Adoption In Canada Research Articles

Point-of-care ultrasonography adoption in Canada: using diffusion theory and the Evaluation Tool for Ultrasound skills Development and Education (ETUDE).

Point-of-care ultrasonography (PoCUS) first appeared in the 1980s in North America, but the extent of the diffusion of its adoption is unknown. We characterized early PoCUS adoption by emergency physicians in Canada and its barriers to use using Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory. We developed a questionnaire based on a pilot study and literature review to assess past, current, and potential use of PoCUS and potential barriers to adoption. A Dillman technique for electronic surveys was used for dissemination. Using Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory, we developed and validated the Evaluation Tool for Ultrasound skills Development and Education (ETUDE). ETUDE scores allowed categorization of respondents into innovators, early adopters, majority, and nonadopters. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and χ² statistics were used to analyze the data. The 296 respondents (36.4% of 814 surveyed) had a median age of 40 and were 72.5% male. Adoption scores using ETUDE revealed nonadopters (18.8%), majority (28.7%), early adopters (34.5%), and innovators (18.0%). Respondents endorsed "always" using PoCUS currently and in the future for focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) (current 41.8%/future 88.4%), first trimester pregnancy (current 23.3%/future 73.7%), suspected abdominal aortic aneurysm (current 32.7%/future 92.6%), basic cardiac indications (current 30.7%/future 87.5%), and central venous catheterization (current 17.0%/future 80.3%). Several barriers to PoCUS were identified for part-time emergency physicians and those working in inner-city/urban/suburban settings. This is the first study to determine the state of adoption and barriers to the introduction of PoCUS in Canadian emergency medicine practice. The novel validated ETUDE instrument should be used to evaluate the uptake of PoCUS over time.

Czy miłość nie rozróżnia kolorów? Międzyrasowa adopcja w Kanadzie i Stanach Zjednoczonych

W artykule opisano doświadczenie międzyrasowej adopcji w Kanadzie i Stanach Zjednoczonych. Skupiono się na działaniach przed i po adopcji, jak również strategiach socjalizacji kulturowej stosowanych w rodzinach. Omawia się również wyzwania związane z rozwojem zdrowej tożsamości rasowej. Wyjątkowe doświadczenia dzieci z międzyrasowej adopcji i rodziców pozwalają ponownie przyjrzeć się planowaniu rodzin wielokulturowych.

In the Company of My Peers: Implementation of RDA in Canada

This article describes the progress made toward implementing Resource Description and Access (RDA) in libraries across Canada, as of Fall 2013. Differences in the training experiences in the English-speaking cataloging communities and French-speaking cataloging communities are discussed. Preliminary results of a survey of implementation in English-Canadian libraries are included as well as a summary of the support provided for French-Canadian libraries. Data analysis includes an examination of the rate of adoption in Canada by region and by sector. Challenges in RDA training delivery in a Canadian context are identified, as well as opportunities for improvement and expansion of RDA training in the future.

IFRS Impact on Accounting Quality in Telecommunications Industry

Globally, the use of the IFRS in financial reporting is the requirement in many countries. However, the question of whether such a global transition towards a single set of accounting standards has been met by the presumed benefits of higher accounting quality and comparability yet remains unanswered. This paper primarily examines the effect of the mandatory IFRS adoption in Canada by the Canadian telecommunication companies. Since this research is an empirical study, this research has adopted quantitative research method. That is, by conducting survey, it has collected archival data from the eight large telecommunication companies of Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX/SP increase in earnings influence to shareholder value; negative volatility in market price; better predictability of cash flow and financial forecasts; decrease in accruals and timeliness loss of recognition; increase in fair market valuation; significant increase in value relevance; increase in valuation usefulness of earnings to BVPS; and increase in operating capability and predictability.

Works in English Covering Adoption History in Canada and the United States

Works in English Covering Adoption History in Canada and the United States By Matine Spence Introduction The following are works in English covering adoption history in Canada and the United States. These are works for the most part produced within the discipline of history from primary source material; however, I have also included a few sources by authors who work in other disciplines such as English and sociology that make original claims about adoption history. Some of the work included here focuses more broadly on child welfare or women’s history but is included because of its extended discussions of adoption. I did not include adoption memoirs and book reviews and, save for a few exceptions, have restricted this bibliography to works published from 1990 onward. The largest category of omission is work on intercountry adoption history, which can be found in other bibliographic sections herein, including East Asian adoption studies, Korean adoption studies, and China adoption studies. I also omitted works on the history of other forms of childcare and child labor such as day care, orphanages, fostering or placing-out, and indentures. I apologize to authors whose works were omitted either by decisions on scope or by being inadvertently overlooked. University of Iowa Ashby, Leroy. Endangered Children: Dependency, Neglect, and Abuse in American History. New York: Twayne, 1997. Print. ---. Saving the Waifs: Reformers and Dependent Children, 1890–1917. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1984. Print. Askeland, Lori, ed. Children and Youth in Adoption, Orphanages, and Foster Care: A Historical Handbook and Guide. Westport: Greenwood, 2005. Print. ---. “Informal Adoption, Apprentices, and Indentured Children in the Colonial Era and the New Republic, 1605–1850.” Askeland, Children 3–16. Spence, “Works” 191 Austin, Linda T. “Babies for Sale: Tennessee Children’s Adoption Scandal.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 48.2 (1990): 91–102. Print. Balcom, Karen. “Constructing Families, Creating Mothers: Gender, Family, State and Nation in the History of Child Adoption.” Journal of Women’s History 18.1 (2006): 219–32. Print. ---. “The Logic of Exchange: The Child Welfare League of America, the Adoption Exchange Movement and the Indian Adoption Project, 1957–1968.” Adoption and Culture 1.1 (2007): 5–67. Print. ---. “‘Phony Mothers’ and Border-Crossing Adoptions: The Montrealto -New-York Black Market in Babies in the 1950s.” Journal of Women’s History 19.1 (2007): 107–16. Print. ---. TheTraffic in Babies: Cross-Border Adoption and Baby-Selling Between the United States and Canada, 1930–1972. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2011. Print. Berebitsky, Julie. “Family Ideals and the Social Construction of Modern Adoption: A Historical Perspective.” Adoptive Families in a Diverse Society. Ed. Katarina Wegar. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 2006. 29–42. Print. ---. Like Our Very Own: Adoption and the Changing Culture of Motherhood, 1851–1950. Lawrence: U of Kansas P, 2000. Print. ---. “‘To Raise as Your Own’: The Growth of Legal Adoption in Washington.” Washington History 6 (1994): 5–26. Print. Briggs, Laura. “Mother, Child, Race, Nation: The Visual Iconography of Rescue and the Politics ofTransnational andTransracial Adoption.” Gender and History 15.2 (2003): 179–200. Print. ---. Somebody’s Children: The Politics of Transracial and Transnational Adoption. Durham: Duke UP, 2012. Print. Briggs, Laura, and Karen Dubinsky. “Introduction: The Politics of History and the History of Politics.” Native Adoption in Canada, the United States, New Zealand and Australia. Spec. Issue of American Indian Quarterly 37.1/2 (2013): 129–35. Print. Carocci, Max, and Stephanie Pratt, eds. Native American Adoption, Captivity, and Slavery in Changing Contexts. 1st ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Print. Studies of the Americas. Carp, E. Wayne. Adoption Politics: Bastard Nation and Ballot Initiative 58. Lawrence: U of Kansas P, 2004. Print. Adoption & Culture Vol. 4 (2014) 192 ---. “The Atheist and the Christian: Madalyn Murray O’Hair, Jean Paton, and the Stigma of the 1950s.” The Journal of the Historical Society 12.2 (2012): 205–27. Print. ---. “Does Opening Adoption Records Have an Adverse Social Impact? Some Lessons from the U.S., Great Britain, and Australia, 1953– 2007.” Adoption Quarterly 10.3–4 (2007): 29–52. Print. ---. Family Matters: Secrecy and Disclosure in the History of Adoption. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1998. Print. ---. “How Tight Was the Seal? A Reappraisal of Adoption Records in the United States, England, and...

Texting Home: Examining the Mobile Phone Practices of Student Newcomers to Toronto

We investigate the roles that new media play in supporting the relationships of young people in their first-year of university in Toronto. We consider the experiences of domestic and newly emigrated students and their adjustment to life outside their home countries, focusing on the use of social technologies for adjustment.Cette communication examine le rôle des nouveaux médias comme point d'ancrage relationnel des jeunes étudiants universitaires de première année à Toronto. Sont prises en considération les expériences d'étudiants locaux et étrangers ainsi que leur ajustement à la vie à l'extérieur de leur pays d'origine, avec une attention particulière à l'utilisation de technologies sociales comme médiateur de cet ajustement.

CTX-M-15 type ESBL-producing Salmonella Havana associated with international adoption in Canada

CTX-M-15 type ESBL-producing <i>Salmonella</i> Havana associated with international adoption in Canada

Exploring the feasibility of integrating barcode scanning technology into vaccine inventory recording in seasonal influenza vaccination clinics

In response to the need for improved quality of vaccine inventory and client immunization records, barcodes containing a unique identifier and lot number will be placed on all vaccine vials in Canada. We conducted feasibility studies to examine integration of barcode scanning into inventory recording workflow for mass immunization clinics. During the 2010-2011 seasonal influenza vaccination campaign, Ontario public health units (PHUs) using an electronic immunization system were randomized to record clinic inventory data (including vaccine lot number and expiry date) through: (i) barcode scanning of vials; or (ii) drop-down menus. A third group of PHUs recording vaccine inventory on paper served as an observation arm. We visited a sample of clinics within each PHU to assess barcode readability, method efficiency and data quality. Clinic staff completed a survey examining method perceptions. We observed 20 clinics using barcode scanning to record inventory data (eight PHUs), 20 using drop-down menus (eight PHUs), and 21 using paper forms (five PHUs). Mean time spent recording data per vial was 4.3s using barcode scanners with 1.3 scan attempts per vial, 0.5s using drop-down menus, and 1.7s using paper. Few errors were observed. Sixty-four perception surveys were completed by inventory staff; barcode scanning users indicated fairly strong overall satisfaction with the method (74%), and the majority agreed that barcode scanning improved client safety (84%) and inventory record accuracy (77%). However, 38% of barcode scanning users felt that individually scanning vials took longer than the other approaches and 26% indicated that this increased time would discourage them from adopting the method. Our study demonstrated good readability of barcodes but scanning individual vials for high-volume clinics was time-consuming; modifying the process will improve feasibility to facilitate adoption in Canada, while serving as an example for other countries considering this technology.

Babies Without Borders: Adoption and Migration Across the Americas (review)

Reviewed by: Babies Without Borders: Adoption and Migration Across the Americas Laura Briggs Karen Dubinsky. Babies Without Borders: Adoption and Migration Across the Americas. New York: NYU Press, 2010; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010. 204 pp. $21.95 sc. The two publishers of this excellent book on the politics of transnational and transracial adoption in the Americas—University of Toronto and New York University—gave it very different covers. The Canadian version has a baby stamped with a bar code, a provocative image used in a Guatemalan campaign against transnational adoption. The U.S. version of the cover is a photograph that is less readily identifiable—tiny colored glass figures of a roller skate, a cowboy boot with spurs, and a stylized cow’s skull. While the image invokes ways of life across the Americas, it turns out that these are children’s toys unearthed from one of the clandestine mass graves that marked Guatemala’s armed internal conflict, the aftermath of the massacres by military and paramilitary groups. On the one hand, these images reflect the very different political contexts of adoption debates in Canada and the U.S.—Canada, an early adopter of the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption, halted adoptions from Guatemala in 2000, believing the country’s adoption system to be rife with abuse (shortly after Dubinsky adopted her son from there), while the U.S. has had [End Page 289] no comparable, forceful (or alarmist, to its detractors) discourse about human rights in adoption. Ironically, though, the two covers also figure two of the global symbols that Dubinsky says we need to avoid if we want to grapple honestly with the complexity of transnational adoption: the “kidnapped/rescued baby” and the “missing baby” who stands as a symbol of past wrongs or unrealized future hopes. Together with the transracially adopted “hybrid baby,” she argues, these figures organize fierce political discourses about nations, politics, multiculturalism, and children, but do little to help us understand the heterogeneous contexts in which individual children come to be adopted, and even less about the uneven distribution of the innocent, idyllic childhood that a handful of nations have, over the last century, come to believe themselves to be the guarantors. The book begins by exploring the kidnapped baby through stories about the United States and Cuba, from the Pedro/Peter Pan exodus of the Cold War to the Elían González conflict of 1999–2000 that arguably cost the Democrats the White House. From the end of 1960 until the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, about 1400 Cuban children came to the United States largely under the auspices of the Welfare Bureau of Miami. The strength of Dubinsky’s account of this event is her focus on its transnational nature, and she moves back and forth between Cuba’s account of Peter Pan and Miami’s Pedro Pan. Cuba saw parents duped by CIA rumors that their children would be nationalized, hence Peter—the important actors were in the United States. Lest that sound like Cuban Cold War hysteria or a bad movie plot, let us hasten to note that historian María de los Angeles Torres, through a Freedom of Information Act request, confirmed that the CIA really did spread rumors about Castro’s plans that sought to encourage Cuban parents to send their children to the United States. Pedro Pan, in contrast, emphasized Cuban parents’ decisions not to raise their children in a vastly changed Cuba. As one grown Pedro Pan émigré observed sadly, “They sent us away from Cuba so that we would continue to be like them” (38). Finally, though, as Dubinsky helpfully observes, neither kidnap nor rescue narratives really do justice to the complexity of the decisions in these families, much less nations, and these sweeping stories ultimately confuse more than they illuminate. The second section of the book contrasts two kinds of interracial adoption in Canada: that of Black children and that of Native children. Stories about both kinds of adoption were articulated within a narrative of Canadian national multiculturalism (in contrast to U.S. racism, at least with respect to Black children), but Dubinsky’s account suggests that they were not...

Disease management in Canada: Surmounting barriers to adoption

Abstract Disease Management (DM) programs are used to optimize economic outcomes and improve patient outcomes. Despite this, relative to the United States, Canadian health care organizations have been slow to adopt them. The objective of this article is to examine the concept of DM programs, the existing evidence to support their use and the barriers to their adoption in Canada. Several solutions aimed at overcoming the barriers to DM in Canada are proposed.

Social Dominance Orientation and Ideological Asymmetry in Relation To Interracial Dating and Transracial Adoption in Canada

This study examines the relation between social dominance orientation (SDO) and three hierarchy-attenuating beliefs (attitude toward and openness to personally engaging in interracial dating and attitude toward transracial adoption) and two hierarchy-enhancing beliefs (stereotyping of interracial relationships and racial identity concerns in transracial adoption). Participants were 77 Black and 142 White Canadians from the Toronto area. SDO was significantly negatively related to the three hierarchy-attenuating beliefs and positively to the two hierarchy-enhancing beliefs for Whites, whereas no significant relationships were found for Blacks. The relation between SDO and the outcome variables for Blacks and Whites differed significantly with the exception of openness to interracial dating. Interracial dating experience moderated the relation between race, SDO, and openness to become personally involved in interracial dating. Results support and extend previous research by Fang, Sidanius, and Pratto. Their social implications are discussed.

The Employee Free Choice Act: A Skeptical View and Alternative

The Employee Free Choice Act:A Skeptical View and Alternative Roy Adams (bio) The AFL-CIO, along with its ally American Rights at Work, has invested a great deal of time, energy, and money in promoting passage of the Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA). Those of us who believe in collective representation hope that this initiative will fulfill the hopes of its promoters and produce a major advance in the number of workers with a collective voice at work. However, with Republicans in continuing control of Congress and the White House, the odds against passage of the Act would seem to be high. However, there are reasons to believe that, even if the Act should pass, the results will, unfortunately, fall short of expectations. Among the key elements of the Free Choice Act that are intended to spark new organizing are card check certification, first contract arbitration, and stiffer penalties for employers who offend the law.1 Since employers commonly commit unfair labor practices during certification election campaigns and stonewall during the negotiation of first contracts, American unionists believe that the establishment of procedures designed to counter those practices will significantly improve the labor movement's organizing prospects. Unfortunately, Canadian experience indicates otherwise. In the private sector, where industrial relations are regulated by a legal framework similar to the one in effect in the United States, union density and bargaining coverage are falling even in provinces such as Saskatchewan and Quebec that have card-check and first contract arbitration clauses in effect (Adams 2006a). Although overall union density in Canada has remained steady, thus bucking an international downward trend, that constancy has been entirely the result of membership strength in the public sector where union recognition has been widely granted. Since 1970, density in the private sector has fallen from about 30 percent to less than 18 percent in 2005 (Godard 2005; Adams 2006a). Since the early 1990s, Canadian unions have devoted significant new resources to union organizing with considerable success in terms of new union recruits. Jackson and Schetagne (2004) estimate that new organizing extended union coverage by between 1.4 and 1.8 percent annually. But, "the positive [End Page 1] impact on union density has been offset by overall changes in employment in union and non-union workplaces" (Jackson and Schetagne 2004, 53). Moreover, the entry into Canada of aggressively anti-union employers such as Wal-Mart may have emboldened employers to take stronger positions on union-avoidance. Wal-Mart has been pushing for the end of card-check certification and the adoption in all Canadian jurisdictions of a vote in every certification case. The company argues that the current situation unfairly favors the interests of the established unions over those of the unorganized employer (Adams 2005). In recent years, right-wing organizations such as British Columbia's Fraser Institute have joined in that quest. The Fraser Institute, in addition, has been calling for the end to anti-scab laws, and for the adoption in Canada of right-to-work laws similar to those that exist in several American states (Veldhuis and Karabegovic 2005). In 2002, the United Food and Commercial Workers Union initiated a well-funded and focused campaign to organize Wal-Mart stores in Canada. Card-check certification proved helpful in Quebec where the union has been certified as the bargaining agent for employees in a handful of company units. But, through the first half of 2006, the Canadian legislative advantages were unable to provide the union with the leverage needed to win a collective agreement. When issues in dispute at Wal-Mart's union-certified Jonquière, Quebec, store were submitted to first contract arbitration, the company shut down the store. In the next month UFCW-Canada lost representation votes at two other Wal-Mart stores in other parts of Canada. Canadian observers had little doubt that the incidents were directly and causally related (Adams 2005). U.S. research indicates that nearly 60 million currently unorganized American workers would like to have collective representation via government certified agents.2 Research by Freeman and Rogers (1999; 2002) indicates that most of the rest would like to have a less formal and less regulated type of...

Ezetimibe add-on to atorvastatin: evidence for adoption in Canada

Ezetimibe add-on to atorvastatin: evidence for adoption in Canada

Ezetimibe add-on to atorvastatin: evidence for adoption in Canada

Ezetimibe add-on to atorvastatin: evidence for adoption in Canada

The implications of reuse and recycling for the design of steel buildings

There is an increasing interest in reuse and recycling in the Canadian construction industry. This interest is driven partly by the recent adoption in Canada of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®) Green Building Rating System and partly by a greater general awareness of environmental issues. Designers are beginning to look at how to incorporate reused steel components into construction projects, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions by saving on primary steel production. However, although some designers are willing to redesign their projects to make use of available reclaimed structural steel components, it is often difficult to identify suitable materials in the local area at the appropriate time in the life of a project. A limiting factor is that designers, construction companies, and others perceive a lack of a well-established and easily available mechanism for exchange of reclaimed components. This paper reviews the issues that are relevant to increasing recycling and reuse in construction and focuses on examples that illustrate the benefits that steel can bring to sustainable construction. In particular, it discusses the issues relevant to designing to enable future disassembly and the way in which steel components can be readily reused.Key words: reclaimed steel, reuse of materials, steel recycling, design for deconstruction, sustainable construction.

SU-FF-T-220: Standardizing Standards: The Development of Quality Control Criteria for Canadian Radiation Therapy Equipment

Purpose: To develop a comprehensive, generically formatted set of quality control standards for radiotherapy preparation and delivery equipment in use in Canadian radiation treatment centres. Method and Materials: The philosophy behind the development of these standards documents was that they should focus on the standards themselves and not necessarily include descriptions of how the tests are performed. The documents were intended to be brief and unambiguous and, by distributing them through a website, they could be readily updated as experience with new techniques is gained. A generic document format has been adopted. The sections are: 1) Introduction — largely generic 2) Performance Objectives and Criteria — generic 3) System Description — custom 4) Acceptance Tests and Commissioning — largely generic 5) Quality Control of Equipment — largely generic 6) Documentation — generic 7) Table of QC Tests — custom entries in a generic format 8) References and Bibliography — custom. Following detailed review by invited external physicists and members of the Task Group (the authors of this presentation), the draft standard developed was posted on www.medphys.ca for consideration by the Canadian Medical Physics Community at large. The current phase of the project is to solicit and consider the comments from physicists “in the field”. These are being fed back into the review process, the standard modified if required and then the standard approved for adoption in Canada. Results: To date, the following draft standards have been developed and posted: Cobalt units, linear accelerators, conventional simulators, orthovoltage units, multileaf collimators, electronic portal imaging devices, major dosimetry equipment and remote afterloading brachytherapy systems. Conclusion: The largely generic format of the standards has aided clarity of interpretation and expedited the development of the documents. Once finally approved and adopted, these standards may well form an easily monitored component of licensing and accreditation activities applied to cancer treatment facilities.

Health Canada’s Regulatory Initiative Regarding Foods with Health Claims

The scientific understanding of the relationship between diet and disease has progressed greatly in the past decades. With this growing scientific evidence supporting the important role of diet in modifying the risks of some chronic diseases, there is increasing consumer and marketing interest in nutrition and health. The Health Products and Food Branch has been actively involved in this issue through both policy and regulatory development and extensive public and scientific consultations. Feedback from the public consultations has been generally supportive of scientifically valid diet-related health claims for foods but mixed with regard to product-specific claims. Health Canada is moving ahead in this regard to find a solution that best matches public needs and legal constraints. Following two years of consultation, Health Canada published a policy recommendation on health claims for foods in November 1998. The policy recommended that structure/ function and risk reduction claims be permitted for foods, and that the claims may be generic or product-specific. The definition of a drug in the Food and Drugs Act is far-reaching as it includes any substance(s) manufactured, sold or represented for use in the prevention or treatment of disease or in modifying organic function. This means foods bearing risk reduction claims or many structure/function claims would likely fall within the definition of a drug. In addition, subsections 3 (1) and 3 (2) of the Food and Drugs Act prohibit the sale of a food or a drug that is advertised to the general public or labelled as a treatment, preventative or cure of any of the diseases listed in Schedule A to the Act. Schedule A lists many of the major diet-related chronic diseases. It should be noted that this prohibition of treatment / prevention claims for these diseases applies even if the claims are true. Section 3 dates from 1934 and was intended to protect the public at a time when there were no effective treatments for many diseases. To enable the use of risk reduction claims for foods, another Section of the Food and Drugs Act was applied. Section 30 of the Act allows the Governor-in-Council to make regulations exempting any food or drug from the provisions of the Act. Under this authority, foods bearing a diet-related health claim could be exempted from the prohibition contained in Section 3 and the provisions related to drugs provided certain conditions are met. To provide more opportunities for communicating information about the role of diet in disease, risk reduction, and the health benefits of foods to consumers in labelling and advertising, Health Canada has proposed five generic health claims for adoption in Canada. This followed an initial review of the issues and extensive review of the scientific basis of the proposed claims. The five generic health claims are: 1. “A healthy diet containing foods high in potassium and low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure, a risk factor for stroke and heart disease.”

Supporting General Principles for Criminal Responsibility in the Model Penal Code with Suggestions for Reconsideration: A Canadian Perspective

A case is made for the general principles of criminal responsibility set out in the Modern Penal Code with particular attention to its general requirements of act and culpability and provisions on justification and excuse. The significance of the lack of constitutional protection in the United States is considered. The argument that the assertion of general principles is too insensitive to the context of particular crimes and issues of diversity is confronted. I suggest that aspects of the present law of sexual assault in Canada are potentially repressive precisely because they ignore sound general principles. A plea is made to keep principles simple, with consideration given to the recent bloody debate between Professors George Fletcher and Paul Robinson. The paper concludes with some suggested reconsiderations of the M.P.C.: 1. Draw brighter lines between categories of culpability: (a) Do not distinguish knowledge and recklessness, (b) Insist on awareness of risk for recklessness, and (c) Punish negligence offences separately with lesser penalties; 2. Allow for individual factors in objective standards; 3. Declare generous individualised excuses; 4. Preserve the presumption of innocence with no reverse burdens; 5. Return to strict construction of ambiguous criminal law; 6. Define criminal responsibility for omissions; and 7. Separate issues of cause and culpability. Appended is a draft General Part I recently suggested for adoption in Canada. This is published in a collection of essays: Stuart, Delisle and Manson (ed.) Towards a Clear and Just Criminal Law (1999, Carswell. Toronto).

The adjustment of intercountry adoptees in Canada

Intercountry adoption has become an important social policy issue in Canada Almost unheard of until the post-World War II period, the numbers have grown from fewer than ten a year when records were first kept in 1970 (Gravel & Roberge, 1984; National Adoption Desk Statistics) to an estimate of more than 2400 a year in 1991 (Daly & Sobol, 1993). At the same time that the number of intercountry adoptions has increased, the number of children available for adoption in Canada has declined steadily. This means that nonrelative adoptions in Canada are now as likely to involve children who were born outside of Canada as those born within Canada. Most of the children from out-of-country have a different racial background from their adoptive parents, as well as a different cultural background. The question for policymakers, service providers, prospective adoptive parents and biological parents deciding whether to relinquish their child is whether these crosscultural and transracial adoptions work.

Fostering and Adoption in Canada: Are There Lessons for Britain?

During 1991, Malcolm Hill spent two and a half months in Canada teaching at the University of Calgary and visiting child welfare agencies and residential establishments. In this article he describes some of the more interesting and innovative developments and comments on some of the significant differences between Canadian and British policy and practice.