Adsorbent For Methylene Blue Removal Research Articles

Ball Milling and Magnetic Modification Boosted Methylene Blue Removal by Biochar Obtained from Water Hyacinth: Efficiency, Mechanism, and Application.

Ball milling is a feasible and promising method of biochar modification that can significantly increase its adsorption ability to methylene blue (MB). This study synthesized nine biochars derived from water hyacinth under different pyrolysis temperatures and modified with ball milling and Fe3O4. The structural properties of the pristine and ball-milled magnetic biochars were investigated and employed to adsorb MB. The results showed that ball milling significantly enhanced the specific surface area, total pore volume, and C-, N-, and O-containing groups of biochars, especially in low-temperature pyrolysis biochars. The Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-secondary kinetic model fitted well with the MB adsorption process on biochars. After ball-milled magnetic modification, the adsorption capacity of biochar at 350 °C for MB was increased to 244.6 mg g-1 (8-fold increase), owing to an increase in accessible functional groups. MB removal efficiencies by low-temperature pyrolysis biochars were easily affected by pH, whereas high-temperature pyrolysis biochars could effectively remove MB in a wide pH range. WQM1, with the high adsorption capacity and stability, provided the potential to serve as an adsorbent for MB removal. Based on DFT calculations, the chemisorption and electrostatic interactions were the primary mechanism for enhancing MB removal with ball-milled magnetic biochar at low-temperature pyrolysis, followed by H-bonding, π-π interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and pore filling.

Alginate-Based Hydrogel Bead Reinforced with Montmorillonite Clay and Bacterial Cellulose-Activated Carbon as an Effective Adsorbent for Removing Dye from Aqueous Solution.

According to environmental concerns related to water pollution, this study aims to develop a novel hydrogel bead as a biocompatible and efficient adsorbent by integrating bacterial cellulose-activated carbon (BCAC) and montmorillonite (MT) in alginate hydrogel (ALG). The ionotropic gelation method was applied to the fabrication of BCAC/MT/ALG hydrogel beads. The BCAC/MT/ALG hydrogel bead exhibited significantly higher tensile strength, Young's modulus, and thermal stability, with ~1.4 times higher adsorption uptake of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution as compared to the pristine ALG bead. The textural properties, including specific surface area and porosity, were beneficial to accommodate the size of cationic MB as the target molecule. This resulted in a remarkable MB adsorption uptake of 678.2 mg/g at pH 7 and 30 °C. The adsorption isotherm showed the best fit for the nonlinear Redlich-Peterson isotherm model. Experimental adsorption data were well-described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model, with R2 values reaching 0.997. In addition, the adsorbent bead demonstrated easy regeneration with high reusability with approximately 75% of MB removal after being used for six cycles. Therefore, BCAC/MT/ALG bead represents an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and highly efficient adsorbent for MB removal from water and could potentially be used for removal of a wide range of cationic dye pollutants from wastewater.

Alginate functionalized sugarcane cellulose-based beads to improve methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution

The study was carried out with the goal of synthesizing composite bead of cellulose, chitosan functionalized by sodium alginate using as an efficient and applicable adsorbent for methylene blue removal. Fabricating parameters of the material synthesis process like cellulose mass, sodium hydroxide concentration, immersing time and sodium alginate concentration were assessed in detail. The dye adsorption performance in water under the influence of pH, contact time, dye initial concentration, the material mass, shaking speed, temperature was also thoroughly evaluated. The results of advanced analyses showed that the beads were successfully synthesized with a rough surface and mesoporous structure. The adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics of dye adsorption process exhibited that the process was consistent with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating a favorable physical adsorption process with multilayer of the dye on the adsorbent surface. The intra-particle diffusion model showed the strong dye adsorption by the beads occurred during the first two and half hours. The adsorbent could maintain its adsorption performance of 86 % for three times of regeneration. Finally, this study provided a recyclable and effective adsorbent for dyes separation from water.

Valorization of coffee agro-industrial residue for biochar production: Use as adsorbent for methylene blue removal

This research explores using thermally modified residual coffee grounds as a bioadsorbent for removing methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The study investigates the impact of pH on adsorption capacity, emphasizing its significant influence. Kinetic studies reveal that the pseudo-first-order (PFO) model accurately describes the MB removal process, with correlation coefficients (R²) close to 1 for all samples. The Freundlich model provided the best fit for residual coffee grounds, while the Langmuir model was most suitable for biochar 1. The BiDR model provides the best fit with high R² values, indicating efficient removal for biochar 2 and biochar 3. Notably, the research shows that MB adsorption is effective without requiring pH adjustments, thereby reducing environmental impacts. The maximum adsorption capacities were 40.85, 20.35, 19.52 and 41.98 mg.g−1 using residual coffee grounds, biochar 1, biochar 2 and biochar 3, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrates the practicality of using thermally activated coffee grounds as an efficient adsorbent for removing textile dyes from effluents and highlights the potential of alternative uses for coffee grounds and biochar residues in environmental applications.

Adsorption studies of methylene blue on cation-modified graphene oxide and graphene oxide/MXene membranes

Membranes prepared from graphene oxide (GO) have greater advantages over traditional materials for water treatment, while MXene is a good candidate for pollutant removal. However, the effect of different cations introduced into the prepared GO membranes on their adsorption performance must be further explored. In this study, a series of cation-modified GO and GO/MXene membranes were prepared based on the self-assembly of GO. Na+-modified membranes were found to be more effective at removing methylene blue (MB) than multivalent cation-modified GO membranes. However, the cation-modified GO/MXene membranes improved the MB adsorption efficiency, and the higher the ionic valence, the more pronounced the effect. In addition, the effects of the pH, temperature, contact time and initial concentration of MB on the adsorption performance of the membranes were investigated. The best removal of MB was achieved under neutral conditions, and the adsorption process was consistent with quasi-secondary kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models. The fitting results of the Langmuir isotherm model showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of the cation-modified GO membranes for MB were 654.9, 319.8, and 246.3 mg/g, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of the cation-modified GO/MXene membranes for MB were 687.3, 497.6, and 772.4 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the results of the intraparticle diffusion model revealed that the entire adsorption process was controlled by both external and internal diffusion. The thermodynamic analysis results indicated that the entire adsorption process was a heat-absorbing process and could proceed spontaneously. That the findings suggest that the Na+-modified GO and Al3+-modified GO/MXene membranes demonstrate the best adsorption effects and are promising adsorbents for MB removal.

Date kernel biochar: A green approach to methylene blue removal from polluted water in Iraq

ABSTRACT This study investigated the potential use of biochar produced from Iraqi date kernels (Khestawi) as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal from polluted water. A full factorial design methodology was employed to examine the effects of heating rate, pyrolysis temperature and holding time on the performance of the produced biochar. The results showed that pyrolysis temperature and time had a strong effect on the biochar performance, while the heating rate had a weaker effect. The biochar produced at pyrolysis temperatures of 350°C and 550°C exhibited MB removal percentages (% R) of 48.9% and 30.9%, respectively. Similarly, biochar production through pyrolysis durations of 30 and 90 minutes resulted in MB removal rates of 47.5% and 30.3%, respectively. The adsorption experimental data was well-fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model, with a high value of the Freundlich constant (KF = 1.64), indicating a high adsorption capacity of the biochar. The activation of biochar using bio-oil (organic-1) led to a substantial enhancement in the adsorption capacity, with the activated biochar (ABC-1) exhibiting a higher adsorption capability and a higher value of the Freundlich constant (KF = 7.12). Overall, the results suggest that biochar produced from date kernels has the potential as an effective and sustainable adsorbent for MB removal from polluted water, with the potential for further enhancement through biochar activation.

Exploring the sustainable elimination of dye using cellulose nanofibrils- vinyl resin based nanofiltration membranes

This study focuses on the development of a novel self-cleaning nanofiltration membrane for the efficient removal of the cationic dye methylene blue (MB) from industrial wastewater. The membrane is composed of vinyl resin (VR), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and titanium alpha aluminate (TAAL) nanoparticles.The TAAL loading ranged from 1 to 5 wt%, the pH varied from 5 to 10, and the initial MB concentration ranged from 10 to 50 ppm. Using a dead-end filtration system, the (VR/CNF@TAAL) membrane with 5 wt% TAAL at pH 10 demonstrated excellent performances. It achieved a remarkable 98.6% removal efficiency for 30 ppm MB dye, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 125.8 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics analysis revealed that the process followed the pseudo-second-order model, indicating a chemisorption mechanism. The rate constant was determined to be 1.2732 × 10–3 g mg−1 min−1. The Freundlich isotherm model provided a better fit (R2 = 0.996) than the Langmuir model, suggesting multilayer adsorption on the nanocomposite membrane surface. In addition to its high adsorption and filtration capabilities, the (VR/CNF@TAAL) nanocomposite membrane exhibited cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness as an adsorbent for MB removal from industrial wastewater. The membrane’s self-cleaning property further contributes to sustainability by reducing the need for additional chemical treatments.

Facile Fabrication of Hydroxyapatite and Bentonite Encapsulated Biopolymeric Hybrid Composites for Selective Removal of Methylene Blue

AbstractDyeing industries release their hazardous dyeing effluents into the environment which affects the human health and ecosystem. Hence, the removal of dye from waste‐water is mandatory one. In this present study, focus on the fabrication of bio‐clay‐ceramic hybrid composites by dispersing bentonite (BT) clay and ceramic hydroxyapatite (HA) into alginate (Alg) and gelatin (Gel) polymeric matrixes by in‐situ method which gives BTHAAlg and BTHAGel hybrid composites for methylene blue (MB) removal. The various adsorption influencing parameters such as shaking time, adsorbent dosage, pH and initial MB concentration were optimized under batch method. The highest MB adsorption capacities of BTHAAlg and BTHAGel composites were found to be 43.70 and 47.50 mg/g respectively with optimized conditions of 100 mg/L of initial MB concentration, 40 min shaking time and 0.1 g dosages. In pH studies, the high MB adsorption capacity of bio‐clay‐ceramic composites were noticed at pH 11. The characterization techniques like FTIR, SEM and EDAX analysis were performed to find the physico‐chemical properties of bio‐clay‐ceramic composites. The equilibrium data of hybrid composites towards MB adsorption was well fitted with Langmuir isotherm model than D‐R and Fruendlich models because of higher r and low sd values. The negative values of ▵Go at three different temperatures (303, 313 and 323 K) indicate that the spontaneous nature of MB adsorption, while positive values of ΔHo and ΔSo revealed that the MB adsorption onto hybrid composites was endothermic in nature and more randomness occurred at solid/liquid interfaces. In kinetic studies, the MB adsorption onto hybrid composites was well fitted with pseudo‐second‐order and intra‐particle diffusion models. The electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding plays a dominant role in MB adsorption onto BTHAAlg and BTHAGel bio‐clay‐ceramic composites. The regeneration studies proposed that the hybrid composites can be reusable upto five cycles. Hence, the developed bio‐clay‐ceramic hybrid composites were act as best adsorbents for MB removal.

Surface enriched ternary hybrid via interfacial polymerization as an effective adsorbent for dye removal

Methylene blue (MB) is a carcinogenic pollutant that can negatively affect both human health and marine life. Developing effective adsorbents for MB removal is therefore crucial for ensuring safe human life and mitigating environmental issues. Herein, we present an interfacial polymerization to synthesize polydopamine assisted multi-walled carbon nanotubes stitched graphene oxide (PDA@MWNTs/GO) as an effective adsorbent for MB removal. Stitching the PDA layer interfacially onto MWNTs/GO effectively prevents disintegration, diminishes agglomeration/restacking issues, and maximizes adsorption sites. The inherent catecholamine functionality within the PDA layer significantly enhances hydrophilicity. These distinctive characteristics endowed the PDA@MWNTs/GO composite with exceptional adsorption capacity for the cationic MB. The effects of MB concentration, pH, and temperature on the dye solution were thoroughly investigated. The results of the adsorption isotherm and kinetics analysis revealed conformity with the Langmuir isotherm model and adherence to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Moreover, PDA@MWNTs/GO demonstrated removal efficiency, exceeding 90% after three consecutive cycles of reuse. The adsorption mechanism was driven by electrostatic attraction and π–π stacking. The superior adsorption performance, attributable to the diverse functionalities and high removal efficiency, demonstrates the potential of PDA@MWNTs/GO as an efficient adsorbent for MB and can also function for other cationic dye impurities.

Optimizing Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption onto Liquid Natural Rubber-Based Hydrogel: Kinetics, Isotherms and Reusability

In recent years, notable advancements have taken place in the textile industry, particularly with the widespread use of synthetic dyes such as methylene blue (MB). However, the environmental impact of these dyes has raised significant concerns. Their potential to influence both chemical and biochemical demand poses risks, leading to potential disruptions in aquatic plant photosynthesis. Additionally, concerns exist regarding the toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of these dyes to humans. This study achieved successful hydrogel synthesis through the efficient utilization of ultrasonic methods, combining liquid natural rubber (LNR), acrylic acid (AAc), and pectin (Pc) to adsorb MB from aqueous solutions. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze the structure. Utilizing Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the study investigated the effects of the AAc:LNR weight ratio and Pc weight on hydrogel preparation for MB removal. This led to the development of a quadratic polynomial model with an ANOVA-derived R2 value of 0.9970. Optimal conditions for hydrogel production were identified as a 3.00 g/g AAc:LNR weight ratio and 0.0325g of Pc, resulting in an impressive 99.07% MB removal effectiveness. The limit of detection (LOD) for methylene blue adsorption was calculated at 0.64 ppm. The kinetics and isotherms of MB removal were described by the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models, respectively. Furthermore, the investigation into hydrogel reusability demonstrated its capability for up to five utilization cycles. The LNR/AAc/Pc hydrogel exhibits promising potential as an effective, cost-efficient, and environmentally conscious adsorbent for MB removal. This makes it applicable to water treatment scenarios involving cationic dyes.

Preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose/graphene oxide/ZIF-8 aerogels for efficient methylene blue adsorption

Despite the promising potential of zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) for dye adsorption, addressing challenges such as aggregation and recycling difficulties remains essential. Herein，a novel three dimensional (3D) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), graphene oxide (GO) and ZIF-8 hybrid aerogel (CGZ-3) was prepared via blending ZIF-8 into the CMC-GO matrix. The structure and composition of CGZ-3 were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, TG and XPS. Adsorption experiments were conducted to optimize various parameters affecting the behavior of methylene blue (MB) adsorption. The composite aerogel exhibited an obvious lamellar network structure, with a surface rich in oxygen-containing functional groups such as -OH and -COOH. CGZ-3 demonstrated a rapid adsorption rate for MB, achieving a removal efficiency of 96% within 15 minutes. The entire adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, consistent with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The maximum theoretical adsorption capacity was 427.35 mg/g at 298 K. Selective adsorptions tests demonstrated high selectivity of the composite aerogel for MB, and dynamic adsorption further confirmed the exceptional adsorption capacity of CGZ-3. After five cycles of adsorption-desorption, the MB removal rate remained above 95%, with an adsorption capacity exceeding 240 mg/g, highlighting the stability and reusability of CGZ-3. Collectively, the CGZ-3 would be a potential material for the adsorptive removal of MB in practical water treatment.

Garlic straw-derived composite hydrogel via electron beam irradiation for adsorptive removal of methylene blue

The study presents the development and optimization of a novel garlic straw-based composite hydrogel synthesized using electron beam irradiation for adsorption of common harmful organic pollutants like methylene blue dye (MB). The composite hydrogel was prepared from garlic straw (GS) mixed with (polyvinyl alcohol/Pectin) (PVA/Pt) copolymers using an eco-friendly technique of electron beam (EB) radiation for crosslinking. The synthesis process and parameters were optimized. The total PVA/Pt content 20wt% of composition 70/30 includes 20wt% GS at 35 kGy was chosen as the most suitable condition for optimization. The structure, morphology, and thermal properties were studied using different instruments. The resulting (PVA/Pt)-GS composite hydrogel exhibited excellent adsorption capacity for MB, showcased through comprehensive investigations of isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. The maximum adsorption capacity of PVA/Pt-GS for MB was 505 mg/g at pH 9. Isotherm studies revealed the adsorption mechanism, while kinetic analyses provided insights into the adsorption rate. Thermodynamic investigations elucidated the spontaneity and feasibility of the adsorption process.

Valorization of lignocellulosic agave residues via pyrolysis and its use as adsorbent for methylene blue removal

Valorization of lignocellulosic agave residues via pyrolysis and its use as adsorbent for methylene blue removal

Optimized Bentonite Clay Adsorbents for Methylene Blue Removal

This study addresses the urgent need for effective water treatment methods by synthesizing and characterizing activated bentonite clay (ABC) adsorbents to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions efficiently. Conventional adsorbents often exhibit limitations in efficiency and regeneration capabilities, necessitating novel approaches to water treatment. The primary objective is synthesizing and characterizing high-quality ABC adsorbents capable of effectively removing MB. The activation process was optimized, and adsorbent performance was evaluated regarding MB removal efficiency and regeneration potential. Various activation dos-ages were investigated, and comprehensive physicochemical characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The synthesized adsorbents demonstrated exceptional MB removal efficiency (99.593%) and impressive adsorption capacity (22.131 mg/g) when activated with 16 M sodium hydroxide. The adsorption process exhibited spontaneity and exothermicity, as validated by Freundlich and second-order kinetic models. Furthermore, the adsorbents showcased successful regeneration and reusability over three cycles, highlighting their potential for long-term application in water treatment. This study significantly advances water treatment by offering a novel approach to MB removal using base-activated bentonite clay (BABC) adsorbents, contributing to the development of sustainable water treatment solutions.

A graphene oxide based composite granule for methylene blue separation from aqueous solution: Adsorption, kinetics and thermodynamic studies

Graphene oxide and chitosan composite material using as a high-efficiency and low-cost granular adsorbent for methylene blue removal was fabricated via self-assembling method. The effects of pH value, contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, temperature, and recyclic stability on the adsorption performance of methylene blue in aqueous solution were investigated in detail. Desorption process with the effects of solvents, contact time, and temperature were also conducted carefully in this study. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm of dye adsorption process showed that dye adsorption process was fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, indicating a physical adsorption process with multilayer adsorption. The intra-particle diffusion model indicated that the dye adsorption by the granular adsorbent was strongly happened during the first 4 h. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption was a spontaneous and exothermic process and dye ions were condensed onto the surface of adsorbent. The maximum adsorption capacity of dye on the granular adsorbent was calculated as 951.35 mg/g and the adsorbent could maintain its adsorption performance after six cycles. In general, this study provided an efficient, cost-effective, and recyclable the granular adsorbent for dye separation from aqueous solution.

In-situ synthesis of ZIF-8 on magnetic pineapple leaf biochar as an efficient and reusable adsorbent for methylene blue removal from wastewater.

The presence of organic dyes in aquatic systems poses a significant threat to ecosystems and human well-being. Due to recycling challenges, traditional commercial activated carbon is not cost-effective. To address this, an imidazolate acid zeolite framework-8 (ZIF-8)-modified magnetic adsorbent (ZMPLB-800) was synthesized through the in-situ formation of ZIF-8 and subsequent carbonization at 800 °C, using magnetic pineapple leaf biochar (MPLB) as a carrier. The porous structure of ZMPLB-800 facilitates the rapid passage of dye molecules, enhancing adsorption performance. ZMPLB-800 exhibited remarkable adsorption capacity for methylene blue (MB) across a pH range of 3-13, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 455.98mg g-1. Adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. Mechanisms of MB adsorption included pore filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, π-π interactions, and complexation through surface functional groups. Additionally, ZMPLB-800 demonstrated excellent regeneration performance, recording a removal efficiency exceeding 87% even after five adsorption/desorption cycles. This study provides a novel strategy for treating dye wastewater with MOF composites, laying the foundation for waste biomass utilization.

Ball-Milled Biochar from Waste Bamboo Chopsticks: A Potential Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Removal

Waste bamboo chopsticks encounter limited recycling. Several treatment procedures necessitate sophisticated technologies and intricate processes that need more practicality for local-scale production, leading to substantial challenges in effectively repurposing waste from disposable bamboo chopsticks. In this research, waste bamboo chopsticks were used as raw materials for the production of ball-milled biochar (BM-WBCB). FTIR, SEM, and BET were among the numerous analytical methods used to describe the BM-WBCB. The outcomes showed that the surface was made up of hollow, porous structures. In addition, the pHpzc value of the biochar was 8.7, and it had a BET-specific surface area (273.11 m2 g-1). The study also investigated ball-milled biochar's adsorption capacity and efficiency in removing MB from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted under various experimental conditions, such as initial dye concentration, contact time, pH, and adsorbent dose, to evaluate the adsorption kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics of the adsorption process. The results showed the optimal adsorption conditions, such as pH solution, MB concentration, dose of BM-WBCB, and contact time at 10, 30 mg L-1, 0.3 mg, and 60 min, respectively. With a maximal adsorption capacity of 4.2 mg g-1, monolayer adsorption was shown by the fit of the adsorption isotherm data to the Langmuir isotherm model. It was demonstrated that the kinetics of biochar adsorption may be accurately modeled using the linear pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

Graphene oxide-wrapped tungsten trioxide for adsorptive removal of methylene blue

Graphene oxide (GO) is a graphene derivative, but different from graphene (Gr), it has a high dispersibility and a high potential to composite with other materials. In order to reveal the effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the enhancement of methylene blue (MB) adsorption, in this study, different GO contents (0, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 wt%) were in situ composited with tungsten oxide nanostructures prepared by a simple one-pot hydrothermal method. The physicochemical analysis implies that the in situ compositing helps create a strong interaction between GO and platform material - tungsten oxide. As the GO content increased from 0 to 0.7 wt%, the average crystallite size decreased slightly from 26.7 nm to 24.0 nm, while the microstrain increased from 0.31 to 0.53 %, respectively. Both pristine and nanocomposite samples showed good adsorption capacity with methylene blue (MB), which increases with GO content in the nanocomposites. The sample composited with 0.7 wt% GO showed the highest adsorption activity with the highest adsorption capacity of 76.1 mg/g after 150 min at the optimum condition (15 mg absorbent and 100 ml of MB 30 mg/ml). The MB adsorption kinetics is consistent with the second-order kinetics model with the maximum rate of 2.3 × 10−3 g/mg·m at the optimum condition, while the adsorption isotherm is well described by the Langmuir model with the Langmuir adsorption constant of 0.37 l/mg. These results show that the one-pot hydrothermal method is a facile and efficient method for in situ preparing the Gr-based nanocomposite absorbent.

Evaluation of Dry Anabasis aphylla Performance as Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Solutions: Optimization and Kinetic Studies

Evaluation of Dry Anabasis aphylla Performance as Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Solutions: Optimization and Kinetic Studies

Enhanced adsorptive removal of methylene blue using ternary nanometal oxides in an aqueous solution

Enhanced adsorptive removal of methylene blue using ternary nanometal oxides in an aqueous solution