Adoption Of Legislation Research Articles

Measuring the impact of some economic variables on private investment (Iraq case study)

The topic of the study was chosen based on the importance of investment in general and private investment in particular, and the research started from the hypothesis that there are some macroeconomic variables that have a significant impact on private investment in Iraq, which caused a decrease in the role of the private sector in the economy, For the purpose of proving the hypothesis, the research was divided into two topics, as the first section dealt with the theoretical framework of private investment and its relationship to some economic variables such as inflation, unemployment and gross domestic product, while the second study dealt with the standard aspect to explain the effect of these variables on private investment, and the research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is the proof of the significance of the regression coefficient For the independent variables on private investment through (t) test, as (t) calculated is greater than the tabular for all variables, and the (F) test indicates the statistical significance in the model that the value of (F) calculated is greater than the tabular. As for the recommendations, the most important one is to give the private sector more support, attention and care by expediting the adoption and implementation of legislation and laws that increase the participation of this sector in the economy and make investments.

Progress in Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Control and Elimination in Europe and Central Asia Region (ECAR) in 2010–2020

Salt iodization in Europe and Central Asia Region (ECAR) c ountries has a long history. Universal salt iodization (USI) strategies were reintroduced in ECAR countries in the mid-1990s and gained strong momentum during the 2000–2009 decade: by the end of 2009, access to adequately iodized salt by the population in ECAR had risen to 55% — a quantum leap improvement compared to a previous decade but still short of the operational target of 90%. The objective of this review was to document the USI achievements and challenges in the 18 ECAR countries during the decade of 2010-2020 and developed recommendations for actions to maintain the USI. The review was conducted by analysis of information obtained from a variety of sources, including communication with UNICEF country offices, IGN National Coordinators as well as online resources and publications available publicly. Based on available information, countries of the ECAR fall into 3 groups. Group 1. USI at scale: 11 countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Georgia) successfully sustained the adequate iodine status achieved earlier. This group should focus on USI maintenance ensuring that the USI target of uninterrupted universal use of iodized salt in households and food/bakery industry is included into relevant national programs, along with the salt reduction targets. Group 2. USI at scale but risk of slippage: 3 countries (Albania, Moldova and Kyrgyzstan) sustained the adequate iodine status of population but their household use of adequately iodized salt remains low and the use of iodized salt in processed foods — patchy, with weak regulatory monitoring and enforcement systems in place putting sustainability at risk. Recommendations for these countries are to secure strong regulatory monitoring and enforcement of the national iodized salt standards to ensure consistent and high (>90%) use of iodized salt at household level as well as in production in key salt-containing industrially processed staple foods (especially, bread). Group 3. USI — more efforts needed: in 4 countries (Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan), the population and, specifically, most vulnerable groups continued to suffer from inadequate iodine status. This group of countries will need to enhance and expand their existing USI effort by better engaging with salt producers and private sector and identifying resources for improved regulatory monitoring. Adoption of USI legislation is paramount to reaching high iodized salt coverage and optimum iodine nutrition in Russia and Ukraine. The data and information in the present review confirm that USI strategy is successfully sustained in the majority of countries in the ECAR. The experiences in this region add to the growing evidence that USI is effective in alleviating iodine deficiency in the population and support the view that global success can be achieved by ensuring that food-grade salt iodization becomes the norm in the salt industry and society.

Правове виховання в управлінській діяльності

Розглянуто поняття, зміст, суб’єкти та об’єкт правового виховання. Охарактеризовано його мету та забезпечення правовиховного впливу в управлінській діяльності державних службовців. Визначено кризові умови, які безпосередньо впливають на процес правового виховання та розглянуто завдання і напрями оптимізації правового виховання в сучасних умовах.

Executive Pay Clawbacks and Their Taxation

Executive pay clawback provisions require executives to repay previously received compensation under certain circumstances, such as a downward adjustment to the financial results upon which their incentive pay was predicated. The use of these provisions is on the rise, and the SEC is expected to soon finalize rules implementing a mandatory, no-fault clawback requirement enacted as part of the Dodd-Frank legislation. The tax issue raised by clawbacks is this: should executives be allowed to recover taxes previously paid on compensation that is returned to the company as a result of a clawback provision? This Article argues that a full tax offset regime is most in keeping with the evolving rationales for clawbacks, with consistent treatment of executives subject to clawbacks, with encouraging even-handed implementation of clawbacks, and with minimizing clawback-induced distortions and other unintended consequences associated with a tax regime that would not provide full offsets. But the tax treatment of clawback payments has been uncertain, and the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act adds to that uncertainty. Meanwhile, adoption of legislation to ensure that executives are fully compensated for taxes previously paid on recouped compensation is probably a political non-starter. Given that, this Article argues that the IRS and courts should interpret the relevant tax laws liberally to maximize recovery of taxes paid on clawed back compensation.

SOME MODERN PROBLEMS OF COUNTERACTING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Counteracting domestic violence is today one of the most important areas of social development. It is seen not only as a social problem, but primarily as a problem of protecting human rights and, above all, the rights of women, requires the development of appropriate legal means of solving it. When violence is committed in the family, the rights and freedoms of a particular person are violated, and through the capabilities of the aggressor and the victim, the latter’s self-defense is complicated, which requires intervention from the state and society. According to the data provided by the World Health Organization, one in six women has experienced domestic violence. According to the same data, this problem is more acute for economically underdeveloped countries, while women in these countries are more likely to recognize such violence against themselves as justified. Thus, the percentage of women who reported that they had been subjected to violence by their family members at least once in their life varies from 15% in Japan to 71% in Ethiopia. According to other sources, the level of domestic violence against women is about 23% in Sweden, 4% in Japan and Serbia, 30–54% in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Peru and Tanzania. In the United States, a woman suffers from physical violence every 18 minutes. According to statistics, 62% of the murders of women were committed by their husbands. In Peru, 70% of all reported crimes are domestic violence. Sexual violence is widespread – in Canada, New Zealand, the United States and the United Kingdom, every sixth woman has been raped. The adoption of special legislation and its introduction into the practice of the activities of authorized state bodies makes it possible to gradually eradicate these negative social traditions. International information exchange between scientists, law enforcement officials, social workers contributes to the spread of international experience in the Ukrainian legal system. In addition, Ukraine, in the course of the formation of national legislation, studies and adapts the provisions of international human rights standards, including on combating domestic violence.

Legal status of cryptocurrency in CIS-countries

The article is devoted to the study of the current state and prospects of further legislative regulation of the legal status of cryptocurrency in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. According to the analysis of the current legal framework in these countries, the author notes that the regulation of legal status and cryptocurrency transactions in the CIS countries is heterogeneous - from the level of adjustment of existing codifications of civil law and the adoption of special legislation on legal regulation of innovative financial instruments to only by-laws or in the absence of special legislation at all, including a deliberate (but for various reasons) refusal to normalize this legal phenomenon. In the latter case, countries apply to cryptocurrency transactions the current tools of civil, tax, administrative and criminal law (depending on public policy in this area), which does not fully correspond to the novelty of this legal phenomenon, and thus leads to legal uncertainty and legal conflicts of private persons with the state. The author states that the countries of the union use different practices to regulate this legal phenomenon: from completely restrictive, to partially restrictive (with the possibility of mining and operations outside national jurisdic-tion) or completely liberal. There are no common approaches of the CIS countries to understanding the legal status of cryptocurrencies as an object of civil rights - depending on the country, they are classified as digital (virtual) assets, other property, property rights. The author emphasizes that almost all the states of the union deny the possi-bility of using cryptocurrencies as means of payment and units of account (except for the payment for the services of cryptocurrency exchanges in the countries where they exist). As a result, the author concludes that attempts to unify the legal regulation of the status and circulation of cryptocurrencies in the CIS countries are currently unsuccessful, which, according to the author, is explained by different levels of democratization of domestic political life and eco-nomic structure of CIS countries as well as by their acceptance of different legal traditions (Western and Chinese).

Asymmetric information and excess budget: the influence of performance-based budgeting on budgetary slack in US states

ABSTRACT This paper examines whether the legislative adoption of performance-based budgeting (PBB) limits budgetary slack. Based on the model of slack-maximizing bureaucracy, we predict that the enactment of PBB laws is likely to shore up the legislature’s ability to control budgetary slack. By providing more information about the production costs of public services to the legislature as budget sponsors, the legislative adoption of PBB can mitigate the information asymmetry between bureaucrats and the legislature, which leads to more effective control of budgetary slack by budget sponsors. In US states, we document that the budgetary slack is reduced after a state legislature legally mandates the use of performance information in the budgetary deliberation. This finding suggests that the legislative adoption of PBB facilitates the budget sponsors’ use of prior-period budgetary slack information to reduce current-period slack, consistent with the notion of PBB as analytic tools for budget sponsors.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ РОЗСЛІДУВАННЯ ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ЗЛОЧИНІВ

The normative legal acts of Ukraine and the member states of Europol and Eurojust are analyzed, which are part of joint investigation groups within the European Union in the organization of the investigation of military crimes. The authors have pointed out that the customary international law requires the states to exercise their jurisdiction and provides an opportunity to exercise the universal jurisdiction regarding the military crimes, which are not serious violations. The authors determine that the universal jurisdiction may be provided by the norm of international customary or treaty law. Universal jurisdiction can be exercised either by the adoption of internal legislative acts (legislative universal jurisdiction), or in the form of investigation of persons, who are suspected of committing offenses and their transfer to the court (lawful universal jurisdiction). The grounds for the exercise of universal jurisdiction regarding the military crimes are present in both international treaty and customary law. The authors suggest forming a single concept for the investigation of the military crimes that have been committed in the conditions of armed conflict and the criminal prosecution of perpetrators. Namely, this concept, according to the authors, is defined as one that has important scientific and practical significance, a comprehensive, interdisciplinary holistic theoretical system regarding the activity in special conditions, which in general brings together a set of theoretical provisions on specific patterns in the sphere of legal support, organization of investigation and collection of evidentiary information on military crimes, search, detention and transfer of officials, who are involved in committing military crimes, carrying out the international legal proceedings regarding the perpetrators. Such concept will allow uniting scientific provisions on the activities of criminal justice bodies in the condition of the armed conflict into a single system, which, in turn, contributes to the identification of unexplored issues and the systematic solution of relevant problems. It is important for investigative and judicial practice, because it equips the criminal justice authorities with scientifically sound recommendations regarding the organization of the investigation of military crimes, as well as the methods of their conduction.

КРИМІНАЛЬНЕ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВО УКРАЇНИ ЯК ВАЖЛИВИЙ РЕГУЛЯТИВНИЙ ФЕНОМЕН КРИМІНАЛЬНО-ПРАВОВОЇ ДІЙСНОСТІ

The current ideology of criminal law as an element of the system of criminal law reality has been analysed. The differentiation of terms «criminal law validity (reality)» and «criminal validity (reality)» has been conducted. It has been stated that appropriate level of scientific background ensuring the development, adoption and application of criminal legislation is the most important prerequisite for high quality and efficiency of criminal law regulation and protection. The systematic relationships between criminal legislation of Ukraine and other branches of legislaion that specify its provision have been analysed. It has been substantiated that systematic and harmonius improvement of the norms of criminal legislation and norms of related branches that «are accomponied with them» is necessary for the efficient functioning of criminal law reality. It has been stated that regulation of criminal law in its systematic sense should be of the highest quality. The criminal law mechanism for ensuring the quality of legal regulation in any sphere of social life is complex and multifacated. It covers, in particular, public and private institutes and organizations, legal framework of their activities and international cooperation. Each of these elements must be endowed with sufficient qualitative instrumental features. Additionally, it is important to ensure a harmonious systematic connection between them. With regard to criminal law, it can be argued about the quality of its form and content, bearing in mind the philosophical axiom that form is always essential, and the essence is always formed. It has been found that traditionally since the ancestor of the science of codification Jeremy Bentham, codes were considered the highest form of expression to improve the quality and content of legislation in the doctrine of law. They are precisely recognized as such in the continental legal system, as they most fully ensure, in particular, such qualities of the legislation as systematization, clarity, accessibility, the absence of gaps and contradictions. It has been investigated, that unfortunately, the Ukrainian legislative practice goes mainly through the creation of diverse, often contradictory and separate laws which make numerous changes to the current criminal law. Legal act is considered to be excellent when it does not require specification in by-laws, or if a need to specify the norms is minimal or enforced. The global law-marking practice has recognized that since ancient times such legal act is a code of laws, if it is developed and adopted on the scientific basis of codification techniques.

Чорнобильська аварія та йодна недостатність як фактори ризику тиреоїдної патології у населення постраждалих регіонів України

Наслідком аварії на Чорнобильській атомній електростанції була негативна дія опромінення на здоров’я населення значних територій України та прилеглих країн, наслідки цієї дії будуть виявлятися протягом багатьох років. Дослідження, проведені у 2011–2014 рр. у Київській, Житомирській і Чернігівській областях, показали, що йодний дефіцит у харчуванні населення на цих територіях зберігається та негативно діє на здоров’я мешканців, які зазнали впливу факторів Чорнобильської аварії. Розв'язання проблеми профілактики йододефіцитних захворювань лежить в аспекті прийняття законодавчих актів щодо масової і групової йодної профілактики.

Land Concentration and Land Grabbing Processes—Evidence from Slovakia

In Slovakia, the large-scale acquisition of agricultural land in combination with land concentration represents a legitimate threat that can lead to land grabbing. Based on the research, two interrelated areas of protection need to be effectively regulated to limit land grabbing: the protection of access to land and the protection of agricultural land. Due to the absence of relevant data analysis regarding this issue, the main aim of the study was to analyse the emergence of land concentration in Slovakia based on historical and cultural factors and to evaluate the current legislative and institutional framework of both aspects of land protection with a possible impact on the successively graduating threat of land grabbing. In particular, analytical methods were used, presenting the data from secondary literature sources, a questionnaire survey, and representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Slovakia. The research shows that although the state has adopted the necessary legal framework for the protection of property rights to agricultural land, it is not possible to enforce it, as the institutional framework for its implementation is absent. It is also the state’s malfunctioning land protection regulatory mechanism and the absence of indirect action instruments that may be key indicators leading to the processes of industrial agriculture. Therefore, the adoption of legislation limiting agricultural land acquisition is important, but the processes of land grabbing presume the state’s complex provision of a regulatory mechanism and adoption of strategic measures aimed at sustainable land quality and food security.

Economic and legal approaches to balancing the development of the transport and logistics system

The globalization of market relations has given impetus to the rapid development of the transport and logistics system, which has led to its imbalance. Therefore, there is a need to develop economic and legal approaches that will balance the development of this system. The purpose of the academic paper is as follows: to reveal the factors creating an imbalance in the development of the transport and logistics system and establish economic and legal aspects that balance the transport and logistics system. To achieve the goal outlined, the following methods have been used, namely: statistical analysis, element-theoretical, correlation, factor analysis, generalization and analogy. It has been established that the factors directly affecting the development of the transport and logistics system are the level of development of transport infrastructure and customs conditions. A causal relationship between investment in transport infrastructure and income from freight traffic by various types of transport in individual EU countries has been proven. It has been established that the creation of simplified conditions of customs clearance and its electronicization contributed to balancing the development of the transport and logistics system. The legal and economic approaches in balancing the transport and logistics system of individual EU countries have been highlighted, which consist in the development of general and special strategies and their financing. Along with this, they involve the adoption of legislation, providing for the development of infrastructure, the introduction of innovative technologies, and the improvement of the internal logistics network. Such network includes an information base on the cargo service provider, recipient, ease and accuracy of cargo tracking, a simplified customs clearance system, including through electronic filing of declarations, as well as attracting investments in the implementation of the legal regulations outlined.

The Use of Hierarchical Agglomeration Methods in Assessing the Polish Energy Market

Energy markets play an important role in achieving sustainable development goals. The sector of energy has a huge impact on the environment, hence changes in it are the highest priority in the European Union. The process of shaping and developing the internal energy market plays an important role in improving the security of supply of energy resources for the entire union. It requires a number of political negotiations, strategic decisions regarding energy liberalization, in particular, the electricity and gas sectors, as well as the adoption of sectoral legislation. The aim of the conducted research is to estimate the level of development of energy markets in the EU countries and to indicate the position of Poland in comparison to other countries. The research was performed in several stages. The first phase consisted of selecting appropriate diagnostic variables that comprehensively describe energy markets in countries belonging to the European Union. The next stage was collecting data, subjecting them to standardization, and then, based on the agglomeration algorithm, the process of dividing into groups of similar countries was carried out. The research results can be used as guidelines for legal regulations being prepared in the energy sectors of all member states, which can be used for selected clusters comprising similar countries in terms of the development of energy markets.

К ВОПРОСУ О СООТНОШЕНИИ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОГО СУДОПРОИЗВОДСТВА И АДМИНИСТРАТИВНЫХ ПРОЦЕДУР

The article contains an analysis of topical issues of administrative judicial procedure and administrative procedure. The author substantiates the conclusion about self-sufficiency of law of administrative judicial procedure and proposes directions for its further development. This development is associated with the adoption of legislation on the administrative procedure in Russia. This step can resolve a number of conceptual issues: 1) elimination of excessive preliminary judicial control over activities of the executive branch, the use of preliminary judicial control only where it is needed; 2) optimal regulation of pre-trial and judicial proof, as well as the procedure for reimbursement of legal costs; 3) forming of subject of administrative dispute prior to initiation of judicial procedure, which subsequently makes it possible to clearly delineate procedural rights and obligations of the court and the parties of administrative dispute. As a result, it is concluded that the optimal coordination of legal regulation of administrative procedure and legal regulation of administrative judicial procedure should provide the most effective protection of the rights of individuals and legal entities arising from public legal relations. The new legal regulation should not be aimed at restriction of procedural rights (for example, by introducing a mandatory pretrial procedure for resolving of all types of administrative disputes).

Economic and ecological rationalities: uses and abuses of the political exceptionality in the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction. This article discusses some anthropological and sociological slight reflections about the uses and the abuses of the political exceptionality in the Covid-19 pandemic. The relevance is connected with questions about the "New Norm", permeated with the daily destructiveness of antisocial metabolic practices of an even more predatory capitalism, whose social control cannot regulate violent neoliberal extraction in a mode of accumulation.
 Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to study the gradual resumption of interrupted social activities as a policy measure to combat the New Coronavirus Pandemic is placed from the perspective of its economic and ecologic rationalities as well as from the perspective of the new moral, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral demands directed to the common social actor and agent of big and small cities.
 Results. The article substantiates the context of the so-called "new norm", permeated by the daily destructiveness of antisocial metabolic practices of even more predatory capitalism in a violent neoliberal form. Therefore, due to this discrepancy between legality and legitimacy, the level of authoritarianism and further growth of inequality and indifference among people increases. In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, there is a mismatch between legality and legitimacy, as well as the legitimization of the interests of individual actors in the market as opposed to the adoption of legislation and for pro-capital interests. The principles of legitimacy were limited by bureaucratic rationality and the genocidal legalism of neoliberal politics.
 Conclusions. The pandemic has disrupted economies, has mainly punished the poorest and most underserved and has destabilized governments of various ideological nuances. Participants at all levels of the economy will suffer the most severe and immediate consequences of all losses. This is the controversial logic of capital and one of its main contradictions is revealed.

Overview of doctrinal and legislative sources on the interpretation of the concept of “bullying”

The relevance of the study is stipulated by the necessity of scientific knowledge at the level of general and theoretical legal science of bullying to increase the effectiveness of counteraction to this negative phenomenon, the separation from other forms of violent behavior. There are two groups of sources covering the understanding of bullying: 1) research in the field of sociology, pedagogy and psychology (is a larger group) 2) research in the field of law (related to the adoption of legislation providing for liability for bullying and based on its legislative definition analysis, which determines the coverage primarily of the administrative and legal aspect of these studies). The first group of sources, based on the peculiarities of understanding bullying, is divided into three subgroups: papers in which bullying is understood as an external social influence, a phenomenon having negative consequences and existing within a particular social group; papers in which bullying is perceived mainly through the emphasis on aggressive behavior, interpreting it as mockery, harassment, violence; papers in which bullying is understood as the interaction of social actors, which has a conflicting nature due to the lack of communication skills. The second group of sources is divided into two subgroups: scientific publications, analyzing the features of bullying, the national courts’ practice concerning interpretation of bullying through the application of Art. 173-4 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses; papers in which the correlation of bullying with other forms of violent behavior is the subject of knowledge, and its features are determined. It is summarized that there is no single approach to understanding bullying in the domestic scientific literature. Analysis of sources, the subject of knowledge of which is bullying, allows us to distinguish its broad and narrow understanding. The latter is reduced to a legislative definition and is inherent mainly in research within legal science. A broad interpretation of bullying, including not only the features defined in the law, but also others, in particular, the negative nature of the consequences, disruption of group communication,interpersonal conflict, which is characterized mainly by psychological, pedagogical and social research of bullying.

Understanding the dynamics of fish politics: The role of diverse actor interactions in transformations towards co-management

Co-management is often put forward as a way to foster sustainability and improve the adaptive capacity of small-scale fisheries. Transformations towards co-management are enabled by processes that support social change, such as nurturing leadership, collective action and learning, as well as political processes that change legislative frameworks from centralized to decentralized decision-making. However, major policy changes can be difficult and change-actors often fail to overcome barriers created by institutional friction, dominant policy discourses or powerful interests supporting the status quo. In the literature, special attention has been paid to social processes that foster cooperation, the role of bridging-actors on the path towards co-management, or conditions that influence its effective implementation. In this paper we shift the attention to political decision-making and changes in policy discourse as an integral part of fisheries’ transformations. We use the well-studied cases of co-management transformations in small-scale fisheries to identify how interactions among political actors and stakeholders, as well as social-ecological interactions, shaped the policy discourse and influenced policy change during the transformation process. By comparing how policy change emerged across four fishery transformation cases, we illustrate the importance of (cross-scale and cross-type) coordination and collaboration among diverse political actors in creating conditions for adoption of legislation, as well as its timing during the policy process. The paper contributes to the literature on sustainability transformations by explaining how policy changes supporting such transformations may emerge, in addition to providing insight on political conditions and processes that could be fostered in order to support policy change towards decentralization in fisheries.

Multidimensional perspective for performance assessment on climate change actions of G20 countries

As a global problem, climate change requires a fast and decisive response from all nations. In order to confront the multi-faceted problem and curb its effects, each country must act boldly within its borders. In fact, addressing climate change requires a multidimensional approach that encompasses working together to mobilize climate finance, develop and implement policies, ensure the engagement of civil society in the climate policy-making process, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions at all scales. The aim of this study is to reflect the national situation of the efforts of the group of 20 largest economies, the G20 countries, using a multidimensional perspective. Country performances are investigated from the perspectives of finance, emissions, policy and legislative and non-governmental organizations, utilizing the balanced scorecard approach and the dataset collected to reflect these perspectives for the related countries since 1990. The findings show that climate related grant, funding and instruments provide the sustainability of climate actions on home ground, and the distribution of the emissions reduction is congruent with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change annex categories. The adoption of national climate policies and legislation to integrate sectoral strategic objectives and actions into a coherent framework is a relatively new and early implementation phase. The power of civil society in addressing the climate change is crucial, but their involvement on the policymaking process remains limited. Apart from this; scalable, reliable evaluation with a multidimensional perspective provides distinct results in comparison to a unidimensional perspective. The paper concludes that taking into account a multidimensional perspective on climate change makes a significant difference in the ranking.

FUNCTIONS OF LEGAL CULTURE IN THE MODERN INFORMATION SPACE

Purpose: to clarify the role of legal culture and highlight the functions of legal culture in the modern information space. Research methods: general methods of thinking, functional, systemic, structural and synergetic. Results: it is proved that legal culture, exerting an active influence on people’s consciousness, is an important ideological tool in the establishment of legal values in the modern information space, serves as a means of ensuring human rights, preventing their restriction and implementation. The functions of legal culture are distinguished: cognitive-legal-educational, value-normative, communicative, legal-socialization, preventive, ideological-educational, prognostic. Discussion: it is established that the main problems with ensuring human rights in the modern information space in a pandemic are imperfect information policy of the state, gaps in legislation, lack of involvement of civil society in communication; Restrictions on individual human rights for the protection of public health in a pandemic must comply with international and national human rights standards. In the current conditions of the COVID-2019 pandemic, the problem of legal culture, in particular, public awareness of rights, features of their implementation and protection should play an important role in overcoming coronavirus disease. In the rapid development of the information society, the adoption of new legislation, the transition to the introduction of information and communication technologies in all spheres of public life, the analysis of the functions of legal culture in the modern information space becomes important. Citizens must be aware of their rights, have unhindered access to information, and know how to protect their rights, particularly in a pandemic. In today’s information space, it is particularly important that human rights are an integral part of all measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important that in the modern information space equal opportunities are created for all its subjects, shortcomings are eliminated, the mechanism of realization and protection of human rights is provided.

Construire un système de retraite juste et soutenable

The organization of France’s pension schemes could be significantly transformed starting in 2022 with the gradual introduction of a system of universal pension points, without altering the current pay-as-you-go financing. This systemic reform, which was initially approved by the National Assembly on 5 March 2020 after the government invoked Article 49.3 [which strengthens the government’s power to compel adoption of legislation], was subsequently suspended by President Macron on 16 March 2020 due to the Covid-19 crisis. As a result, the future of this key reform of Macron’s five-year mandate is uncertain. The issue of pensions has nevertheless been placed at the heart of the country’s public debate.