Adoption Of Management Strategies Research Articles

Adoção de estratégias para redução de riscos: identificação dos determinantes da diversificação produtiva no Polo Petrolina-Juazeiro

O presente estudo caracteriza os produtores agrícolas do Polo Petrolina-Juazeiro segundo a adoção de estratégias de diversificação produtiva para mitigar diversos tipos de riscos. Para tanto, foram coletadas 173 observações e um modelo econométrico de logit ordenado foi aplicado para identificar os fatores que influenciam a probabilidade de o produtor diversificar sua produção. A estimação do modelo econométrico sugere que os principais fatores de influência da diversificação produtiva no polo são: porte do produtor (colono), experiência, participação da receita advinda de contratos, participação da receita advinda de atravessadores, culturas específicas (banana, coco, goiaba, manga e uva), participação em associação, acesso à assistência técnica, certificação, adoção de procedimentos pós-colheita e acesso à internet. A investigação acerca de referidas relações torna-se relevante para a formulação de políticas de incentivo à adoção de estratégias gerenciais de redução de riscos na região, atualmente preocupada com questões associadas à especialização das atividades e à vulnerabilidade dos produtores frente a choques de demanda.

Avaliação do sistema integrado de controle parasitário em uma criação semi-intensiva de caprinos na região de Santa Catarina

O objetivo deste trabalho foi subsidiar um programa sustentável de controle parasitário em um rebanho caprino em São Francisco do Sul, SC, aplicando o Sistema Integrado de Controle Parasitário (SICOPA). Foram utilizados 63 caprinos, distribuídos em nove grupos para teste de eficácia de anti-helmínticos, exames de contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), coprocultura, grau Famacha, micro-hematócrito, escore corporal e contagem de larvas no pasto. A redução da OPG 15 dias pós-tratamento com closantel, albendazole, nitroxinil, levamisole, ivermectina+levamisole+albendazol, moxidectina, ivermectina, abamectina e sulfóxido de albendazol foi de 89, 83, 65, 63, 57, 37, 31, 0 e 0%, respectivamente. A média de graus Famacha 1 e 2 no estudo foi de 81%, e de graus 3, 4 e 5 foi de 19%, e não se observou correlação com os valores do micro-hematócrito em razão da prevalência de Trichostrongylus sp. (92%). A contagem de larvas infectantes (L3) na pastagem apresentou valores abaixo de 1000 L3/kg/MS, predominando Trichostrongylus sp. Nenhuma das drogas testadas foi considerada eficaz, evidenciando resistência parasitária múltipla. A aplicação de ferramentas do SICOPA e a adoção de estratégias de manejo e nutrição adequados são fundamentais para estabelecer um programa sanitário sustentável.

Effect of pre-incubation conditions on growth and survival of Staphylococcus aureus in sliced cooked chicken breast

In this work, the effect of pre-incubation conditions (temperature: 10, 15, 37°C; pH 5.5, 6.5 and water activity, aw: 0.997, 0.960) was evaluated on the subsequent growth, survival and enterotoxin production (SE) of Staphylococcus aureus in cooked chicken breast incubated at 10 and 20°C. Results showed the ability of S. aureus to survive at 10°C when pre-incubated at low aw (0.960) what could constitute a food risk if osmotic stressed cells of S. aureus which form biofilms survive on dried surfaces, and they are transferred to cooked meat products by cross-contamination. Regarding growth at 20°C, cells pre-incubated at pH 5.5 and aw 0.960 had a longer lag phase and a slower maximum growth rate. On the contrary, it was highlighted that pre-incubation at optimal conditions (37°C/pH 6.5/aw 0.997) produced a better adaptation and a faster growth in meat products what would lead to a higher SE production. These findings can support the adoption of management strategies and preventive measures in food industries leading to avoid growth and SE production in meat products.

Analysis of Productivity in Industrial Companies in the State São Paulo, Based on Strategies and Techniques of Manufacture Adoption: A Study About Paep <Br>Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.5585/Riae.V10i2.1699

This study examines the variation in productivity in the state of São Paulo industries and the adoption of management strategies, methods and techniques of production and quality. There are companies that showed productivity gains in the period embraced the strategy, methods and manufacturing techniques, allowing to comment on the causality between the adoption of strategies, methods and techniques and productivity gains. It was found that certain strategies, methods and techniques were used mostly by companies that had gains, while others have been adopted by companies that had losses of productivity in an analysis for the industry as a whole. Subsector, a few homogeneous behaviors were identified, indicating that there is variation from sector to sector. It´s possible identify which shares of companies in each sector were mostly aimed at diversification, reduction of growth or restructuring activities.

‘Being dyslexic doesn't make me less of a teacher’. School placement experiences of student teachers with dyslexia: strengths, challenges and a model for support

This research investigated the school practice placement experiences of six student teachers with dyslexia representing each year of a 3‐year initial teacher training course at a UK university. Placement performance and outcome has enormous implications for student teachers in demonstrating their professional competence and ability to meet the Training and Development Agency for Schools Professional Standards for Teachers and obtain qualified teacher status. The research focused thematically on student strengths, challenges and management strategies using a case research approach. Findings indicate student teachers with dyslexia bring unacknowledged strengths to placements but face a number of challenges despite proactive adoption of management strategies. A model of placement support to enhance student effectiveness has been developed. Conclusions indicate the importance of listening to the student's voice to understand individual placement requirements and co‐ordinate and implement specific reasonable adjustments as required by UK legislation1.

Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from flood-irrigated rice by no incorporation of winter crop residues into the soil

Winter cover crops are sources of C and N in flooded rice production systems, but very little is known about the effect of crop residue management and quality on soil methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. This study was conducted in pots in a greenhouse to evaluate the influence of crop residue management (incorporated into the soil or left on the soil surface) and the type of cover-crop residues (ryegrass and serradella) on CH4 and N2O emissions from a flooded Albaqualf soil cultivated with rice (Oryza sativa L.). The closed chamber technique was used for air sampling and the CH4 and N2O concentrations were analyzed by gas chromatography. Soil solution was sampled at two soil depths (2 and 20 cm), simultaneously to air sampling, and the contents of dissolved organic C (DOC), NO3-, NH4+, Mn2+, and Fe2+ were analyzed. Methane and N2O emissions from the soil where crop residues had been left on the surface were lower than from soil with incorporated residues. The type of crop residue had no effect on the CH4 emissions, while higher N2O emissions were observed from serradella (leguminous) than from ryegrass, but only when the residues were left on the soil surface. The more intense soil reduction verified in the deeper soil layer (20 cm), as evidenced by higher contents of reduced metal species (Mn2+ and Fe2+), and the close relationship between CH4 emission and the DOC contents in the deeper layer indicated that the sub-surface layer was the main CH4 source of the flooded soil with incorporated crop residues. The adoption of management strategies in which crop residues are left on the soil surface is crucial to minimize soil CH4 and N2O emissions from irrigated rice fields. In these production systems, CH4 accounts for more than 90 % of the partial global warming potential (CH4+N2O) and, thus, should be the main focus of research.

Management of necrotizing myositis in a field hospital: a case report

Necrotizing myositis is a rare and fatal disease of skeletal muscles caused by group A beta hemolytic streptococci (GABHS). Its early detection by advanced imaging forms the basis of current management strategy. Paucity of advanced imaging in field/rural hospitals necessitates adoption of management strategy excluding imaging as its basis. Such a protocol, based on our experience and literature, constitutes:i. Prompt recognition of the clinical triad: disproportionate pain; precipitous course; and early loss of power- in a swollen limb with/without preceding trauma.ii. Support of clinical suspicion by 2 ubiquitous laboratory tests: gram staining- of exudates from bullae/muscles to indicate GABHS infection; and CPK estimation- to indicate myonecrosis.iii. Replacement of empirical antibiotics with high intravenous doses of sodium penicillin and clindamyciniv. Exploratory fasciotomy: to confirm myonecrosis without suppuration- its hallmarkv. Emergent radical debridementvi. Primary closure with viable flaps – unconventional, if need be.

Financial risk relationships and adoption of management strategies in physician groups for self-administered injectable drugs.

To consider the extent, nature, and range of risk arrangements between physician groups and health maintenance organizations (HMOs) for self-administered injectable (SAI) drugs; to examine types and frequencies of SAI drug-use management strategies adopted by physician groups; and to explore the relationship between locus and level of financial risk for SAIs and physician group strategy adoption. We used a multiple case-study design to select physician groups and their health maintenance organization (HMO) contractual partners in 4 markets in the United States (Northwest, Northeast, Midwest, Southwest). Physician groups in these markets were chosen based on size (e50 physicians) and experience with drug risk (e1 year). Physician groups were asked to identify their 3 major HMO contractual partners in each market. Telephone interviews were conducted from January 2000 to June 2001, with the resulting purposive sample of 37 individuals representing 20 physician groups. We found that the level and locus of SAI financial risk were related to the adoption of management strategies. Physician groups with higher financial risk for SAIs adopted more strategies than lower-risk groups. Groups with SAI financial risk in the medical services capitation (MSC) adopted 9.2 strategies per group. In contrast, groups with SAI financial risk in the pharmacy-risk budget (PRB) averaged 1.5 strategies per group. Groups with SAI financial risk in both the MSC and PRB fell in-between, averaging 4.5 strategies per group. The most frequently adopted strategy was designing evidenced-based therapeutic guidelines, i.e., protocols based on evidence from the peer-reviewed literature used to guide physicians in the treatment of typically chronic conditions (9 groups, 45% of sample). The second most common strategy involved adapting the existing utilization management system to process SAIs (7 groups, 35%) and the establishment of office procedures for internal authorization (5 groups, 25%). The least frequently used strategies were determining amount paid to out-of-group physician providers (1 group, 5%) and hiring personnel (e.g., pharmacists) in claims or utilization management departments to implement and manage SAI programs (1 group, 5%). We also identified potential factors that increased the likelihood of strategy adoption and that could slow the rate of SAI cost increases. Our findings suggest that adoption of SAI drug-use management strategies may be more likely to occur when there is a minimum level of risk for SAI drug costs. Likewise, both the adoption of strategies and the opportunity to slow the rate of SAI cost increases may be more likely to occur when 3 additional factors are present: a contractual environment conducive to controlling SAI drug costs, the ability to implement SAI drug-use management strategies, and power in negotiations with drug manufacturers to reduce SAI prices. A sustainable and affordable SAI financial risk management program maximizing these factors while minimizing the financial burden for patients will require collaboration among all stakeholders, payers, providers, drug manufacturers, and patients.

Ação de herbicidas sobre mecanismos de defesa das plantas aos patógenos

As plantas necessitam defender-se continuamente do ataque de agentes biológicos e de estresses do ambiente. A imobilidade e a falta de sistema imunológico, como ocorre em animais, fizeram com que as plantas desenvolvessem mecanismos de defesa, em que cada célula possui tanto capacidade de defesa induzida quanto pré-formada. No entanto, esses mecanismos podem ser influenciados pelo uso de herbicidas. A presente revisão objetivou apresentar os efeitos de herbicidas em mecanismos de defesa das plantas contra patógenos, bem como analisar as possíveis conseqüências desse conhecimento no manejo de plantas daninhas e de culturas. Alguns herbicidas influenciam a severidade de doenças, induzindo ou inibindo a síntese de fitoalexinas. Herbicidas do grupo químico difeniléteres geram espécies reativas de oxigênio, as quais mediam a ativação de genes de defesa responsáveis pela síntese de fitoalexinas e também por reação de hipersensibilidade. O uso de subdoses de glyphosate ocasiona efeito contrário, diminuindo a produção de fitoalexinas e aumentando a severidade de doenças. A constatação desses efeitos requer a adoção de estratégias de manejo que minimizem seus impactos negativos ou que se beneficiem desses efeitos, como pode ocorrer quando do uso de bioherbicidas.

Faculty and Administrative Support for Institutional Effectiveness Activities: A Bridge Across the Chasm?

Introduction In his recent book on in higher education, Robert Birnbaum (2000) traces the life-cycles of management strategies in colleges and universities over the past four decades, focusing on the reasons why they emerge and fail, as well as how they can be used productively. Two points Birnbaum emphasizes have particular relevance for students of the administration, governance, and stature of higher education in the United States: First, management strategies aimed at improving operations and performance are typically rooted in a broader context. The adoption of management strategies typically occurs because of external pressures on colleges and universities to improve their performance or accountability. Second, Birnbaum argues that one of the most significant reasons that managerial strategies fail is that they do not succeed in attracting the allegiance or support of large numbers of administrators or faculty. Management fads die fairly predictable deaths because they rarely become a shared platform for improving operations and performance. The predictable failures of management fads have not eradicated nor diminished pressures to use information for improvement and in higher education. Peter Ewell (1990; 1998) reports that a culture of accountability has enveloped American higher education. The higher education community has an increased interest in responding to rising demands for by generating information that can inform internal planning and improvement efforts, as well as inform external audiences. The persistence and power of the external pressures that Birnbaum and Ewell identify suggest a need to understand why managerial strategies tend to fail and how they can assist institutions in addressing the challenges of resource management and assurance. Despite the lack of viable alternatives to fads, higher education faces the task of responding to the internal and external social forces that engender pressure for change and accountability. This means in part that high er education must understand the impetus and the nature of support for strategies aimed at improvement and accountability. Pressure to respond to the external demands for improvement and generally falls on accrediting agencies, as well as individual colleges and universities. As a major conduit between institutions and the policy-making community in the United States, regional accrediting agencies helped institutionalize and operationalize the new accountability in higher education through accreditation criteria and review processes that require institutions to collect, format, report, and use information to improve and demonstrate the effectiveness of their programs and services. The term institutional effectiveness, promulgated by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, is interchangeable with a number of monikers for continuous improvement processes, such as quality assurance and quality enhancement. The specific initiatives included under these rubrics typically encompass activities such as student outcomes assessment, academic program review, strategic planning, performance scorecards, perfor mance benchmarking, and measurement, each of which has numerous manifestations in academia. Despite variations in terminology, colleges and universities accredited by any one of the six regional accrediting agencies must demonstrate that they have designed and implemented acceptable processes of effectiveness. (1) Evidence that effectiveness activities have actually improved institutions is sparse, but there is accumulating evidence of barriers to their successful implementation. Among the barriers are lack of sustained attention by leadership, limitations of assessment tools, poorly designed systems to use assessment results, and the lack of faculty commitment (Ewell, 1989; Palomba & Banta, 1999, pp. …

Genetic pollution of native eucalypt gene pools—identifying the risks

The contamination of native-eucalypt gene pools via exotic pollen is of concern as (i) pollen dispersal is believed to be much more widespread than seed dispersal, (ii) reproductive barriers are often weak between closely related species, (iii) European settlement has already had a major impact on Australia's eucalypt woodlands and mallee, (iv) there has been a rapid expansion of eucalypt plantations and restoration plantings in Australia and (v) Australia is the custodian of an internationally important genetic resource. Pollen flow between plantation and native eucalypt species has already been reported and implementation of strategies to minimise the risk and consequences of genetic pollution is important if Australian forestry is to be considered sustainable. The risks associated with the introduction of non-native species, provenances and hybrids include direct effects on the gene pool through genetic pollution as well as indirect effects on dependent biodiversity. In many cases, the risk of genetic pollution will be small due to strong barriers to hybridisation between distantly related species, differences in flowering time or poor fitness of hybrids. There is no risk of hybridisation between species from the different major eucalypt genera and/or subgenera (e.g. symphyomyrts, monocalypts, eudesmids, bloodwoods and angophora). The main plantation species are symphyomyrts and within this subgenus, the probability of successful hybridisation generally decreases with increasing taxonomic distance between species. The planting of non-local provenances or improved material within the range of native populations has the potential to have an impact on local gene pools to varying degrees, indicating the requirement for the adoption of management strategies to reduce this risk. Naturally small or remnant populations are at particular risk. A framework for assessment of the risk of genetic pollution is developed herein.

Corrigendum to: TURNER REVIEW No. 6 Genetic pollution of native eucalypt gene pools—identifying the risks

The contamination of native-eucalypt gene pools via exotic pollen is of concern as (i) pollen dispersal is believed to be much more widespread than seed dispersal, (ii) reproductive barriers are often weak between closely related species, (iii) European settlement has already had a major impact on Australia's eucalypt woodlands and mallee, (iv) there has been a rapid expansion of eucalypt plantations and restoration plantings in Australia and (v) Australia is the custodian of an internationally important genetic resource. Pollen flow between plantation and native eucalypt species has already been reported and implementation of strategies to minimise the risk and consequences of genetic pollution is important if Australian forestry is to be considered sustainable. The risks associated with the introduction of non-native species, provenances and hybrids include direct effects on the gene pool through genetic pollution as well as indirect effects on dependent biodiversity. In many cases, the risk of genetic pollution will be small due to strong barriers to hybridisation between distantly related species, differences in flowering time or poor fitness of hybrids. There is no risk of hybridisation between species from the different major eucalypt genera and/or subgenera (e.g. symphyomyrts, monocalypts, eudesmids, bloodwoods and angophora). The main plantation species are symphyomyrts and within this subgenus, the probability of successful hybridisation generally decreases with increasing taxonomic distance between species. The planting of non-local provenances or improved material within the range of native populations has the potential to have an impact on local gene pools to varying degrees, indicating the requirement for the adoption of management strategies to reduce this risk. Naturally small or remnant populations are at particular risk. A framework for assessment of the risk of genetic pollution is developed herein.

The School Nurse Development Program: An Experiment in Off-Site Delivery

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a teleconferenced program by comparing multiple program outcomes of learners enrolled at three off-campus sites to Chicago-based learners. An adaptation of the Stake (1967) countenance model guided the evaluation. The data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and content analyses of comments. The results indicated no statistical differences between groups in grade point average, satisfaction with the program generally or with the teleconferencing process, tenure in school nursing, job stability, adoption of management strategies, and school health programs directed to aggregates.