Adrenalin Chloride Research Articles

Treatment of severe hemorrhage from a defunctionalized rectum with adrenaline chloride in ulcerative colitis

Three patients suffering from ulcerative colitis, who had previously undergone a colectomy and temporary Brooke ileostomy and who were under treatment with methylprednisolone and 5-aminosalicylic acid per the rectum, were readmitted to the hospital, presenting with profuse rectal hemorrhage with six to nine blood losses per day. An adrenaline chloride solution washout of the rectum was given in an attempt to avoid surgery. In the two to six hours after treatment, hemorrhage was considerably reduced, the hemoglobin levels were stationary, and no further transfusions were necessary.

Rhinoplasty and General Anesthesia: Halothane vs Enflurane as Agent of Choice

In 500 rhinoplasties, infiltration of 1% lidocaine (Xylocaine) hydrochloride with epinephrine chloride (Adrenalin) 1:100,000 was used in combination with inhalation of halothane (Fluothane) or enflurane (Ethrane). Three arrhythmias requiring treatment occurred when halothane was used. No arrhythmias occurred with the use of enflurane. No complications from anesthesia were observed. No patient had laryngospasm. Bleeding was comparable with that which occurs when infiltration anesthesia is used with intravenous sedation. Enflurane is therefore the inhalation agent of choice for use with 1% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 for rhinoplasty. Clinical methods and guidelines for safety are set forth with special consideration for the in-office surgical suite.

Intravenous Epinephrine Therapy in Anaphylaxis

To the Editor.— In a recent case report by Sullivan (1982;248:2161), he cautions practitioners against the use of intravenous epinephrine chloride in anaphylaxis. The patients who received epinephrine all had baseline systolic BPs of 128 and 100 mm Hg and then received full resuscitation doses of 0.5 mg. There was no mention of the BP after epinephrine administration and during the arrhythmias that ensued. In the studies cited, 1 two of the three patients who had severe cardiovascular collapse required repeated 0.5-mg boluses of epinephrine and volume expansion to restore BP to baseline values. Although arrhythmias may occur with anaphylaxis, it is not clear whether this is because of the coronary vasoconstrictor effects of mediators such as histamine or leukotrienes, hypotension, or epinephrine. 2,3 If epinephrine is administered to any patient, monitoring is essential irrespective of the condition. We routinely administer 1 to 2 μg/min of epinephrine to separate patients from

Effect of Epinephrine on Po2 in Anterior Chamber

A polarographic oxygen electrode was inserted through the cornea into the middle of the anterior chamber, and the aqueous humor PO2 was continuously monitored. Epinephrine hydrochloride applied topically to the cornea (1% Epifrin: 0.05 to 0.1 mL) or injected into the anterior chamber (Adrenalin Chloride: 1 mg/mL, 0.05 mL) caused a marked decrease in the anterior chamber PO2. This drop in anterior chamber PO2 was not simply due to mydriasis, since atropine sulfate administered in a similar fashion did not cause a notable drop in anterior chamber PO2, and epinephrine applied to eyes with the pupils previously dilated with atropine still caused the typical drop in anterior chamber PO2. The hypoxic effects of epinephrine were reversed by injection of an alpha-adrenergic blocker, phentolamine mesylate (5 mg/mL, 0.05 mL), into the anterior chamber.

Cardiac Disorders in Penicillin-Induced Anaphylaxis

This report describes cardiac dysfunction in two patients experiencing penicillin-induced anaphylaxis. Telemetric monitoring of the patients' ECGs initially disclosed sinus rhythm. Immediately after intravenous (IV) injections of epinephrine chloride, ventricular premature beats and apparent accelerated idioventricular rhythm occurred in one patient and possible ventricular tachycardia occurred in the other. These observations demonstrate the value of ECG monitoring of patients during anaphylaxis and emphasize the potential hazards of administering epinephrine by the IV route in this clinical setting.

Nonproprietary Name and Trademarks of Drug-Reply

Epinephrine hydrochloride—<i>Adrin, Glaucon, Adrenaline chloride, Epifrin, Mistura E</i>. <i>In Reply</i>.—Drance and Anderson raise important questions about the details of our epinephrine hydrochloride studies. They note that the 1966 series excluded patients with a family history of glaucoma and did not require high corticosteroid responsiveness. They failed to note, however, that the 1966 series did not require ocular hypertension but only borderline intraocular pressure (more than one third of the patients included were normotensive throughout the study). It must also be pointed out that the follow-up period was only four to five years in 1966 as compared with five to ten years in 1976. In addition, Drance and Anderson did not have available the epinephrine testing (24 hours or seven days) for the 1966 study. Instead, they used the reported mean intraocular pressure values during the entire six- to 60-month period of treatment. When the criteria of the 1976

The trypanosomes of Ranidae. II. The effects of excitation and adrenalin on the peripheral parasitaemia in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Shaw).

The extent of the peripheral parasitaemia of the Trypanosoma rotatorium complex in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) is subject to fluctuations depending on the metabolic state of the host. Electrical stimulation causes a significant increase in the peripheral haemoflagellate levels. Moreover, injections of adrenalin chloride solution result in a similar response, while injections of acetylcholine and hypertensin do not. Adrenalin may act directly on the trypanosomes or indirectly via the host through such phenomena as elevated glucose levels. Blood pressure does not appear to be a factor.

The effects of prenatal injections of adrenalin chloride and d- amphetamine sulfate on subsequent emotionality and ulcer-proneness of offspring

Twenty pregnant female rats were each given one injection of (1) 1.5cc/kg body weight of a 1:1000 solution of adrenalin chloride, (2) 3.0mg/kg body weight of a 0.9mg/l.0cc solution of d-amphetamine sulfate, or (3) 1.5cc/kg body weight of distilled water. Injections were administered intraperitoneally either between 6 and 9 days post-conception, during which time the fetal stomach and intestine are developing, or between 12 and 15 days post-conception. Following normal rearing, offspring were subjected to immobilization stress, with pre- and post-measures of emotionality, following which they were assayed for ulcers. The results indicate modified emotionality as a function of the prenatal treatments, and a significantly higher frequency of ulceration in those Ss whose mothers had been injected with adrenalin at the time of the fetal stomach development.

THERMAL STIMULATION OF EXPERIMENTALLY VASOCONSTRICTED HUMAN SKIN.

Measures of cutaneous thermal threshold were made at several adapting temperatures above and below normal surface temperature under control and conditions of superficial vasoconstriction by adrenaline chloride. Three practiced Ss reported thresholds which varied systematically from control thresholds although the resting temperature of the vasoconstricted area was maintained at the level of adjacent surface by artificial means. The thermal threshold varied with the degree of vasoconstriction and the adapting temperature. High negative correlations were found between the empirically determined warm thresholds in normal skin, and the degree of vasomobility was calculated from data which treated cutaneous microcirculation. The paucity of knowledge of histology of the innervation of the microcirculatory systems prevented a complete integration of data and theory.

Bioluminescence in the Gulf of Mexico Anacanthine Fish Steindachneria argentea

Both living and dead specimens of the Gulf of Mexico anacanthine fish Steindachneria argentea were injected with a 1:1,000 solution of adrenalin chloride. In some instances luminescence was induced. The skin of areas observed to luminesce has a distinctive, striated pattern of pigment distribution. Similar skin has been reported from the macrourid genus Hymenocephalus and 3 species of the family Trachichthyidae, of which one, Paratrachichthys prosthemius, is known to be luminescent. A luminous organ is present in the body wall where it forms a ring around the anus which is located anteriorly between the bases of the ventral fins. An elongate cavity filled with gelatinous tissue extends posteriorly from the anus to the origin of the anal fin. Gelatinous tissue is also found beneath virtually all striated skin. The ventral part of the hypaxial muscle mass is modified into a structure to reflect and diffuse light.

HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX BY T.T.C. REACTION

The changes of the adrenal cortex caused by corticosteroids and ACTH, were studied histochemically using T.T.C. (2-3-5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride), one of the tetrazolium compounds. T.T.C. is a water soluble and colorless crystalline substance, changes unsoluble in water, soluble in oil, and forms a pink colored precipitation (formazan) by a reducing process. Zweifach et al. (1951) incubated the adrenal slices of rats in T.T.C. solution to produce formazan in these slices, and then made frozen sections. From their results, they reported that the findings of the T.T.C. reaction clearly showed the adrenal function. In Japan, the T.T.C. reaction was studied by F. Akasu, H. Fukushima etc.. H. Fukushima reported that the T.T.C. reaction was a specific stain for corticoids after ascorbic acid, adrenalin, SS group and SH group were excluded.In our experiments, when an equal volume mixture of 2% T.T.C. and 1% sodium hydroxide was dropped into adrenalin chloride, ascorbic acid solution or hydrocortisone suspension, deep red sediment appeared immediately in these solutions. In the mixture of hydrocortisone acetate and the T.T.C. solution, the red color began to appear 5 minutes after the mixing, and the deep red sediment appeared in 20 minutes. No red sediment appeared in the mixture of dexamethasone phosphate and the T.T.C. alkaline solution, but the sediment appeared easily after heating the mixture. From these results, it was confirmed that T.T.C. reduced and changed red sediments with reducing substances in the alkaline range. It is suggested that in corticosteroids, an OH group attached to the 21-carbon atom has a reducing action (Tab. 1).Animal experiments. Male Wister rats of 100-200gr. in body weight, were used. After various dosages of corticosteroids were administrated, these rats were killed by cutting their heads. The autopsy was done immediately, and both adrenals were removed. After the adrenals were weighed, the adrenals were fixed in neutral formalin solution, then T.T.C. reaction was peformed. While T.T.C. reactions of the normal adrenal of rats were clearly observed in the zona glomerulosa as beautiful pink colored fine granules, the reactions were most conspicuously present in the outer layer of zona fasciculata. But the reactions decreased gradually in the inner layer of zona fasciculata, and some gross granules were present near the border between the adrenal cortex and the medulla (Fig. 1).In the adrenal cortex of rats given dexamethasone, the initial change was the flecked finding where the pink color was deep in a section and was light in other sections of the zona fasciculata. Then the reaction of the zona fasciculata decreased markedly, and finally became negative following the atrophy of the adrenal cortex. In the above adrenal cortex, the pink colored gross granules of the zona reticularis had a tendency to increase in size and in number to a certain extent. Also, the zona glomerulosa of the rats given a large dosage of dexamethasone for a long duration, frequently a had conspicuous and strange T.T.C. reaction while the atrophied zona fasciculata had a slight or negative T.T.C. reaction (Tab. 5, Fig. 2, 3). Both the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata of rats given cortisone, had a slight or negative reaction.The zona fasciculata of the rats given ACTH, initially showed a decrease of the T.T.C. reaction, but later had a tendency to decrease to a sertain extent. In the process, it was observed that some gross granules of the zona reticularis initially decrease the T.T.C. reaction, but later had a tendency to increase the reaction to a certain extent. In the process, it was observed that some gross granules of the zona reticularis initially decreased, and finally disappeared.From these results, it is considered that the T.T.C. reaction is a beneficial method to study the function and condition of the adrenal cortex.

Elevation of the thermal threshold by experimentally induced local vasoconstriction.

Abstract : The transport of epinephrine chloride into the human skin by electrical means (iontophoresis) was demonstrated to produce local changes of surface temperature which was related by the theoretically derived curves of Hertzman to a reduction in cutaneous circulation and thus to a reduction in vasomobility. A positive correlation was demonstrated between the calculated decrement in circulation and thermal threshold. These thresholds were statistically higher than those of a normal control area. Non-significant thermal threshold differences in control and experimental areas of the forehead were related to the inexperience of the psychophysical subject at this time in the experiment and to a reported lack of vasomotor innervation of this area. Vibratory thresholds were unaltered by the iontophoresis and supposed reduction in vasomotility. The results support an independent transducer mechanism for the thermal and tactile sense and emphasize the role of the cutaneous capillary system in the temperature detection process. These data and conclusions may be considered as a tentative test of Nafe's vascular theory of thermal reception.

Effects of adrenalin chloride on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins of cholesterol-fed cockerels

The effects of injected adrenalin chloride on the plasma cholesterol and α/β-lipoprotein ratio and on aortic and coronary atherosclerosis in cockerels fed plain mash or an atherogenic diet were examined and found to be negligible. Histological examination of the aorta and coronary vessels showed no vascular damage induced or enhanced by the dose of adrenalin chloride in cockerels on plain mash or on the atherogenic regimen. Les effets d'injections de chlorhydrate d'adrénaline sur le cholestérol plasmatique, le rapport α/β-lipoproteines et l'athérosclérose aortique et coronarienne des poulets nourris avec un régime athérogène ont été étudiés et trouvés négligeables. L'examen histologique de faorte et des vaisseaux coronaires ne montre pas chez ces animaux de lésions vasculaires imputables ou aggravées par le chlorhydrate d'adrénaline. Es wurden die Wirkungen von injiziertem Adrenalin-Chlorid auf das Cholesterin und den α/β-Lipoprotein-Quotienten and auf die Aorten- and Coronar-Atherosklerose bei Hähnchen untersucht, die mit einem einfachen Mischfutter oder mit einer atherogenen Diät gefüttert waren. Diese Wirkungen waren unbedeutend. Die histologische Untersuchung der Aortenund Coronargefässe ergab keine vasculäre Schädigung, die durch das AdrenalinChlorid hervorgerufen oder verstärkt wurde, weder unter Mischfutter noch unter atherogener Diät.

The combined effect of adrenaline and sodium chloride on blood pressure in normal rats.

The combined effect of adrenaline and sodium chloride on blood pressure in normal rats.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ELECTROLYTES OF ENDOLYMPH

As the first step to clarify the mechanism of secretion of the endolymph, changes of the potassium concentration of the endolymph of guinea pigs by giving atropine, pilocarpine, adrenaline and solution of sodium bicarbonate were observed examined by the microanalytic method developed the author.The results were as follows : 1) The potassium concentration in 15 samples of the endolymph obtained from one inner ear of untreated guinea pigs ranged from 128 to 166.7 mEq/1. 2) The potassium concentration in four samples obtained from guinea pigs previo- usly by an injection of 0.1 % solution of atropine sulphate ranged from 133.8 to 153.0 rnEq/1. 3) The potassium concentration in five samples obtained from guinea pigs previo- usly treated by an injection of 1% solution of pilocarpine hydrochloride ranged from 163.1 to 172.8 mEq/l. 4) The potassium concentration in ten samples obtained from guinea pigs previo- usly treated by an injection 0.1% solution of adrenaline chloride ranged from 126.5 to 166.5 mEq/1. 5) The potassium concentration in five samples obtained from guinea pigs previo- usly treated by an injection of 7 % solution of sodium bicarbonate ranged from 115.7 to 132.1 mEq/1. 6) Compared with the untreated group, no significant change in potassium concent- ration was observed in the groups treated with atropine and adrenaline. The group treated with pilocarpine showed high potassium concentration but the group treated with sodium bicarbonate showed low concentration.The difference in po- tassium concentration was significant at the 1 % level.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ELECTROLYTES OF ENDOLYMPH

As the first step to clarify the mechanism of secretion of the endolymph, changes of the potassium concentration of the endolymph of guinea pigs by giving atropine, pilocarpine, adrenaline and solution of sodium bicarbonate were observed examined by the microanalytic method developed the author.The results were as follows : 1) The potassium concentration in 15 samples of the endolymph obtained from one inner ear of untreated guinea pigs ranged from 128 to 166.7 mEq/1. 2) The potassium concentration in four samples obtained from guinea pigs previo- usly by an injection of 0.1 % solution of atropine sulphate ranged from 133.8 to 153.0 rnEq/1. 3) The potassium concentration in five samples obtained from guinea pigs previo- usly treated by an injection of 1% solution of pilocarpine hydrochloride ranged from 163.1 to 172.8 mEq/l. 4) The potassium concentration in ten samples obtained from guinea pigs previo- usly treated by an injection 0.1% solution of adrenaline chloride ranged from 126.5 to 166.5 mEq/1. 5) The potassium concentration in five samples obtained from guinea pigs previo- usly treated by an injection of 7 % solution of sodium bicarbonate ranged from 115.7 to 132.1 mEq/1. 6) Compared with the untreated group, no significant change in potassium concent- ration was observed in the groups treated with atropine and adrenaline. The group treated with pilocarpine showed high potassium concentration but the group treated with sodium bicarbonate showed low concentration.The difference in po- tassium concentration was significant at the 1 % level.

Some differences in the effects of different sympathomimetic amines on the isolated innervated rat diaphragm preparation.

WHEN the electrically stimulated contractions of the isolated innervated rat diaphragm preparation are depressed by extra potassium chloride in Krebs solution, addition of adrenaline produces recovery1,2. Further, when mixtures of adrenaline and potassium chloride are added to preparations already depressed by extra potassium, 0.2 µgm. adrenaline antagonizes as much as 5 mgm. of the chloride2. The approximate amounts of twelve different sympathomimetic amines needed to antagonize in this way 5 mgm. potassium chloride have now been found ; they are shown, relative to adrenaline as unity, in Table 1, together with the formulae of the amines.

GONAD RESPONSE OF MALE RATS TO EXPERIMENTAL HYPERADRENALISM

ADRENALIN HAS BEEN SHOWN TO SUPPRESS the reproductive activity of the English sparrow (1), presumably by antagonizing the pituitary gonadotropins. Gonads, accessory structures and secondary sex characteristics appear to share in the regression produced. The seasonal reproductive activity in the sparrow has been correlated with the amount of circulating adrenalin. The purpose of this study was to determine if adrenalin would suppress the reproductive activity in animals which continually breed, and, if so, to find what part adrenalin normally plays in such animals. Robson (2) reported that adrenalin interfered with the estrous cycle of the mouse. The present work extends the study of the inhibition of the gonads by adrenalin to the white rat. Daily injections of 1 to 4 minims of adrenalin chloride (1:1.000)1 were given subcutaneously to 53 male rats from 15 different litters. Seventeen of these animals served as controls for the various litters.

ADRENALIN-INDUCED OPACITIES OF THE LENS IN THE RAT

ATTEMPTS that we have made to produce in the rat a temporary loss of trans- parency of the lens by a single injection of adrenalin, similar to that reported for the mouse (i), have failed because of a species difference in the reaction to this substance. Opacification of the lens can be produced in the rat, however, when the adrenalin effect is superimposed upon a moderate degree of histamine shock. The study of the influence of adrenalin upon the lens has therefore been extended to rats with various degrees of corticcadrenal insufficiency. METHODS The effects of single toxic, intraperitoneal injections of adrenalin chloride alone, of histamine (ergamine acid phosphate), and of histamine followed by adrenalin in 10 to ao minutes, were observed in normal adult male and female rats raised on a diet of Purina Chow and greens.

Adrenaline and muscular exercise

The mobilization of liver glycogen under the influence of adrenaline has generally been regarded as a factor which may be of importance during muscular exercise, since it may facilitate the transference of glucose to the active muscles. It is, however, by no means clear whether or not this will result in an enhanced use of carbohydrate as a source of energy in the muscles. Dill, Edwards and de Meio (1935) found that a subcutaneous injection of 0·5-1·0 mg. adrenaline during muscular work increases the respiratory quotient and the concentration of glucose and lactic acid in the blood, and concluded that the rise of quotient is mainly due to an increase in the proportion of carbohydrate oxidized. We ourselves (Courtice, Douglas and Priestley 1939), after following in detail the behaviour of the respiratory quotient after the administration of adrenaline and insulin to the resting subject, felt doubtful whether this conclusion was justified, and we have now made a further series of observations on the influence of the subcutaneous injection of adrenaline during muscular exercise. We have followed the same general procedure as in our previous experi­ments, using the same methods for the determination of the respiratory exchange, the concentration of glucose and lactic acid in the blood, and the CO 2 combining power of the blood. The subject was always in the post-absorptive state. After making preliminary determinations of the respiratory exchange and taking blood samples whilst at complete rest reclining in a deck chair, continuous work was done at a steady rate on a Krogh electric brake bicycle ergometer for a period of 2½-3 hr., conditions being kept comfortable by the draught from an electric fan. We restricted our observations to either light or moderate work so that there should be no risk of the added complication of the accumulation of a material excess of lactic acid in the blood as a result of the mere muscular activity, as well as to avoid fatigue since neither of the two subjects, Courtice and Douglas, were in athletic training. We felt, too, that any change in the respiratory quotient caused by adrenaline might become relatively insignificant, and therefore more difficult to interpret, if the total respiratory exchange were greatly exaggerated. Light work was equivalent to 210 kg. m./min., involving an oxygen consumption during the first half hour of about 680 c. c./min. in Courtice and 750 c. c. in Douglas, or rather more than thrice the resting metabolism, and moderate work was equivalent to 700 kg. m./min., involving an oxygen consumption during the first half hour of about 1540 c. c./min. in Courtice, or seven times the resting metabolism. Adrenaline chloride (Parke, Davis and Co., 1 : 1000 solution) was injected subcutaneously into the upper arm after the work had been in progress for half an hour.