) were characterized by various analytical techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM)–EDX analysis and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). The average crystallite size of the nanocomposites as estimated by the Scherrer analysis were in the range of 17–20 nm and thus exhibited no significant difference in mean particle size on changing the ratios of Fe3O4 and Xyloglucan. The high resoloution (HR) TEM analysis revealed nanorod like shape of synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Lattice fringes of the individual crystallites were seen in the HRTEM image, indicative of their good crystallinity. The distance of 0.29 nm was found in between the lattice fringes that confirmed the cubic structure of nanoparticles. The FTIR spectrum of nanocomposite indicated the interaction of functional groups in XG with the Fe3O4 nanoparticles at the surface. The SEM analysis revealed the average crystal size of pure Fe3O4 nanocrystals to be 22.4 nm. The SAED analysis revealed that the nanocomposites (20 nm) were very close to behaving as superparamagnets at room temperature. A preliminary study on removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution indicated that the nanocomposite has potential to be used for photocatalytic and adsorptive removal of MB from aqueous solutions.

Preparation and characterization of sulphonated bio-adsorbent from waste hawthorn kernel for dye (MB) removal

In this study, hawthorn kernel (HK), obtained from agricultural waste, which is eco-friendly and low cost material was selected as bio-adsorbent to remove of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. Since hawthorn kernel has low adsorption capacity, a new hawthorn-based bio-adsorbent having sulphonic acid groups (SHK) was prepared by activation using sulfuric acid with a very simple method. The optimal activation conditions were determined as 6 h, 85 °C, in 18 M sulfuric acid, with a sample/acid ratio of 1/5 (mass/volume). To determine the basic properties such as chemical structure, porosity and surface properties of the HK and SHK, they were characterized by Boehm Titration, BET, FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRD and pHpzc methods. Also, the thermal behavior of both adsorbents was examined by TGA. It was observed that activation has improved the thermal stability and also caused more amorphous structure. Optimum adsorption conditions were determined considering the amount of adsorbent, solution pH, MB initial concentration, and contact time and temperature parameters. Activation significantly changed the surface properties of the HK such as total acidity, functionality, porosity and surface pH. For MB adsorption on both adsorbents, pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to be appropriate to explain kinetic behavior and equilibrium data fitted better to the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum MB adsorption capacities of HK and SHK were calculated as 49.5 and 151.5 mg/g, respectively. It was determined from the calculated thermodynamic parameters that the adsorption of MB onto HK is spontaneous at low concentrations and high temperatures, but the adsorption of MB onto SHK is spontaneous at both high concentrations and low temperatures. After reusability studies which were carried out with 100 mg/L MB for five times, the SHK lost about 1% of its removal efficiency. As a result it was observed that SHK could be used as an efficient adsorbent for MB removal from aqueous solutions.

Facile synthesis of shell-core structured Fe3O4@ACS as recyclable magnetic adsorbent for methylene blue removal

A series of magnetic activated carbon nanospheres (MACSs) were synthesized via a simple one-step hydrothermal and pyrolysis method. The characterization results confirm that the shell-core structured MACSs were formed because of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) mostly dispersed on the surface of activated carbon nanospheres. This structure can not only effectively prevent the agglomeration of activated carbon, but can provide a sufficient magnetism for recycle via the magnetic assisted separation technology. Batch tests for methylene blue (MB) removal show that an excellent adsorption capacity of 192.64 mg g−1 at 298 K can be obtained on MACS-700, which can be kept up to 156.4 mg g−1 even after five cycles. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics results show that the adsorption behavior can be well described by Langmuir isotherm model and the experimental data fit better for the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. It demonstrate that the adsorption rate of MB mainly controlled by chemical-adsorption, meanwhile, effects of external mass transfer and intra particle diffusion also can be found.

The influence of Fe3O4 on Magnetic Chitosan composite preparation for Methylene blue removal from water

The influence of Fe3O4 on magnetic chitosan composite preparation for methylene blue removal from water had been studied. Fe3O4 was loaded on chitosan with various content. The prepared magnetic chitosan composites were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Results showed Fe3O4 loading on magnetic chitosan composites preparation improved methylene blue adsorption capacity of chitosan. The best ratio of chitosan/Fe3O4 obtained in this work was 0.35g / 0.5g. The methylene blue adsorption capacity of the magnetic chitosan composite was higher than pure chitosan. Magnetic composite can be used as potential adsorbent for methylene blue removal from water.

Egg-shell Treated Oil Palm Fronds (EG-OPF) as Low-Cost Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Removal

A new adsorbent (egg-shell treated oil palm fronds (EG-OPF)) prepared from wastes was evaluated for methylene blue (MB) removal. Optimization among three significant variables (initial concentration (X1), initial pH (X2), and adsorbent dosage (X3)) were executed using response surface methodology (RSM). The most excellent performance was marked at X1 = 291.7 mg/L, X2 = pH 5, and X3 = 1.82 g/L, with MB removal of 80.26 %. The kinetic study was fitted perfectly with the pseudo-second-order model (R2 > 0.990), indicating the chemisorption process. The isotherm study was found to follow the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.999), with maximal adsorption magnitude of 714.3 mg/g, implying the monolayer adsorption on a homogenous adsorbent surface. The reusability study affirmed the feasibility of EG-OPF in MB removal, credited to its excellent performance during reusability studies. The present study successfully discovered a new low-cost adsorbent (EG-OPF) for MB removal.

Hierarchical Fe3O4‐derived organic/inorganic hybrids constructed by modified bio‐inspired functionalization: efficient adsorbents for water‐soluble methylene blue and mechanism

AbstractBackgroundThe development of efficient and sustainable adsorbents is still a challenge for dye removal in practical applications. Here a method to prepare hierarchical Fe3O4‐derived organic/inorganic hybrid adsorbents for methylene blue removal is demonstrated. Typically, two different structured magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized through solvothermal route and chemical co‐precipitation (named as S‐Fe3O4 and C‐Fe3O4 respectively), which were further functionalized by a novel modified mussel‐inspired method with dopamine (DA) and (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (KH550), thus obtaining core‐shell Fe3O4/poly(DA + KH550) adsorbents.ResultsThe effects of microstructure, morphology and surface functionalization on the adsorption performance of core‐shell Fe3O4 adsorbents were systematically investigated, thus achieving target structurally optimized core‐shell Fe3O4 adsorbents. Especially, the maximum adsorption capacity of core‐shell S‐Fe3O4/poly(DA + KH550) adsorbent reached 400.00 mg g−1 because of high specific surface area and abundant active adsorption sites. In addition, the adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm fitted a pseudo‐second‐order model and Langmuir model respectively.ConclusionThe recycling process of adsorbent is sustainable in economy and energy by applying an external permanent magnet. In summary, the high adsorption capacity, easy separation and excellent reusability of S‐Fe3O4/poly(DA + KH550) core‐shell adsorbents make them promising for dye effluent removal. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Bio-sourced porous cellulose microfibrils from coffee pulp for wastewater treatment

The present work describes the production of novel highly hydrated cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) with unique morphology from coffee pulp waste using specific chemical treatments. The as-produced CMFs were successfully characterized and then used as an adsorbent for removal of methylene blue (MB) from concentrated aqueous solutions. Surprisingly, it was found that the novel CMFs display high water-uptake ability, with a maximum swelling ratio of 265%, and that they form an entangled hydrated network gel in water. The morphological observation and nitrogen adsorption measurement demonstrated that the extracted CMFs exhibit an average fibril diameter of 11.5 µm and mesoporous structure with an average pore size of 6.37 nm. These special features make the as-produced CMFs excellent candidates to be used as adsorbents for removal of MB from concentrated solutions. The performed adsorption studies determined that the adsorption equilibrium was reached within 90 min. The adsorption kinetics data were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherms were well described by the Freundlich isotherm model. In addition, the maximum adsorption capacity was 182.5 mg/g, much higher than that determined for other previously reported cellulose-based adsorbents. Through this study, we have demonstrated a possible strategy to give an added value to the coffee pulp waste, a by-product of the coffee processing industry, which is rich in cellulose, inexpensive and renewable source. Indeed, the extracted CMFs are very attractive for developing a sustainable and economically viable bio-sourced material for future growth of cellulose use in advanced applications.

ZnFe2O4@SiO2@Tragacanth gum nanocomposite: synthesis and its application for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution

In this study, the ZnFe2O4@SiO2@Tragacanth gum magnetic nanocomposite as a novel adsorbent was synthesized and was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, TEM, TGA and VSM methods. Then, the prepared nanocomposite has been tested for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution for adsorption process, and the effect of various parameters including pH (2–12), adsorbent dosage (0.2–2 g/L), temperature (15–45 °C), initial dye concentration (10–60 mg/L) and contact time (5–120 min), also its isotherms and kinetics has been studied. The results showed that the optimum pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and maximum adsorption capacity were 8, 60 min, 60 mg/L, 0.2 g/L and 109.37 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the experimental data determined that the adsorption of methylene blue dye interpreted the Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.979) and the pseudo-second-order kinetics model (R2 = 0.998). Also, the thermodynamic parameters of the absorption system, such as changes in enthalpy (ΔH = + 9.36 kJ/mol), entropy (ΔS = + 40.72 J/mol k) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG = − 3.5 kJ/mol), were measured and showed that adsorption process of ZnFe2O4@SiO2@Tragacanth gum magnetic nanocomposite was endothermic and spontaneous process. As a result, due to high adsorption capacity, environment friendly, low cost, rapid extraction and non-toxicity, the ZnFe2O4@SiO2@TG magnetic nanocomposite can be used as an effective adsorbent for methylene blue removal from aqueous solutions.

Adsorptive removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using coal fly ash-derived mesoporous silica material

In the present work, coal fly ash-derived mesoporous silica material (CFA-MS) has been successfully fabricated without employing any extra silica source. The obtained CFA-MS was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurement, powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurement disclosed that CFA-MS possesses Brunauer–Emmett–Teller-specific surface area of 497 m2·g−1 and pore volume of 0.49 cm3·g−1, respectively. Furthermore, CFA-MS was evaluated for the adsorptive removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution. Several influence parameters on the removal of methylene blue including contact time, pH, initial concentration and temperature were studied in detail. Moreover, Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were employed for interpretation of the adsorption process, while the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics equations were applied to investigate the adsorption kinetics. Results in the current work demonstrate that CFA-MS can be used as an efficient adsorbent for methylene blue removal.

Fabricated and functionalized magnetite/phenylenediamine/cellulose acetate nanocomposite for adsorptive removal of methylene blue.

The industrial revolution in textile and dying process is moving with huge steps, but the treatment of produced wastewater from this industry is a huge dilemma. This work demonstrates the preparation and utilization of cellulose acetate (CA) blended with Fe3O4 already chemically modified with O-phenylenediamine (PDA) to prepare a novel magnetic Fe3O4/PDA/CA nanocomposite. This nanomaterial was aimed to use in the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water. The adsorption process was conducted using a batch technique and the removal process was evaluated under various experimental conditions. From this study, it was found that the values were increased from 55.8% to 88.54%, 45.5% to 84.8% and 42.56% to 76.45% by the increase of from pH 1 to 7, respectively using 10, 50 and 100 mg·L-1. The pseudo-second-order was found to be the most fitted model to confirm that the adsorption reaction is related to a chemisorption process between the Fe3O4/PDA/CA nanocomposite and MB dye. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were also found to best-fitted models to reveal the formation of monolayer and multilayer of MB over Fe3O4/PDA/CA nanocomposite in a chemical process. The thermodynamic parameters confirm that this type of reaction is spontaneous and exothermic reaction.

Soy protein acid hydrolysate/silica hybrid material as novel adsorbent for methylene blue

Abstract The current study purposes to use a sustainable, low cost and abundant plant protein, soy protein hydrolysate (SPH), as a functional polymer to support silica gel matrix. Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was used as silica precursor and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) was used as crosslinking agent between SPH and silica gel. SPH/silica hybrid was prepared through facile chemical crosslinking method. FTIR showed that GPTMS act as covalent crosslinking agent between SPH and silica network in the crosslinked hybrid. SEM analysis exhibited a homogenous morphology for the prepared SPH/silica hybrid, suggesting a well integrity between SPH and silica components. The novel hybrid was also characterized through XRD and TEM. The crosslinked SPH/silica hybrid exhibited high absorption capacity for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorption results fitted well with pseudo second order and Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum removal efficiency was 357 mg/g. These results demonstrated that SPH/silica hybrid is effective adsorbent for removal of MB, which would provide a new sustainable adsorbent for water purification.

Efficient adsorption of methylene blue and lead ions in aqueous solutions by 5-sulfosalicylic acid modified lignin

As a kind of biomass that exists widely in plants, lignin shows much diversity as a functional material. In order to improve the adsorption ability, lignin was chemically modified by 5-sulfosalicylic acid and then used to adsorb methylene blue (MB) and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. The results showed that the 5-sulfosalicylic acid modified lignin exhibited a high adsorption ability for dyes or heavy metals. The maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent approached 83.2 mg/g for MB and 39.3 mg/g for Pb2+ with the adsorbent dosage of 5 g/L at pH 5.85 or 5.35 (corresponding to MB or Pb2+, respectively), initial adsorbate concentration of 200 mg/L, temperature of 318 K and contact time of 12 h. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies indicated that both the adsorption of MB and Pb2+ onto SSAL followed the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm model. It means that the adsorption process fits the model of mono-layer adsorption and it was mainly chemical process and accompanied with surface adsorption. The proposed SSAL is low-cost, eco-friendly and highly efficient therefore a promising material for adsorptive removal of MB and Pb2+ from wastewater.

Graphene hybridized polydopamine-kaolin composite as effective adsorbent for methylene blue removal

To explore the approach for further enhancing the dye removal performance of polydopamine (PDA) coated materials, a novel composite of PDA-kaolin with reduced graphene oxide hybridization (PDA-rGO-kaolin) was synthesized and selected as a model adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal. The BET characteristic analysis showed that the introduction of rGO significantly increased the surface area of PDA-kaolin by 3.1 times. A series of comparative experiments on PDA-kaolin and PDA-rGO-kaolin towards MB removal in various conditions were carried out. Adsorption experiment indicated that PDA-rGO-kaolin was more satisfactory for MB removal. Kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption behavior could be better described by Langmuir isotherm model. Compared with PDA-kaolin, PDA-rGO-kaolin showed higher maximum adsorption capacity towards MB (39.663 mg/g). Furthermore, the adsorption of MB molecules on adsorbents was spontaneous and endothermic process according to thermodynamic experiment. Moreover, PDA-rGO-kaolin showed a good regeneration performance for MB removal. These results show that the introduction of graphene is a feasible and efficient method to improve the adsorption performance of PDA coated kaolin composite.

Methylene blue removal from water using H2SO4 crosslinked magnetic chitosan nanocomposite beads

H2SO4 crosslinked magnetic chitosan nanocomposite beads had been prepared and applied as adsorbents for methylene blue removal. The nanocomposite beads were prepared with content variations of Fe3O4 and H2SO4. Nanosized Fe3O4 crystallite has been prepared and confirmed by XRD and SEM analysis. The Fe3O4 crystallite was used to synthesize H2SO4 crosslinked magnetic chitosan nanocomposite beads where their formation was confirmed by FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis. Adsorption experiments were conducted with several different contact times, pH values and initial concentrations of methylene blue. The equilibrium of methylene blue adsorption by H2SO4 crosslinked magnetic chitosan nanocomposite beads was reached at 25 min contact time. The adsorption capacity increased as the solution pH increased. Based on Langmuir isotherm model, the maximum adsorption capacity of H2SO4 crosslinked magnetic chitosan nanocomposite beads on methylene blue adsorption was 20.408 mg/g.

Sericin-derived activated carbon-loaded alginate bead: An effective and recyclable natural polymer-based adsorbent for methylene blue removal

Activated carbon has been widely used as an effective adsorbent for removing contaminants from the water stream. Preparation of activated carbon using agricultural by-products is environmentally friendly and can greatly contribute to the virtuous cycle of natural polymers. In this study, highly porous activated carbon was prepared using silk sericin, a secondary protein of the sericulture industry. For easy processability and regeneration stability, the bead-type adsorbent was prepared using alginate (Alg) as a matrix. After that, methylene blue (MB) removal behavior of sericin-derived activated carbon (S-AC)/Alg beads was investigated. S-AC obtained by NaOH chemical activation had a larger BET surface area (2150.1 m2/g), and this porous structure of S-AC was well maintained after S-AC/Alg bead preparation (1215.4 m2/g). S-AC/Alg beads had an excellent MB adsorption capacity (502.5 mg/g) with stable regeneration stability, and 90.1% of the original removal efficiency was maintained after 5 cycles of the repeated adsorption-desorption process. These findings reveal that S-AC/Alg composite beads can be used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of contaminants in aqueous solutions.

CO2-spherical activated carbon as a new adsorbent for Methylene Blue removal: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies

In this study, the efficient adsorption of methylene blue (MB) onto spherical activated carbon (SAC) prepared from the sucrose hydrothermally carbonized and physically activated with CO2 is reported for the first time. The obtained SAC surface exhibited acidic features, according to Boehm titration (1.00 mmol g−1 of acid groups) and the pHPZC (3.18). The optimum pH for MB adsorption onto SAC was of 7.0. Adsorption studies showed that kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order and Elovich models, whereas the intraparticle diffusion and film diffusion models were tested and the results revealed that the rate-limiting step of adsorption process was not only the intraparticle diffusion. Equilibrium adsorption studies were best described by Dubinin-Radushkevich, Sips and Langmuir isotherm models, with a maximum monolayer adsorption of 211.3 mg g−1. Thermodynamic results showed negative values of Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) and positive values of enthalpy (ΔH° = 3.13 kJ mol−1) and entropy change (ΔS° = 66.20 J mol−1 K−1), indicating that MB adsorption onto SAC is spontaneous and endothermic.

Nigella sativa plant based nanocomposite-MnFe2O4/BC: An antibacterial material for water purification

It is a challenge for the current world to provide chemical pollutants and microbes free affordable water. Clean water can be made available to common people by protecting the water sources, and purifying the polluted water. Carbon-based materials can be prepared and utilized for the remediation of water pollutants and microbes. The present study reveals the advancement in water treatment technology which includes the development of economic, eco-friendly, and phytogenic nanohybrid composite, MnFe2O4/BC. This composite inhibited the bacterial growth and adsorbed organic water pollutants. The hybrid composite was prepared by growing MnFe2O4 onto the Nigella Sativa plant seeds (Black Cumin) using simple co-precipitation process. The composite was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, TGA, and DSC techniques. MnFe2O4/BC has shown Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) growth inhibition activity. The hybrid composite was used as an adsorbent for methylene blue removal from water with an excellent adsorption capacity and can be used in cyclic manner. This composite, therefore, is affordable and sustainable adsorbent that can be used for water purification for the current and future scenario.

Enhanced methylene blue adsorption onto activated reed-derived biochar by tannic acid

This study investigated the effect of tannic acid (TA) on the adsorption efficiency of activated biochar (ABC) prepared from reed biomass regarding the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The structure and chemical properties of the obtained ABC adsorbent were characterized by XRD, FTIR, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and scanning electron microscopy. After the HNO3 activation of the original biochar (BC), the well-developed porous surface structure of ABC was observed with a considerable increase in the specific surface area. The adsorption behavior of MB onto ABC was determined with the presence of TA (pre-loading versus co-introduction with solute). Results demonstrated that the removal of MB was promoted in the presence of TA solutions with pH ranging from 4.0 to 8.0, and an increase of the initial concentration of TA (from 10 to 50 mg/L) caused a more pronounced promotion effect. The adsorption of MB onto ABC followed the Elovich kinetic model, suggesting a heterogeneous multilayer adsorption process. The adsorption data were best described by the Sips isotherm model, showing a maximum adsorption amount of 77.35 mg/g in the presence of TA, which was much higher than many reported adsorbents. The adsorption mechanism appeared to be related to electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, ion exchange, n-π/π-π interaction, etc. Findings of the present work highlighted the positive effect of TA on the adsorptive removal of MB by ABC, and were also beneficial for developing reed-derived biochar as an engineered absorbent for removal of toxic dyes from aqueous solution.