Adsorption System Research Articles

In Situ Growth of ZnAl‐LDH on Biomass Carbon for Highly Efficient Photodegradation of Malachite Green (MG) From Water

ABSTRACTAs a renewable new material with high void ratio, large adsorption surface area, and high adsorption rate, biomass carbon (BC) is a promising adsorbent, which has received wide attention for the degradation of dyes. However, physical adsorption cannot completely remove dyes, and there is also the risk of secondary pollution. ZnAl‐layered double hydroxide (ZnAl‐LDH) is a semiconductor photocatalyst with abundant active sites and excellent degradation efficiency. In this paper, we have designed a ZnAl‐layered double oxide@biomass carbon (ZnAl‐LDO@BC) formed by in situ grown LDH on the waste poplar wood as a synergistic adsorption and photocatalytic system. BC as a support could enhance the dispersity of layered double oxide (LDO), whereas LDO could provide photodegradation function to BC. Our studies indicate that the prepared ZnAl‐LDO@BC presents lower bandgap energy, higher surface area, and lower complexation efficiency of holes and electrons than delignified biomass (DB). As a result, ZnAl‐LDO@BC increased the removal rate of malachite green (MG) to 85.8%, which is 3.5 times higher than DB. The maximum removal rate was close to 98%, and the removal capacity was 1954 mg g−1 under an initial concentration of 200 mg L−1 of MG dye, and the possible mechanism of MG degradation was also investigated. In this study, the conversion of agroforestry wastes into high‐value materials applied to dye degradation provides a new pathway for the production of stable, sustainable, and superior photocatalytic material.

Review on the relationship between microplastics and heavy metals in freshwater near mining areas.

Microplastics (MPs), degraded from plastic wastes, have drawn significant attention worldwide due to its prevalence and rapid transition. Contamination of freshwater with MPs has become an emerging global issue. Heavy metals (HMs), a prominent global pollutant, also garnered much attention due to their potential interaction with MPs, presenting a multifaceted environmental threat. The primary source of HM contamination in freshwater has been identified as mining sites. Additionally, the increasing use of plastic materials within mining areas raises concerns about MP release into the surrounding freshwater environments. Recent studies only provide information on the contamination of HMs status with MPs. However, studies on the mechanism responsible for MPs contamination from both external and internal sources of freshwater MPs and HMs are limited. The knowledge gaps in the deposition and fate of MPs in various mining situations and the possibility of combined impacts of heavy metals and MPs in the ecosystem raise ecological concerns. Here, we review the origins of MPs and HM pollution within mining sites and explore the potential combined detrimental impacts on plants and animal life. We found out that polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) have higher adsorption affinity to heavy metals, and the mingle toxic consequence of the MPs and HM can depend on the MP surface properties, pH, and salinity of the neighboring water solution. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models enable the efficient design of adsorption systems. The Langmuir model describes single-layer adsorption at homogeneous sites, while the Freundlich model addresses multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. The crucial mechanism of adsorption and desorption that underlies the occurrence of both MPs and heavy metals is a decisive matter in this issue.

Highly Ordered Bimodal Mesoporous Carbon from ABC Triblock Terpolymers with Phenolic Resol.

Mesoporous carbons (MPCs) with a bimodal distribution of pore diameters are more advantageous than their monomodal counterparts for applications in adsorption, catalysis, and drug delivery systems; however, reports on their fabrication remain limited. In this study, we successfully fabricated bimodal MPCs using a soft template method with poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA)-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP)-b-polystyrene (PS) and resol. The blend samples formed microphase-separated structures comprising PTFEMA spheres, PS cylinders, and matrix domains composed of P4VP and resol, leading to the separation of the PTFEMA and PS domains. The P4VP and resol matrix domains were carbonized at a high temperature of 900 °C, whereas the PTFEMA and PS domains were thermally decomposed. This process resulted in bimodal MPCs with both spherical and cylindrical mesopores. The pore diameters calculated using scanning electron microscopy were approximately 10 and 30 nm, while nitrogen adsorption measurements indicated a large specific surface area with a bimodal pore distribution.

Hybrid organic - inorganic filter system for cadmium ions adsorption from aqueous solutions

The study reflects on the problem of heavy metals, namely cadmium, polluting the natural environment. The goal was to select the most efficient adsorber enabling ion exchange between calcium and cadmium in an aqueous environment and subsequently design a material hybrid organic-inorganic, particle-fiber system that adsorbs cadmium from aqueous environments and will be easily included in the technological process. The novelty of this study lies in the use of waste food material – eggshells as a source of biogenic nanoparticles. These are applied to a nanofibrous structure made of polyvinyl butyral in amounts of 8 to 10 %wt by weight by the AC electrospinning. (The experiment was performed with these boundary conditions: temperature was 23°C, and humidity was 42%. The high-electrical voltage amplifier generated a sinusoidal waveform with a frequency of 50 Hz and an amplitude of 32 kV) and were used for ion exchange. In ion exchange, cadmium ions are exchanged with calcium ions based on the principle of chemical similarity of the two elements expressed by the z/r ratio (charge/ radius ratio), the z/r ratio is 2.02 for calcium ions Ca2+ and 2.06 for cadmium Cd2. Separateted nanoparticles of calcium carbonate obtained by burning eggshells (727°C) with dimensions from 100 to 200 nm and a specific surface area of 3.9 m2/g showed the highest adsorption capacity of 99.8%, synthetic calcium carbonate at 71.8%, and ground eggshells the lowest at 25.0%. Designed and laboratory-tested filter system of nanoparticles - nanofibers captures 95.6% and 96.8% of cadmium ions from an aqueous solution within 10 minutes and 90 minutes, respectively, at a concentration of cadmium ions of 10 mg/l, and at several nanoparticles of 0.3 g. The ion exchange is carried out only on the filter surface, and after a specific time, the calcium carbonate nanoparticles are released from the filter probably due to absence of chemical bond between nanoparticles and nanostructures or the low density of the nanofibrous structure. SEM, EDX, FTIR, BET and TGA analysis were used for material evaluation. The adsorption capacity of used nanoparticles and filter adsorbers was evaluated according to residual amounts of cadmium ions in aqueous solutions using ICP-IOS.

Natural pyrite-zero valent iron enhanced electrocoagulation coupled adsorption system for arsenic oxidation and removal: the efficiency and mechanism study

Natural pyrite-zero valent iron enhanced electrocoagulation coupled adsorption system for arsenic oxidation and removal: the efficiency and mechanism study

Tensor networks for hierarchical lattices

In this paper, we propose an approach to obtain numerically exact solutions for hierarchical lattices by representing them as a tensor network. The visual representation of these networks greatly simplifies the computational algorithm. Furthermore, we introduce a method for incorporating single-node interactions, enabling us to disregard the inhomogeneity of the hierarchical lattice nodes and simulate the behavior on a regular lattice instead. This methodology allows for qualitative studies of the phase space of desired lattice models with single-node interactions, which holds relevance for adsorption systems. The efficiency of the approach is demonstrated using the Ising model and the binary gas adsorption model as examples.

Layered Ti3C2Tx MXene heterostructured with V2O5 nanoparticles for enhanced room temperature ammonia sensing

To enhance ammonia sensing at room temperature (25°C), Two-dimensional transition metal carbonyl nitride (Ti3C2Tx MXene) modified by vanadium pentoxide nanoparticle (V2O5) is synthesized by hydrothermal method. The effects of weight ratio on the microstructure and ammonia sensing performance at room temperature are studied. The results indicate that when the weight percentage of V2O5 is 25 %, V2O5 nanoparticles with an average size of 90.33 nm are produced on the surface and between the layers of the two-dimensional MXene. The prepared MXene/V2O5 composites sensor has a good response (12.12) to 10 ppm NH3. The enhanced sensing performance can be attributed to the modification of V2O5 nanoparticles as well as the catalytic effect and the formation of heterojunction. The doped V2O5 nanoparticles open up the unstratified portion of MXene and catalyze the chemisorption of oxygen and oxidation of NH3. The difference in Fermi level between two-dimensional MXene and V2O5 drives the charge transfer at the heterojunction interface, enriching the electrons on the surface of V2O5, thus improving the sensitivity. Density functional theory suggests that the composite adsorption system is more stable and has lower NH3 adsorption energy. This work provides a feasible route to develop high-performance gas sensors with MXene-based composites.

A first principles study of BiSb monolayer: A novel gas sensor for robotic applications

This study, based on density functional theory (DFT) and non-equilibrium Green's functions, systematically analyzes the structural stability and adsorption behavior of gases (CO, CO2, NH3, Cl2, and CH4) on BiSb monolayers, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for environmental sensors in post-earthquake disaster relief robots. The optimal structures, electron density difference (EDD), electron localization function (ELF), density of states (DOS), band gap, and other adsorption properties of the adsorption systems were examined to elucidate the interactions between gas molecules and the BiSb monolayer. Theoretical results indicate that the adsorption process is exothermic, characterized by negative adsorption energy. Furthermore, the analysis shows that BiSb monolayers exhibit high selectivity for gas adsorption, the adsorption strength follows the order: Cl2 > CO > NH3 > CO2 > CH4. Theoretically, BiSb monolayers hold promise for developing novel gas sensors and adsorbents, applicable to real-time monitoring, search, and rescue operations in post-earthquake scenarios for robotic applications.

Application of eco-friendly material as an inexpensive adsorbent for methyl violet dye removal: experimental, response surface methodology and statistical physics

Methyl Violet (MV) removal from aqueous solutions is studied using an Algerian Bentonite sample as a low-cost adsorbent. SEM-EDX, X-ray diffraction, and chemical composition characterized the adsorbent material. The modeling and optimization study of MV adsorption using artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) were also examined. The effects of pH, contact time, dye concentration, and temperature are all considered. The adsorption kinetics results are adjusted to best fit the pseudo-second-order model. Langmuir-Freundlich and Langmuir models well describe the experimental data with an adsorption capacity of 472 mg g−1. The calculated thermodynamic data demonstrates that adsorption is spontaneous and endothermic. Desorption studies with methanol indicate that the adsorbent could successfully retain MV, even after five cycles. The statistical physics theory indicates the non-parallel orientation of the MV molecule’s adsorption. The adsorption energies varied from 13.99 to 17.60 kJ mol−1, revealing the physical adsorption systems. From these results, it can be considered that the raw Algerian bentonite sample tested herein is effective in removing MV from aqueous solutions and may be used as an alternative to high-cost commercial adsorbents.

Surrogate model-based modelling and optimization of the adsorption performance of a vacuum adsorption system under leakage conditions

The leakage phenomenon has become a major challenge in engineering applications for vacuum adsorption technology. To achieve efficient design optimization of the vacuum adsorption system based on the finite element model, an optimization design method based on residual adaptive fitting of the surrogate model is proposed. The surrogate model for the adsorption performance and influencing parameters of the vacuum adsorption system is established under leakage conditions by the response surface method (RSM). The residuals generated by the RSM are fitted using the kriging model and incorporated into the construction of the RSM. The established surrogate models are updated by learning functions, combining genetic algorithms to optimize the parameters of the vacuum adsorption system. The optimization results indicate that appropriate parameter configurations can enhance adsorption performance and reduce energy consumption, and also validate the superiority of the proposed method.

Study on the differential effects of various hydrocarbon oil components on coal slime flotation performance

ABSTRACT To investigate the impact of different collectors on the surface forces of coal particles due to variations in their molecular structures and properties, this paper utilizes Materials Studio software to simulate a water-coal adsorption system. The aim is to explore the wetting behavior and mechanisms of different hydrocarbon oil components on coal surfaces. Through flotation experiments, the flotation efficiency and applicability of different hydrocarbon oils as collectors are evaluated. The influence of nine types of hydrocarbon oil collectors on the flotation performance of coal slime is examined, revealing the impact patterns of different hydrocarbon oil collectors on the hydrophobicity of coal samples. This provides a theoretical basis for the compounding of different collectors and the variability in flotation efficiency among various alkane collectors. The study found that n-tetradecane achieved a flotation yield of 70.88% at a pulp concentration of 80 g/L, while n-eicosane had the lowest clean coal ash content of 8.31%. XRD and contact angle analyses indicated that an appropriate increase in carbon chain length enhances flotation yield and reduces ash content, but excessively long carbon chains decrease selectivity, affecting the yield.

Electrochemical Adsorption-Desorption Mechanism on Composite Electrode Materials for CO2 Direct Air Capturing

Use of carbon-based fossil fuels, greenhouse gases are emitted to the atmosphere causing fatal environmental issues like global warming. To overcome this problem, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is now a fundamental issue for worldwide nations. Among them, carbon neutrality stands as a central pillar since CO2 has the biggest portion of emitted green-house gases. Emitted CO2 from industrial facilities like factories and incinerators is collected by various carbon capturing technology which is developed due to the pursuit of carbon neutrality necessities. Among them, Direct Air Capture (DAC) is gaining interests due to its superior efficiency compared to other alternatives such as filters and absorbents for the challenges like high pressure and elevated temperatures at the CO2 capturing process. Furthermore, the durability of filtration materials and waste problems poses a significant concern to the environment. To overcome these limitations, electrochemical adsorption system is looking forward to becoming the next generation carbon capture technology. By applying varying electrical energies, this allows adsorption and desorption of CO2 within an adsorber layer. By this mechanism, we can significantly reduce the filtration waste of capturing process. The adsorber layer is consisted with catalysts, which has large surface area and active sites that can adsorb and desorb CO2 stably with electricity. Detailed physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations of the reactive and adsorbent materials were conducted with chemically designed evaluation system to measure the CO2 capturing efficiency.

Design of some ferrite-based nanoparticles for uranium removal from Sella leach liquor

ABSTRACT Uranium is a non-biodegradable, toxic and radioactive inorganic pollutant that can cause serious human health impacts. This work aims to dip magnesium and lanthanum in ferrite nanoparticles and study their ability to bind uranium ions from uranium leach liquor. MgFe2O4, LaFe2O4 and CeFe2O4 nano-adsorbents were synthesised and characterised. Comparative studies of uranium sorption on the synthesised nano-adsorbents were achieved through a series of experiments at different adsorption conditions. The results show fast uranium sorption on the nanoparticles (with a high efficiency of 86.4 to 91.6), which reflects their higher affinities towards uranium ions. There is a clear improvement in the adsorption capacities of the nanoparticles for uranium binding in adsorption systems at higher temperatures. The maximum adsorption capacity of the MgFe2O4, LaFe2O4 and CeFe2O4 nano-adsorbents was obtained at pH 5, 0.5 g/L (S/L), 400 mg/L (Ci), 333 K and 90 min. The maximum adsorption capacities of uranium on MgFe2O4, LaFe2O4 and CeFe2O4 nanoparticles are 160.4, 118.8 and 129.2 mg/g, respectively. The assessment of the kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic models was studied to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of these models in predicting the behaviour of uranium adsorption onto the used nanoparticles under various conditions. The outcome of these models confirms the hypothesis of the Elovich, pseudo-second order, Bangham, Langmuir, Dubinin and Radushkevich models to describe the adsorption process. Additionally, it suggests that uranium removal by the nanoparticles takes place through endothermic and spontaneous physio-chemical adsorption reactions. The nanoparticles show high capacity (115.7–142.3 mg/g) and efficiency (78.1–81.7%) for the uranium ions from different uranium-containing samples. These results confirm the high affinity of the synthesised nanoparticles for uranium adsorption in different media.

Development and validation of a novel prognostic nomogram for hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure patients receiving artificial liver therapy

BackgroundHepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV–ACLF) is frequently accompanied by short-term morbidity and mortality. However, there have been no studies on the associations between baseline clinicopathologic characteristics at hospital admission and clinical prognosis after receiving artificial liver therapy. Therefore, the current study aimed to develop a prognostic nomogram for predicting the outcomes of patients with HBV–ACLF following artificial liver support.MethodsA retrospective study of 110 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with HBV–ACLF between January 2018 and August 2022 was conducted. First, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the independent prognostic factors significantly associated with patient outcomes. Moreover, a predictive nomogram model underlying the prognostic factors was established and further evaluated. The area under the curve (AUC) was used to gauge the predictive accuracy. The calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) were employed to assess the discriminability and clinical effectiveness, respectively.ResultsIn patients with HBV–ACLF, multivariate logistic analysis revealed that age ≥ 40 years (OR 6.76, p = 0.025), middle-stage liver failure (OR 49.96, p < 0.001), end-stage liver failure (OR 19.27, p = 0.002), hepatic encephalopathy (OR 7.06, p = 0.032), upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (OR 47.24, p = 0.047), and artificial liver therapy consisting of plasma exchange (PE) + plasma exchange double plasma molecular adsorption system (DPMAS) (OR 0.26, p = 0.04) were identified as prognostic factors. Then, we established and evaluated a predictive nomogram with an AUC of 0.885, which showed better predictive accuracy than the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (AUC of 0.634) and the Child–Pugh score (AUC of 0.611). Moreover, the calibration curve showed good agreement between the ideal and bias-corrected curves. Decision curve analysis confirmed the better clinical utility of this approach.ConclusionsWe developed and evaluated a unique nomogram that was more accurate than conventional prognostic models for predicting the clinical prognosis of HBV–ACLF patients receiving artificial liver therapy. As a result, the nomogram may be a helpful tool in clinical decision-making to predict the outcomes of patients with HBV–ACLF.

Plasmon-driven molecular scission

Abstract Plasmon-driven photocatalysis offers a unique means of leveraging nanoscale light–matter interactions to convert photon energy into chemical energy in a chemoselective and regioselective manner under mild reaction conditions. Plasmon-driven bond cleavage in molecular adsorbates represents a critical step in virtually all plasmon-mediated photocatalytic reactions and has been identified as the rate-determining step in many cases. This review article summarizes critical insights concerning plasmon-triggered bond-cleaving mechanisms gained through combined experimental and computational efforts over the past decade or so, elaborating on how the plasmon-derived physiochemical effects, metal–adsorbate interactions, and local chemical environments profoundly influence chemoselective bond-cleaving processes in a diverse set of molecular adsorbates ranging from small diatomic molecules to aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds. As demonstrated by several noteworthy examples, insights gained from fundamental mechanistic studies lay a critical knowledge foundation guiding rational design of nanoparticle–adsorbate systems with desired plasmonic molecule-scissoring functions for targeted applications, such as controlled release of molecular cargos, surface coating of solid-state materials, and selective bond activation for polymerization reactions.

DFT insights upon Pd assisted MoX2 (X = Se, S, Te) capture of air decomposition products (CO, NO2) in switch cabinet

The MoSe2, MoS2, and MoTe2 substrates are selected for testing the decomposition products of air (CO, NO2) in the switch cabinet. The metal Pd doping method is introduced to improve the detection ability of the substrate. The effect of Pd on the substrate is firstly studied, it is found that Pd can effectively improve the conductivity of the substrate by analyzing the structures, binding energy, band gap and state density changes. The adsorption of the target gases on the initial substrates is physical adsorption, and the addition of Pd enhances the adsorption capacity of the three substrates for CO and NO2 and transforms it into chemical adsorption. After the gas is adsorbed on the three modified substrates, it will cause a decrease in the band gap, and the change caused by NO2 is greater than that of CO. By analyzing the sensitivity and recovery time, it is found that the three modified substrates can effectively distinguish the two gases, and each adsorption system has a suitable recovery time at the corresponding test temperature. The results of this study can provide theoretical support for MoSe2, MoS2, and MoTe2 in detecting the decomposition products of air inside switch cabinet.

The gas-sensing mechanism of Nb2C monolayer for SF6 decomposition based on the DFT study

Abstract During fault analysis of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), continuous monitoring of the gases produced by the decomposition of SF6 is critical to the safe operation of the equipment. Although a variety of gas detection technologies are currently available on the market, low-power gas detection devices for SF6 decomposition products are still in the development stage, and technological advances in this area are of great significance for improving the reliability of GIS systems. Based on the density functional theory (DFT), the Nb2C crystal surface structure was established and six adsorption structures of SO2, H2S, SOF2, SO2F2, HF and CO gas molecules on Nb2C crystal surface were constructed by geometrical optimization in this paper. The gas-sensitive properties of each adsorption system were explored in terms of adsorption energy, charge transfer, electron density, density of states and recovery time. The results showed that the Nb2C crystal surface was unfit HF and CO gases detection, both of which showed weak physical adsorption; the adsorption energies of SO2, H2S, SOF2, and SO2F2 on the Nb2C crystal surface were −1.846 eV, −1.081 eV, −5.270 eV, and −10.582 eV, respectively, and all of them were strong chemical adsorption. It was further shown by theoretical recovery time calculations that the Nb2C crystal surface can act as SOF2 and SO2F2 gas scavengers, and are able to desorb H2S (4.69 s) and SO2 (2.26 s) gases by appropriately increasing the temperature, but the Nb2C crystal surface is more suitable for use as a low-power gas-sensitive material for H2S gas detection. Therefore, Nb2C is anticipated to be a promising material for high response, low-power consumption and fast recovery for H2S gas detection in SF6 decomposition gas.

Methylene Blue Adsorption Using Boric Acid Functionalized Activated Carbon: Kinetics, Isothermal, and Thermodynamic Studies

AbstractIn this study, the activated carbon (AC) was prepared from Sesbania sesban plant stem. Boric acid (H3BO3) was used as an activating agent. During calcination, the optimized temperature was kept upto 500 °C for 2 h. The prepared adsorbents were characterized using various techniques such as FT‐IR, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyzer. The prepared adsorbents were used for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption. The adsorption experiments were conducted at different pHs such as (2–11), doses (0.0025–0.020 mg), times (30–300 min), MB initial concentrations (100–600 mg L−1), and temperatures (298–318 K), respectively. The maximum MB uptake capacity of the prepared adsorbent was 1380 mg g−1 under optimized adsorption conditions. Furthermore, the kinetic study is well described by pseudo‐second order, whereas the isothermal study showed the Freundlich isotherm was better followed by the equilibrium data. Based on thermodynamic studies, the negative values of ΔG° and ΔH° revealed that the MB adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. However, the negative ∆Sxg° value indicates that solid‐solute interaction decreased randomness in the adsorption systems. The overall studies of AC showed that it was better to remove MB from an aqueous solution.

First-principles calculation of ZrS2 as anode material of aluminium ion battery

Developing low-cost, high-stability, and high-performance new ion battery anode materials is beneficial for the rapid development of ion batteries in fields such as rail transit, electronic products, and aerospace. In this work, the first-principles calculation method was used to study the feasibility of ZrS2 monolayer as an anode material for Al ion batteries. The Al ions adsorbed in the strain system tend to bind to the ZrS2 monolayer. In the adsorption system, the adsorption of Al increases the conductivity of the system. The theoretical specific capacity of Al under full load is 690.303 mAh/g. The average open circuit voltage (OCV) is calculated to be 0.635 V. The diffusion barrier of Al ions is 0.071 eV. ZrS2 monolayer is an attractive anode material for ion batteries.

Hydroxyl and amino co-modified imidazole based ionic liquid functionalized TS-1 molecular sieve for efficient CO2 capture

Herein, an integrative solid adsorbent of [AHOPMIm]Cl with hydroxyl and amino groups functional sites modified TS-1 molecular sieve is designed and fabricated for efficient CO2 adsorption. The optimal [AHOPMIm]Cl/TS-1 exhibits 73% enhancement in CO2 adsorption capacity compared with the TS-1 molecular sieve, even outperforming other state of the art adsorbent systems. The greatly improved CO2 adsorption capacity is mainly attributed to the strong adsorption of amino groups on the ionic liquids surface, which can form low-temperature stable amino ester species. Moreover, it is preserved that the hydroxyl groups on the surface of ionic liquids can form stable hydrogen bonds with oxygen atoms in CO2, and coordinate with amino groups to capture CO2 from different directions based on in situ DRIFTS and DFT. The porous TS-1 molecular sieve provides a structural basis for the uniform dispersion, effective support, and enhanced CO2 adsorption capacity of ionic liquids. A new design concept for constructing ionic liquid-based composite adsorbent with dual functional sites using TS-1 molecular sieve as a carrier is provided, and the avenues for efficient CO2 adsorption are paved.