Adrenal Cortical Extract Research Articles

Adrenal Cortical Extract on the Oxygen Consumption of Normal Frogs

Previous article No AccessAdrenal Cortical Extract on the Oxygen Consumption of Normal FrogsThomas B. Calhoon and Clifford A. AngererThomas B. Calhoon Search for more articles by this author and Clifford A. Angerer Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 28, Number 4Oct., 1955 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.28.4.30152197 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 2Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Charles O. Watlington, Patrick K. Burke, Addison D. Campbell, Ernst G. Huf Systemic effects of epinephrine in the frog, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65, no.33 (Jun 1965): 337–353.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650307PENELOPE M. JENKIN METABOLIC HORMONES, (Jan 1962): 167–266.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-009584-4.50014-1

Effect of pituitary extracts upon the work performance of adrenalectomized-hypophysectomized rats: identification of vasopressin as a principle affecting work.

THE rat loses its capacity to work in response to faradic stimulation within a few hours following either adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy. Adrenalectomized rats will work normally when given continuous intravenous injections of adrenal cortical extract (ACE) whereas the performance of hypophysectomized and adrenalectomized-hypophysectomized rats is improved but not restored to normal by ACE. The performance of either hypophysectomized or adrenalectomized-hypophysectomized rats is restored to normal by the continuous intravenous injection of ACE plus certain preparations of corticotropin (Ingle, Nezamis and Morley, 1953; Ingle et al., 1953). The data of the present study show that various fractions of pituitary extracts contain this principle affecting work; that a fraction containing this principle is separable from corticotropin; this principle is not identical with any known anterior lobe hormone; and finally that minute amounts of vasopressin added to ACE will normalize the work of adrenalectomizedhypo...

THE EFFECTS OF ADRENAL CORTICAL EXTRACTS UPON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM WHEN MEDIUM COMPOSITION IS ALTERED

The effects of adrenal cortical extract upon glucose uptake and upon glycogen synthesis in the isolated rat diaphragm were studied in three different media. The maximum inhibition by the extract upon the measured effects was seen in a medium which contained both sodium and potassium ions. In media which contained either of these alone as the major cation, there was no significant inhibition.

Nitrogen-containing steroids in aqueous adrenal cortical extracts.

PREVIOUS investigations on the nature of aqueous adrenal cortical extracts led to the isolation of potent fractions as assessed in the golden hamster maintenance test. A preliminary analysis of the crude fractions suggested the presence of nitrogen1–3, and on further separation the potent mixtures yielded substances which according to our criteria possessed steroidal properties besides containing nitrogen. The course of the separation is outlined in Table 1.

Adrenal cortical extract on the oxygen consumption of propylthiouracil treated frogs.

STUDIES on the effect of adrenal cortical extract on the resting oxygen consumption of normal animals appear to be inconclusive, at least for homoiotherms. It has been reported that extracts of this gland cause a decrease (Marine and Bauman, 1922; Franke, 1932; Hill et al., 1950), increase (Koehlar and Hastings, 1929), and no change (Harrop et al., 1931; Webster et al., 1932; Hitchcock et al., 1938; Missiuro et al., 1938) in oxygen consumption. On the other hand, studies carried out on poikilotherms, specifically Carassius auratus and Rana pipiens (Calhoon and Angerer, 1950 a, b, 1954) appear to give consistent results, adrenal cortical extract producing ca. 25-35% depression of resting oxygen consumption. Because of the consistency of the effect of adrenal cortical extract on the resting oxygen consumption, it was assumed that this effect was due to a direct action on the tissues of the animal’s body generally (Calhoon and Angerer, 1954).

The Treatment of Demerol Addiction with Adrenal Cortical Extract and Glycyrrhiza (Licorice): Report of a Case

The Treatment of Demerol Addiction with Adrenal Cortical Extract and Glycyrrhiza (Licorice): Report of a Case

Endocrine factors in the response of the hypothyroid rat to cold.

FOLLOWING either thyroidectomy or adrenalectomy the rat fails to survive exposure to conditions of low environmental temperature that are tolerated indefinitely by the intact animal. Leblond and Gross (1943) noted that thyroidectomy reduced, but did not prevent, the increase in adrenal weight exhibited by normal rats exposed to cold. Ershoff (1948) described the failure of adrenal cortical extract to prolong the survival of thiouracil-treated rats in cold, in which experiments thyroxin, in microgram quantities, allowed 100% survival. These findings suggest that the decrease in adrenal cortical activity (Leblond and Hoff, 1944; Baumann and Marine, 1945; Freedman and Gordon, 1950) plays a secondary role to the thyroid in the response of the hypothyroid rat to cold. Zarrow and Money (1949) found a direct correlation between adrenal size and survival time in thiouracil-treated rats. Blockage of the formation of 11-oxycorticosteroids, either through a lack of ACTH or because of an inability of the adrenal cort...

THE EFFECTS OF ADRENAL CORTICAL EXTRACTS UPON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM WHEN MEDIUM COMPOSITION IS ALTERED

The effects of adrenal cortical extract upon glucose uptake and upon glycogen synthesis in the isolated rat diaphragm were studied in three different media. The maximum inhibition by the extract upon the measured effects was seen in a medium which contained both sodium and potassium ions. In media which contained either of these alone as the major cation, there was no significant inhibition.

Fasting ketosis in the adrenalectomized and cortisone-treated rat.

C concerning the role of the adrenal cortex in ketone metabolism have been colored by the universal finding that ketonuria during fasting or after phloridzin poisoning is essentially abolished by adrenalectomy. (Evans, 1936; MacKay and Barnes, 1937; MacKay and Wick, 1939; Samuels and Conant, 1944; Segaloff and Many, 1952). On the other hand when blood ketone levels have been measured in adrenalectomized animals values not grossly different from normal have been found frequently and it has become apparent that failure of renal excretion of ketone bodies is a large factor accounting for the absence of ketonuria after adrenalectomy (Mirsky, 1938; Shipley and Long, 1938; MacKay and Wick, 1939, MacKay et al, 1946; Banner 1953). Recently it has been reported from this laboratory (Scott and Engel, 1953) that both cortisone and hydrocortisone depress fasting and coldstress ketosis in the rat, a result consistent with the report of Kinsell et al. (1952) that ACTH and cortisone block fasting ketosis in man. This finding plus observations on the effect of changes in the circulation on fasting ketosis led us to reinvestigate the effect of adrenalectomy on fasting ketosis. It is well known that the circulation of the adrenalectomized rat not maintained with hormone is not up to par. In the normal rat depression of the circulation by a small hemorrhage inhibits fasting ketosis while frank hemorrhagic shock actually lowers blood ketone levels (Engel and Hewson, 1953). It seemed possible that enhanced ketonemia might be a feature of the state of adrenal insufficiency but is obscured by the ketone-lowering effect of the suboptimal circulation of this preparation. Careful search of the literature revealed one report (Thaddea and Kuhn, 1937) indicating that adrenal insufficiency in the cat may in fact be associated with elevated blood ketone levels during fasting and that these may be restored to normal by treatment with adrenal cortical extract.

Bioassay of mineralocorticoids: relationship of structure to physiological activity.

Adrenal cortical extracts and human urine contain a corticosteroid of great potency measured by its effect on sodium and potassium excretion and on the survival of adrenalectomized animals. Wintersteiner and Pfiffner (1936) found that very small doses of the “amorphous fractions” of adrenal cortical estract maintained life after adrenalectomy. Simpson and Tait (1953), Mattox, Mason, and Albert (1953), and Knauff, Nielson and Haines (1953) have prepared crystalline materials of very similar properties and of high activity on sodium and potassium excretion. The chemical structure of this mineralocorticoid has recently been described as the 11–18 hemiacetal of 18-aldehydo-corticosterone by Simpson, Tait, Wettstein, Neher, v. Euw, Schindler, and Reichstein (1954), who have suggested the definitive term, aldosterone. Grollman and Firor (1932) demonstrated that extracts of human urine prolonged the survival of adrenalectomized animals. The urine of edematous patients with lipemic nephrosis, heart failure, and h...

ASSAY OF ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES ON THE THYMUS OF THE WEANLING RAT

Involution of the thymus gland of intact weanling rats has been used as the criterion of the response to 11-oxycorticosteroids. Other substances known to cause thymus atrophy exhibited dosage–response relationships which differed significantly from those observed with 11-oxycorticosteroids. Thymus involution was produced at a faster rate and at smaller dose levels by adrenal corticoids than by any of the other steroid hormone preparations examined. The slope of the dosage–effect line obtained with an 11-oxycorticosteroid may be increased by using (a) adrenalectomized rats, (b) female rats, and (c) vegetable oil as the injection medium. The error term of the assay may be reduced by (a) using littermates in each treatment group, (b) maintaining the weight range within dosage groups as small as possible, and (c) equalizing the total weight of the rats in each dosage group at the start of the assay. The standard error of the potency ratio was usually less than ± 15% when 40 intact female rats of the Wistar strain, 21–23 days old, were employed in a two-dose assay design. This method provided estimates of potency of commercial adrenal cortical extracts which did not differ significantly from those obtained by a procedure using deposition of reducing substances in the liver of adrenalectomized male rats as the criterion of the response. The chief advantages of the thymus involution method are: (a) intact rats may be employed and (b) chemical analyses of tissues are not required.

INFLUENCE OF ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES UPON THE LEVEL OF PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN EVISCERATE RATS

INTRODUCTION After removal of the liver, ammo acids released from tissue proteins cannot be deaminated and therefore accumulate in the plasma. The rate of rise of the plasma amino acids may therefore be considered a rough indication of the net rate of protein breakdown. When adrenalectomized rats are eviscerated, the accumulation of plasma amino acids is depressed (Bondy, 1949; Ingle, Prestrud and Nezamis, 1948). In a previous communication it was claimed that the administration of large amounts of adrenal cortical extract to eviscerated rats with intact adrenals increased the rate of rise of plasma amino acids above control values within 4 hours (Bondy, 1949). Subsequent attempts to duplicate this experiment were unsuccessful. Further experiments were therefore carried out to determine whether adrenal cortical hormones can influence protein breakdown in the liverless animal, and to evaluate some of the factors concerned in the reaction. METHODS Two sets of experiments were carried out.

Crayfish-reddening effect of vertebrate adrenal cortical extract.

Crayfish-reddening effect of vertebrate adrenal cortical extract.

GLYCOGENOLYTIC EFFECTS OF EPINEPHRINE IN SKELETAL MUSCLES OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH GLYCOPEXIC HORMONES1

IN A previous study, it was shown that in normal female rats, cortisone acetate inhibited the glycogenolytic action of epinephrine in the rectus femoris and abdominal muscles but not in the diaphragm (Wortman and Leonard, 1953). On the other hand, adrenalectomy increased the glycogenolytic effect of epinephrine in rat skeletal muscle (Collip, Thomson and Toby, 1936) but this could be prevented by treatment with adrenal cortical extracts (Winternitz and Long, 1952). Epinephrine administered intravenously to fed normal and hypophysectomized rats reduced muscle glycogen equally in both instances, but if given subcutaneously, epinephrine was less effective in hypophysectomized rats (Russell and Cori, 1937). It appears that the antagonistic action between glycogenolytic and glycopexic hormones in different skeletal muscles requires further study, particularly since it is usually inferred that skeletal muscles react similarly. Since muscle glycogen of fasting hypophysectomized rats can be increased or maintaine...

The effect of hypothyroidism on the development of experimental uremia.

CHANGES in hormonal balance affect the survival of animals subjected to experimental uremia. In general, those hormones exerting an anabolic effect increase the survival time of nephrectomized animals, while those promoting catabolism are detrimental to the uremic organism. Bondy and Engel (1947) found that adrenalectomized-nephrectomized rats survived longer than the nephrectomized animal only when previously depleted of potassium. The terminal non-protein nitrogen was higher in the control than in the adrenalectomized group. It has also been found that the administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate prior to or after nephrectomy increased the survival time and decreased the rate of nonprotein nitrogen rise (Seyle, 1940a, Selye and Nielsen, 1941; Dosne, 1941, Nylen, 1946; Rodbard, 1945; Masson, Corcoran and Page, 1949). The administration of adrenal cortical extract had no beneficial effect (Winkler, Smith and HofT, 1942) or a definitely adverse one (Bondy and Engel, 1947) on survival following adrena...

Effect of the sodium-retaining factor of the adrenal cortex upon the serum electrolytes of adrenalectomized dogs.

AFTER removal of the known active crystalline compounds from adrenal cortical extracts, there still remains behind in the mother liquor a highly potent, life-maintaining residue known as the amorphous fraction (Wintersteiner et al., 1934; Kendal et al, 1937; Mason 1939; Wells and Kendall 1940; Ingle and Kendall 1940; Pfiffner 1942; Eversole et al, 1942; Kuizenga 1944; Ingle 1950; Thatcher and Hartman 1946). Until recently this material resisted all efforts to isolate the active ingredient in pure form, but following the introduction of a relatively simple method for accurately determining electrolyte excretion of rats (Tait et al, 1952 and Grundy et al., 1952), progress has been rapid and recently culminated in crystallization of the Na-retaining factor (Simpson et al., 1953 and Mattox et al., 1953), and preparation by others of highly purified but non-crystalline fractions (Knauff et al., 1953). The Na-retaining factor employed in this investigation was prepared from extract concentrates of beef and hog adrenals obtained by Dr. Kendall from Parke

The effects of cortisone acetate on intact and adrenalectomized rats during pregnancy.

LEWIS (1923), Ingle and Fisher (1938) stated that after adrenalectomy J in the rat gestation terminates in normal delivery. Other investigators found that removal of the adrenals resulted in abortion in some instances (Wyman, 1928; Dessau, 1937; Tobin, 1941). Britton and Kline (1936), McKeown and Spurrel (1940) reported that all adrenalectomized pregnant rats failed to go through the normal process of gestation. Attempts at replacement therapy by adrenal cortical extracts or hormones were mostly but not always successful (Britton and Kline, 1936; Dessau, 1937; Walaas and Walaas, 1944; Houssay, 1945). In view of these divergent results and the availability of crystalline cortisone, it became of interest to determine the effects of this hormone on intact and adrenalectomized pregnant rats. A total of 174 female rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain weighing between 210–250 gms. at the time of conception was used in the various experiments. The animals were kept in individual cages. They were fed

Bioassay of adrenal cortical steroids on the basis of electrolyte excretion by rats: effects of 11-desoxy and 11-oxy-steroids.

THERE has been a recent increase of interest in the measurement of electrolyte activity of the adrenal cortical steroids. Studies have been made not only on the role of the known steroids in fluid and electrolyte regulation, but also on the question of what electrolyte-active compounds are secreted by the adrenal cortex and appear in blood and in urine. Methods of bioassay, based on the effects of steroids on sodium and potassium excretion, have been used in the detection of a highly active corticoid in adrenal cortical extract and adrenal vein blood (Grundy, Simpson, Tait, and Woodford, 1952). A similar corticoid has been found to appear in unusual quantity in the urine of certain patients with edema (Luetscher and Johnson, 1953). The increased sodium-retaining activity of urine extracts from these edematous patients has been observed to decrease when diuresis was induced (Luetscher and Deming, 1950; Luetscher, Deming and Johnson, 1951).

Observations on the Use of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone and Adrenal Cortical Extract in Tuberculosis in the Pig: A Note on the Effects of These Preparations on the Tuberculin Skin Sensitivity

Observations on the Use of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone and Adrenal Cortical Extract in Tuberculosis in the Pig: A Note on the Effects of These Preparations on the Tuberculin Skin Sensitivity

Effect of adrenal cortical extract, cortisone and hydrocortisone upon the work of the adrenalectomized-eviscerate rat.

Consideration has been given to the hypothesis that cortisone must be chemically modified in the liver before it manifests hormonal activity (Ralli, 1952). The data of the present study show that adrenal cortical extract, cortisone and hydrocortisone are each capable of increasing the work output of the adrenalectomized-eviscerate rat. methods Male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain from the Upjohn breeding colony were maintained on a diet of Archer Dog Pellets. The technique of evisceration, which is done, in two stages, has been described (Ingle, 1949). When the animals reached 250 ± 2 gm. they were anesthetized (intraperitoneal injection of 18 mg. of cyclopal sodium) and were subjected to the second stage of the operation in which the adrenal glands were removed with the other intra-abdominal organs. The stimulation of muscle was started immediately following evisceration. The procedure was according to Ingle (1944) with the following modifications.