AD Values Research Articles

Tailoring the digital pitch: gender-specific strategies for maximizing social media ad impact on purchase intention

PurposeThis study explores the influence of gender-specific reactions to social media advertisements on purchase intentions, addressing a gap in existing research. It examines how these reactions affect the perceived value of ads and, consequently, the intention to purchase, with a particular focus on gender as a moderating factor. The primary aim is to analyse how gender moderates the relationship between consumers’ perceptions of the value of social media ads and their subsequent purchase intentions.Design/methodology/approachA non-probability convenience sampling method was employed to collect data from 423 social media users in Malaysia at shopping malls. Respondents interacted with advertisements on Facebook, Instagram or TikTok and completed a survey. Descriptive analysis was performed using SPSS 25. The study utilized structural equation modelling (SEM) to test the structural and measurement models. Multigroup analysis (MGA) was conducted using SMART-PLS 4.0.9.6 to assess moderation effects based on gender differences.FindingsThe findings reveal that advertisements emphasizing entertainment significantly influence female purchase intentions, whereas ads highlighting product or service values resonate more with males, challenging common stereotypes. Informative and creative ads show universal appeal across genders, underscoring the importance of diverse ad elements in shaping consumer behaviour.Originality/valueThis study advances the advertising value model by specifically identifying gender-based differences in how entertainment and perceived value in social media ads influence purchase intention. It uniquely reveals that females are more responsive to entertainment-focused and value-conscious ads. These findings provide targeted strategies for advertisers to design gender-sensitive campaigns, enhancing the model’s relevance in contemporary digital advertising contexts.

Optimizing droplet coalescence dynamics in microchannels: A comprehensive study using response surface methodology and machine learning algorithms.

Droplet coalescence in microchannels is a complex phenomenon influenced by various parameters such as droplet size, velocity, liquid surface tension, and droplet-droplet spacing. In this study, we thoroughly investigate the impact of these control parameters on droplet coalescence dynamics within a sudden expansion microchannel using two distinct numerical methods. Initially, we employ the boundary element method to solve the Brinkman integral equation, providing detailed insights into the underlying physics of droplet coalescence. Furthermore, we integrate Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to effectively optimize droplet coalescence dynamics, harnessing the power of machine learning algorithms. Our results showcase the efficacy of these computational techniques in enhancing experimental efficiency. Through rigorous evaluation utilizing Regression Coefficient and Mean Absolute Error metrics, we ascertain the accuracy of our estimations. Our findings highlight the significant influence of key parameters, specifically the non-dimensional initial distance of the droplets (D), viscosity ratio ( ), Capillary number (Ca), and width (w), as identified by the non-dimensional final droplet-droplet spacing (DD), velocity of the first droplet (VFD), and velocity of the second droplet (VBD), respectively. This comprehensive approach provides valuable insights into droplet coalescence phenomena and offers a robust framework for optimizing microfluidic systems. The most influential parameters on DD are the values of Ad and D, while viscosity has the lowest influence on DD. The most influential parameters on droplet velocity are viscosity and channel width, whereas the initial distance and Ca have the least influence on droplet velocity. The comparison of different machine learning algorithms indicates that the best ones for predicting DD, VFD, and VBD are function, SMOreg, Lazy-IBK, and Meta-Bagging, respectively.

Uticaj tretmana N, Ca, MAP I 1-mcp na interakciju etilena I iad tokom skladištenja I čuvanja plodova kajsije na sobnoj temperaturi

Aim of this study is to investigate the interrelation between ethylene production, DA index (I AD), and postharvest treatments in four apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars: 'Buda', 'NS Kasnocvetna', 'NS Rodna', and 'NS6'. Apricots were harvested with I AD values between 0.41-0.80, stored at 1 °C for 15 days, followed by 3 days of shelf life at room temperature. Ethylene production and I AD were measured at harvest, after cold storage, and after shelf life. Preharvest treatments included nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca), while postharvest treatments included modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP). Results showed cultivar-specific ethylene responses and I AD , with 'Buda' exhibited the most rapid decline of I AD and highest ethylene levels, and 'NS6' showing a lower decrease of I AD , especially under MAP and Ca treatments. Postharvest treatments effectively reduced a decrease of I AD for all tested cultivars. The findings highlight the need for cultivar-specific calibration of the I AD index to optimize the management of apricots at a given ripeness stage, thereby maintaining their overall quality and storage capability.

Influence of the color of 3D-printed scan aids on the trueness of complete arch digital scans.

To determine the influence of using 3D-printed scan aids in varying colors on the trueness of digital scans. A master cast with five multi-unit analogues was scanned. The acquired dataset was exported to standard tessellation language (STL) file format to serve as the reference STL. 3D printing of the prototype in five distinct colors (beige [SABEIGE], grey [SAGREY], white [SAWHITE], red [SARED], and blue [SABLUE]) of polylactic acid filament was executed. The experimental STLs of each color group were aligned to the reference STL. RMS values were solely computed for the scan bodies. Based on the centers of the created best-fit and offset planes, scan bodies were converted into virtual cylinders. Cartesian coordinates of each cylinder were acquired. Subsequently, angular (AD) and linear deviation (LD) values were calculated. LD was further examined separately along the x, y, and z axes. Data were statistically analyzed. According to the results of one-way ANOVAs, significant differences were detected among color groups on AD, LD, RMS estimate error, ∆x, ∆y, and ∆z data. The lowest AD and LD values were exhibited by the SAGREY group in all implant sites. The SAGREY group was followed by the SABEIGE, SAWHITE, SARED, and SABLUE groups. The SAGREY outperformed the other groups in terms of trueness. Although the LD values of all color groups were below the threshold value (<100 µm), only the AD values of the SAGREY, SABEIGE, and SAWHITE groups were clinically acceptable (<0.5°).

A Multi-Modal Study of Persuasive Strategies in Native and Non-Native School Advertisements

The current study investigates how private schools target native and non-native English speakers through YouTube advertisements using a multi-modal discourse analysis approach. The study examines persuasive strategies, how ads appeal to viewers, and influence decision making in native and non-native private school ads. Native school ads may emphasize communicating in English, prestige of private school, and high academic standards. Non-native ads may emphasize diversity of students and resources for learners.Native school ads may use formal, dramatic language while non-native ads use inclusive, accessible language. Ads reflect assumptions about language, education, values and status - native schools emphasize fluency, non-native emphasize inclusive learning. Ads use humor and emotion differently - native ads use culture-specific humor while non-native appeals to shared values like diversity. The study analyzed ads using models from Kress and van Leeuwen(2006), and Halliday(1979) then draw conclusions that verify the hypothesis. Both ad types aim to present a nurturing school but native ads use clearer language while non-native use aspirational, indirect language. Native ads value honesty, respect, collaboration while non-native value inclusiveness, diversity, cultural diversity. The study concludes that ads have similar visual, textual strategies but values and language use varies based on native or non-native audience.

Effects of mixed metal exposure on MRI metrics in basal ganglia.

Welding fumes contain various metals. Past studies, however, mainly focused on Manganese (Mn)-related neurotoxicity. This study investigated welding-related mixed metal exposure effects on MRI metrics in the basal ganglia (BG) and their dose-response relationship. Subjects with (N = 23) and without (N = 24) a welding exposure history were examined. Metal exposure was estimated with an exposure history questionnaire and whole blood metal levels. T1 (weighted-intensity and relaxation time; estimates of brain Mn accumulation), diffusion tensor imaging (axial [AD], mean [MD], radial diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy [FA]; estimates of microstructural differences) metrics in BG (caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus [GP]), and voxel-based morphometry (for volume) were examined and related with metal exposure measures. Compared with controls, welders showed higher GP R1 (1/T1; P = 0.034) but no differences in blood metal and T1-weighted (T1W) values in any ROIs (P's > 0.120). They also had higher AD and MD values in the GP (P's < 0.033) but lower FA values in the putamen (P = 0.039) with no morphologic differences. In welders, higher blood Mn and Vanadium (V) levels predicted higher BG R1 and T1W values (P's < 0.015). There also were significant overall metal mixture effects on GP T1W and R1 values. Moreover, GP AD and MD values showed nonlinear associations with BG T1W values: They increased with increasing T1W values only above certain threshold of T1 values. The current findings suggest that Mn and V individually but also metal mixtures jointly predict GP T1 signals that may in turn contribute to altered DTI metrics in the BG after certain exposure threshold levels.

Flow and coherent structures generated by a circular array of rigid, emerged cylinders in a shallow channel

The study investigates the flow structure, dynamics of the large-scale coherent structures, drag forces and sediment entrainment mechanisms generated by a circular array of diameter D containing rigid emerged circular cylinders of diameter d placed in a smooth-bed channel of depth h under strong shallow flow conditions (D/h = 20, d/D = 0.0125 and 0.025). Eddy resolving simulations are conducted with different values of the solid volume fraction 0.025 ≤ SVF ≤ 0.1 and non-dimensional frontal area per unit volume (2.56 ≤ aD ≤ 10.2, where for the present configuration, a = SVF(1/d)4/ ${\rm \pi}$ ) and a fixed channel Reynolds number (Reh = 10 000). The flow conditions are such that a vortex street (VS)-type of shallow wake is expected to form for a solid cylinder of diameter D. Findings are compared with previous results obtained for cases with moderately shallow conditions 2.5 ≤ D/h ≤ 3.5 and with the limiting case of flow past a solid cylinder with D/h = 20. For moderately shallow conditions, the core of the main horseshoe vortex (HV) forming around the array occupies a small fraction of the water column and its coherence is the largest in front of the array. By contrast, for very shallow conditions, multiple HVs form around the array and their cores occupy a large fraction of the water column. Moreover, the coherence of most of these HVs peaks close to the sides of the array. Only for relatively large aD values, the main HV extends over the whole upstream face of the array, similar to the limiting case of a solid cylinder. For sufficiently high aD, a secondary instability is present inside the near wake that leads to the formation of parallel horizontal vortices in the vicinity of the wake roller vortices. The changes in the wake structure with decreasing SVF and aD are qualitatively similar to those observed for cases with moderately shallow flow conditions, with the antisymmetric wake shedding mode being suppressed for aD ≤ 2.5. However, the Strouhal number associated with the shedding of wake rollers, which is still close to 0.2 for a solid cylinder with D/h = 20, can be as high as 0.4 for aD = 2.5. The paper also discusses how the steady wake and total wake lengths and the strength of the bleeding flow vary with the SVF. Simulation results show that the capacity of the flow to entrain sediment inside and around the array peaks for SVF = 0.05 and aD = 5.2, with sediment entrainment monotonically increasing with the SVF outside the array and monotonically decreasing inside the array. Despite the differences in the flow structure next to and inside the array, the variation of the mean, time-averaged streamwise drag coefficient of the solid cylinders ${\bar{C}_d}$ with aD is close to that observed for arrays with moderately shallow flow conditions. The combined drag coefficient for the array decreases with increasing flow shallowness, with the decay being stronger for relatively large values of aD.

The impact of performance degree on players: Exploring player enjoyment and engagement in the dynamic of game process

This study explores the intricate dynamics between player performance, reward frequency, and unpredictability in gaming experiences within the context of game refinement theory. It introduces three key concepts: m (inherent game risk), k (player skill level), and N (reward frequency concerning reinforcement learning), and investigates how their interplay influences player engagement and enjoyment. The research aims to contribute theoretical advancements in game design, user experience, and behavioral psychology by employing the motion-in-mind model. The findings reveal that highly skilled players (lower k) derive greater enjoyment due to their ability to navigate uncertainties efficiently, reaching an equilibrium where the measure of game refinement (GR) equals the measure of unpredictability (AD). The study examines how players transition from k=3 (average skill) to k=2 (high skill), leading to a heightened gaming perception akin to perfect players. The research uncovers relationships between player skill (k), game risk (m), and reward frequency (N). Furthermore, we extend previous research by observing the ratio of GR and AD values (denoted as ϕ) to explore the balance between entertainment and surprise in different game types, providing valuable perspectives for practitioners and academicians.

Thermally-Induced Supersaturation Approach for Optimizing Drug Loading and Biopharmaceutical Properties of Supersaturated Lipid-Based Formulations: Case Studies with Ibrutinib and Enzalutamide.

Lipid-based formulations (LbFs) have demonstrated success in pharmaceutical applications; however, challenges persist in dissolving entire doses of the drug into defined liquid volumes. In this study, the temperature-induced supersaturation method was employed in LbF to address drug loading and pill burden issues. Supersaturated LbFs (super-LbF) were prepared using the temperature-induced supersaturation method, where the drug load is above its equilibrium solubility. Further, the influence of the drug's physicochemical and thermal characteristics on drug loading and their relevance with an apparent degree of supersaturation (aDS) was studied using two model drugs, ibrutinib and enzalutamide. All the prepared LbFs were evaluated in terms of physical stability, dispersion, and solubilization capacity, as well as pharmacokinetic assessments. Drug re-crystallization was observed in the lipid solution on long-term storage at higher aDS values of 2-2.5. Furthermore, high-throughput lipolysis studies demonstrated a significant decrease in drug concentration across all LbFs (regardless of drug loading) due to a decline in the formulation solvation capacity and subsequent generation of in-situ supersaturation. Further, the in vivo results demonstrated comparable pharmacokinetic parameters between conventional LbF and super-LbF. The short duration of the thermodynamic metastable state limits the potential absorption benefits. However, super-LbFs of Ibr and Enz showed superior profiles, with 1.7-fold and 5.2-fold increased drug exposure compared to their respective crystalline suspensions. In summary, this study emphasizes the potential of temperature-induced supersaturation in LbF for enhancing drug loading and highlights the intricate interplay between drug properties, formulation characteristics, and in vivo performance.

Simultaneously performing Taylor dispersion analysis with fluorimetry, photometry, and contactless conductometry at the same detection window

Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) is a rapid and precise method for determining the hydrodynamic radius (RH) of various substances. We present a versatile TDA system with a flow-through sample injection device, two compact 3-in-1 detectors, and a high-voltage power supply. The 3D-printed detectors combine fluorimetry (FD), photometry (AD@255 nm), and contactless conductometry (C4D) in a single head, enabling simultaneous detection at one capillary window. Using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model analyte, we compare TDA with different detection methods. BSA labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is analyzed in both pulse mode and capillary electrophoresis (CE) TDA. FD and AD detection yield similar RH values, except when FITC binds with small ions in the buffer. In phosphate buffer, C4D underestimates RH values by approximately 18 % due to BSA self-association. In Tris-based buffers, C4D values are 87%–96 % of AD values in pulse mode. With CE-TDA using Tris-CHES buffer, no statistical difference is found across all detections. The system is also applied to CE-TDA of various compounds, particularly charged saccharides. CE-TDA improves the accuracy of TDA results from C4D. We demonstrate the resolution of mixed C4D-TDA signals with assistance from FD and AD signals, successfully resolving gluconate peaks fully covered by another compound. The versatile system with 3-in-1 detection offers a powerful tool for TDA of mixtures and enhances sample throughput.

Evolution of macromolecular structure during coal oxidation via FTIR, XRD and Raman

The analysis of the macromolecular structure and morphology in coal during oxidation is the basis to explore the mechanism of spontaneous combustion. To explore the evolutionary rules of coal macromolecular structure during oxidation, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Raman Spectroscopy (Raman) were employed to analyze the coal samples with different oxidation degrees. The results revealed that the oxidation action led to the decrease of the aliphatic structures and aromatic hydroxyl groups in coal, while promoting the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups and aromatic structures. It also led to a relative increase of free hydroxyl groups linked to hydrogen bonds. The aromatic layer spacing (d002) decreased with increasing oxidation degree, while the microcrystal stacking height (Lc), the aromatic layer diameter (La), the average number of crystal stacking layers (n) generally increased. It indicated that small aromatic ring molecules in coal could undergo continuous polymerization during oxidation to form a single aromatic layer structure. The variation of Raman spectrum parameters exhibited a consistent decreasing trend in WD/WG, ID/IG, AD/AG, and A(GR+SL)/AG value, indicating an increase in the vibration of sp2 hybridization carbon atoms within the lattice structure of coal. Conversely, PG-D, AS/AD and A(GR+VL+VR)/AD value increased overall, suggesting that small aromatic rings decreased in content during oxidation while polymerizing into larger aromatic rings. The coal structure underwent a brief stage of disordered evolution during oxidation, followed by removal of impurity structures and condensation of aromatic structures due to increasing oxidation temperatures, ultimately leading to a highly ordered crystalline state. The oxidation process significantly influenced the development of coal's aromatic structure, particularly in less metamorphic coal. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the underlying mechanism behind spontaneous combustion induced by coal oxidation.

Theoretical predictions of properties and adsorption behaviour of a superheavy element Ts and its lighter homolog At, and of their various gas-phase compounds, on hydroxylated quartz surfaces from periodic DFT calculations

Adsorption energies, E ads, of a superheavy element Ts and its lighter homolog At, as well as of their various oxides, hydrides, and (oxy)hydroxides on hydroxylated quartz surfaces are calculated using a periodic density functional theory implemented in the AMS BAND software. It was shown that elemental At and Ts should be the most volatile over the quartz surfaces out of all the considered species, with E ads of the order of van der Waals bond energies, ∼25 kJ/mol. Hydride and hydroxide of At and Ts should be slightly less volatile than the elements with ∼20 kJ/mol larger E ads values. Oxides and oxyhydroxides of these elements should be the least volatile. All the compounds of Ts should be less volatile than the respective At ones. The differences in the E ads values between the Ts species should also be larger than those between the related At compounds, so that one should be able to differentiate between them more easily.

Local-search based heuristics for advertisement scheduling

In the MAXSPACE problem, given a set of ads A, one wants to place a subset A' of A into K slots B_1, ..., B_K of size L. Each ad A_i in A has size s_i and frequency w_i. A schedule is feasible if the total size of ads in any slot is at most L, and each ad A_i in A' appears in exactly w_i slots. The goal is to find a feasible schedule that maximizes the space occupied in all slots. We introduce MAXSPACE-RDWV, a MAXSPACE generalization with release dates, deadlines, variable frequency, and generalized profit. In MAXSPACE-RDWV each ad A_i has a release date r_i &gt;= 1, a deadline d_i &gt;= r_i, a profit v_i that may not be related with s_i and lower and upper bounds w^min_i and w^max_i for frequency. In this problem, an ad may only appear in a slot B_j with r_i &lt;= j &lt;= d_i, and the goal is to find a feasible schedule that maximizes the sum of values of scheduled ads. This paper presents some algorithms based on meta-heuristics GRASP, VNS, and Tabu Search for MAX\-SPACE and MAXSPACE-RDWV. We compare our proposed algorithms with Hybrid-GA proposed by Kumar et al (2006). We also create a version of Hybrid-GA for MAXSPACE-RDWV and compare it with our meta-heuristics. Some meta-heuristics like VNS and GRASP+VNS have better results than Hybrid-GA for both problems. In our heuristics, we apply a technique that alternates between maximizing and minimizing the fullness of slots to obtain better solutions. We also applied a data structure called BIT to the neighborhood computation in MAXSPACE-RDWV and showed that this enabled our algorithms to run more iterations.

Within-tree variation regarding ultrasonic velocity, wood density and compressive strength of the eucalypt hybrid (Eucalyptus urophylla × E. pellita)

ABSTRACT A variation study of the ultrasonic velocity (Vu ), wood density (AD), and compressive strength (CS) within trees (longitudinal and radial) of the eucalypt hybrid uropellita (Eucalyptus urophylla × E. pellita) was carried out for the first time. Vu was measured in pith-to-bark strips collected from six stem height levels (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 m above the ground) in the longitudinal axis using air-coupled ultrasonic techniques, and AD and CS were measured for small clear specimens obtained from these strips. In general, Vu increased outwards from the pith with increasing stem height. The overall mean values of Vu , AD, and CS were 2872 m/s, 0.50 g/cm3, and 41.40 MPa, respectively. Within the stem, the radial position was highly significant (P < 0.001) for all traits, whereas the longitudinal variation was significant only for Vu but its contribution was small (approximately 9% of the total variation). Vu and AD had significant (P < 0.05) positive linear correlations with CS in both the radial position and combined radial positions. The best prediction of CS was obtained when Vu and AD were used together by calculating the dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed ).

Alterations of the cerebral microstructure in patients with noise-induced hearing loss: A diffusion tensor imaging study.

To explore the changes in the cerebral microstructure of patients with noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Overall, 122 patients with NIHL (mild [MP, n=79], relatively severe patients [including moderate and severe; RSP, n=32], and undetermined [lost to follow-up, n=11]) and 84 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. All clinical data, including age, education level, hearing threshold, occupation type, noise exposure time, and some scale scores (including the Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE], tinnitus handicap inventory [THI], and Hamilton Anxiety Scale [HAMA]), were collected and analyzed. All participants underwent T1WI3DFSPGR and DTI, and tract-based spatial statistics and region of interest (ROI) analysis were used for assessment. The final sample included 71 MP, 28 RSP, and 75 HCs. The HAMA scores of the three groups were significantly different (p<.05). The noise exposure times, hearing thresholds, and HAMA scores of the MP and RSP were significantly different (p<.05). The noise exposure time was positively correlated with the hearing threshold and negatively correlated with the HAMA scores (p<.05), whereas the THI scores were positively correlated with the hearing threshold (p<.05). DTI analysis showed that all DTI parameters (fractional anisotropy [FA], axial diffusivity [AD], mean diffusivity [MD], and radial diffusivity [RD]) were significantly different in the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) for the three groups (p<.05). In addition, the FA values were significantly lower in the bilateral corticospinal tract (CST), right fronto-pontine tract (FPT), right forceps major, left superior longitudinal fasciculus (temporal part) (SLF), and left cingulum (hippocampus) (C-H) of the MP and RSP than in those of the HCs (p<.05); the AD values showed diverse changes in the bilateral CST, left IFOF, right anterior thalamic radiation, right external capsule (EC), right SLF, and right superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) of the MP and RSP relative to those of the HC (p<.05). However, there were no significant differences among the bilateral auditory cortex ROIs of the three groups (p>.05). There was a significant negative correlation between the FA and HAMA scores for the left IFOF/ILF, right FPT, left SLF, and left C-H for the three groups (p<.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the AD and HAMA scores for the left IFOF/ILF and right EC of the three groups (p<.05). There were significantly positive correlations between the RD/MD and HAMA scores in the left IFOF/ILF of the three groups (p<.05). There was a significant negative correlation between the AD in the right SCP and noise exposure time of the MP and RSP groups (p<.05). The AD, MD, and RD in the left ROI were significantly positively correlated with hearing threshold in the MP and RSP groups (p<.05), whereas FA in the right ROI was significantly positively correlated with the HAMA scores for the three groups (p<.05). The changes in the white matter (WM) microstructure may be related to hearing loss caused by noise exposure, and the WM structural abnormalities in patients with NIHL were mainly located in the syndesmotic fibers of the temporooccipital region, which affected the auditory and language pathways. This confirmed that the auditory pathways have abnormal structural connectivity in patients with NIHL.

Inhibiting general and pitting corrosion of Ni in dilute sulfuric acid solutions with some tetrazole derivatives

5-(Benzylthio)− 1H-tetrazole (BST), ethyl-1H-tetrazole-5-acetate (ETA), and 5-(ethylthio)− 1H-tetrazole (EST) were utilized to inhibit the pitting and general corrosion of nickel in dilute sulfuric acid solutions. The galvanostatic anodic polarization under a constant current and mass loss measurement complemented by a scanning electron microscope is utilized. The tetrazole inhibitors retard the pitting corrosion by shifting the pitting potential, Ep into the more noble direction while lowering the amount of electricity, Qinh, needed to attain Ep. The protection efficiency, η, increased with increasing the amount of tetrazole in the solution to follow the order EST < ETA < BST. The protection influence of such inhibitors is accompanied by the blocking of the investigated metal surface by their molecules through an adsorption process that follows Langmuir's model. The computed -∆G⸰ads values are 37.17, 36.82, and 36.57 kJ/mol for BST, ETA, and ETA, successively, at 298 K. Such values are harmonious with a mixed chemo-, physisorption mechanism. A coordinate link is supposed to originate between the tetrazole compound and the investigated nickel surface.

Corrosion inhibition performance of benzimidazole derivatives for protection of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solution.

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the corrosion inhibition properties of new organic compounds, (1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methanethiol (LF1) and 1-dodecyl-2-((dodecylthio)methyl)-1H-benzimidazole (LF2), have been examined for inhibiting of Carbon-Steel (C.S) in 1.0 M HCl. Numerous methods, such as potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle measurements, UV-visible spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations, were used to evaluate the effectiveness in preventing corrosion. The two benzimidazoles (LF1 and LF2)' inhibitory efficacy rose as their concentration increased, peaking at 88.2% and 95.4% respectively. The polarization graphs show a mixed behavior, with anodic predominance for LF1 and cathodic predominance for LF2. Thermodynamic investigations showed that the values of ΔG ads were -40.0 kJ mol-1 for LF1 and -43.1 kJ mol-1 for LF2, highlighting their strong adsorption onto the metal surface. Their adsorption process was in line with the Langmuir isotherm. Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) modeling have been utilized to examine and clarify the relationship between the inhibitor and carbon steel (C.S).

White matter abnormalities in aneurysmal and angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage: A diffusion kurtosis imaging study

ObjectiveAneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage (anSAH) cause an abrupt rise in intracranial pressure, resulting in shearing forces, causing damage to the white matter tracts. This study aims to investigate whole-brain white matter abnormalities with diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) after both aSAH and anSAH and explores whether these abnormalities are associated with impaired cognitive functioning. MethodsFive months post-ictus, 34 patients with aSAH, 24 patients with anSAH and 17 healthy controls (HC) underwent DKI MRI scanning and neuropsychological assessment (measuring verbal memory, psychomotor speed, executive control, and social cognition). Differences in DKI measures (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity [AD], radial diffusivity, and mean kurtosis) were examined using tract-based spatial statistics. Significant voxel masks were then correlated with neuropsychological scores. ResultsAll DKI measures differed significantly between patients with aSAH and HC, but no significant differences were found between patients with anSAH and HC. Although the two SAH groups did not differ significantly on all DKI parameters, effect sizes indicated that the anSAH group might be more similar to HC. Cognitive impairments were found for both SAH groups relative to HC. No significant associations were found between these impairments and white matter abnormalities in the aSAH group, but lower psychomotor speed scores were associated with higher AD values (r = -0.41, p = 0.04) in patients with anSAH. ConclusionsPatients with aSAH showed significant white matter diffusion abnormalities, while the anSAH group, despite cognitive deficits, did not. However, there were no significant differences between the SAH groups, and no correlations between DKI metrics and cognitive measures, except for one test on psychomotor speed in the anSAH group. Overall, this study suggests that while anSAH may not be as severe as aSAH, it is still not a benign condition. Further research with larger anSAH cohorts is necessary to gain a more precise understanding of white matter injuries, particularly regarding their prevalence.

Optic sheath diameter and microstructural changes of the optic nerve in idiopathic intracranial hypertension Optic nerve DTI changes in IIH

Abstract Objective: We aim to investigate whether increased perioptic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure causes changes in the optic sheath diameter and microstructure of the optic nerve in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). We also aim to investigate the relationship between optic sheath diameter and the optic nerve microstructural changes. Methods: Our retrospective study is a neuroimaging study of CSF opening pressure-confirmed IIH cases and controls, including 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor brain imaging. Optic sheath diameters were measured from axial T2-weighted images. The optic nerve was evaluated by range of interest (ROI) with diffusion tensor imagine (DTI) and compared with the healthy control. DTI findings were correlated with optic sheath diameters. Results: The ADC and RD values obtained from the left optic nerve were significantly increased compared to the healthy group. The FA values obtained from the right and left optic nerves were decreased considerably compared to the healthy group. We found that perioptic CSF distance increased in cases with IIH and there was a negative correlation between CSF distance and both optic nerve AD values. Conclusion: Patients with IIH have significant DTI changes in the optic nerve microstructure, which is related to the optical sheath diameter. It may be possible to detect optic nerve damage early with microstructural changes before permanent vision loss develops and to monitor nerve damage with DTI parameters. Early recognition of optic nerve damage due to intracranial high pressure with DTI parameters is important in preventing permanent vision loss.

A Conditional Mediation Analysis of Ad Value Moderated by Time Spent on YouTube

Social media usage has increased significantly in the last few years due to its easy access and low cost. Besides other social media forums, YouTube usage worldwide has also increased profoundly. A recent decline in the number of advertisements on YouTube has led to YouTube skepticism about its full-fledged operations in Pakistan. Also, many firms in Pakistan have reduced their advertisement budgets on YouTube. Given its importance, the study has examined the factors affecting YouTube ad avoidance. The study also examined the mediating role of ad value and the moderating role of time spent on YouTube. In addition, the study has also examined the conditional indirect effect of time spent on YouTube. We collected data based on an e-questionnaire, in which 457 participants completed the questionnaires. Our study found that perceived ad irritation (PAIR) and perceived ad goal impediment (PAGI) positively affect perceived ad avoidance (PAAV). The study also documents that perceived ad information (PAIN) and perceived Ad entertainment (PAEN) insignificantly affect perceived ad avoidance (PAAV). The study proposed four mediating hypotheses, and we found support for only one hypothesis, stating that perceived ad avoidance (PAAV) mediates perceived ad goal impediment (PAGI) and perceived ad avoidance (PAAV). However, the study found time spent on YouTube (TSOY) moderates perceived ad value (PAVL) and perceived ad avoidance (PAAV). We also found that the time spent on YouTube’s conditional mediation Index (CoMe Index) is statistically significant.