High School Adolescents Research Articles

Girls and Boys Typically Have Similar Math Value Beliefs: Replication Evidence Across Historical Time, High School, and Racial/Ethnic Groups.

Individuals' math value beliefs are theorized to influence who persists in STEM. However, the existing findings on gender differences in adolescents' math value beliefs are inconsistent. The goal of this study was to use three existing datasets to help clarify when gender differences emerge for high school adolescents and for whom (i.e., adolescents across historical time, grade level, and race/ethnicity). Specifically, we examined the extent to which gender differences in adolescents' math value beliefs (i.e., interest, utility, and attainment) replicated (1) across three datasets spanning the 1990s to 2010s, (2) from 9th-12th grade, and (3) within each of the four largest U.S. racial/ethnic groups (i.e., Asian, Black, Latine, and White adolescents). We tested these aims with three existing longitudinal U.S. datasets: the California Achievement Motivation Project (CAMP) (n = 8855), the Childhood and Beyond Study (CAB) (n = 582), and the High School Longitudinal Study (HSLS) (n = 21,000). Students were in high school (9th-12th grade) and half were girls (49%-53%). All three datasets included measures with the same or similar math value belief items, making conceptual replication possible. Overall, we did not find strong evidence for meaningful gender differences in adolescents' math value beliefs overall. We did find meaningful gender differences in the oldest data set (CAB). When examined within each racial/ethnic group, we found no evidence of gender differences in math value beliefs among Black or Latine adolescents, but some differences among Asian and White adolescents. The findings align with the gender similarities hypothesis, suggesting adolescent girls and boys had similar math value beliefs.

Prevalence of body image dissatisfaction and associated factors among high school adolescent in Hawassa city, Ethiopia.

Adolescence is a period in which individuals are more concerned with their body image. However, little is known about the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction and its associated factors. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction and associated factors among high school adolescents in Hawassa city in 2023. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 421 participants from April 30 to May 30, 2023, in Hawassa City. A stratified sampling technique was employed to select the participants. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Anthropometric measurements of body mass and stature were taken. A logistic regression model was fitted and used to identify the factors associated with body image dissatisfaction, and P<0.05 indicated statistical significance. The prevalence of body image dissatisfaction was 18.5% [95% CI=14.8-22.2%]. Being overweight/obese [Adjusted Odds Ratio(AOR)=7.8, 95% CI=2.58-23.83], engaging in a small amount of exercise [AOR=3.66, 95% CI=1.34-10.0], having moderate depression [AOR=3.6, 95% CI=1.25-10.40], having severe depression [AOR=6.8, 95% CI=1.94-24.22], late age of adolescence [AOR=1.9, 95% CI=1.07-3.39], and family pressure [AOR=2.2, 95% CI=1.28-4.04] were associated factors. Body image dissatisfaction among adolescents in Hawassa City is prevalent, influenced by factors such as obesity, depression, limited physical activity, age, and family pressure. To address this issue, a multi-sectoral approach is necessary. The federal Ministry of Health should prioritize initiatives promoting healthy living, physical activity, and media awareness. The Public Health Authority should collaborate with families for healthier lifestyles, while schools and youth centers should implement educational programs to foster positive body image. Parents should model healthy body image behaviors and avoid negative comments. Comprehensive strategies are essential to address obesity, depression, and promote physical activity. This includes encouraging adolescents to engage in regular exercise and providing supportive family feedback.

Level of health literacy and associated factors among Jimma town public high school adolescent students: A cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to assess the level of health literacy and its associated factors among Jimma town public high school adolescents, Jimma, Oromia, Southwest Ethiopia, 2023. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2023 among 604 Jimma town public high school adolescents. A multistage sampling technique was employed to recruit study participants. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was entered into epidata 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 26.0 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed to identify factors associated with the level of health literacy. P-values less than 0.05 at 95% CI were used to declare statistically significant associations. The results were presented by text, tables and charts as necessary. From 634 total sample size about 604 participated. About 317 (52.5%) were males. The age of participants ranged from 14 to 19 years, with a mean age of 16.95+1.52. The finding revealed that only 35.26% (95% CI; 31.44, 39.09) of participants had desired health literacy, while 64.74% of them had limited health literacy levels. Age of 18-19 [AOR = 3.99(2.41, 6.60): p<0.001], being in 11-12 grade level [AOR = 2.38(1.44, 3.95); p = 0.001], being from currently employed father [AOR = 4.20(1.98, 8.92); p<0.001] and being from currently employed mother [AOR = 4.54(2.82, 7.31); p<0.001] were factors positively associated with the level of desired health literacy. Since a significant number of students in our study area had limited health literacy, we recommend schools to integrate a school health service that contains health education services. Moreover, efforts should be undertaken to raise adolescent health literacy for middle adolescents, early adolescents, and students whose families were not employed.

Mental Resilience of High School Adolescents Victims of Bullying in Semarang

Mental Resilience of High School Adolescents Victims of Bullying in Semarang

The Relationship Between Protein, Iron, Folic Acid, Vitamin C Intake and Breakfast Habits With The Incidence of Anemia in Female Students of SMPN 152 Jakarta

Anemia is a condition where the number of red blood cells or the level of hemoglobin is lower than normal. In Indonesia, the prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls remains quite high at 32%. Inadequate nutrient intake can disrupt red blood cell formation, particularly important nutrients such as protein, iron, vitamin C, and folic acid. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the intake of protein, iron, folic acid, vitamin C, and breakfast habits with the incidence of anemia among female adolescents in junior high school. This is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design, analyzed using Spearman correlation tests, conducted at SMPN 152 Jakarta with a sample size of 50 individuals. Data on protein, iron, folic acid, and vitamin C intake were obtained through 24-hour food recall interviews, breakfast habits were assessed via a questionnaire, and anemia data were collected through blood samples using a digital Hb checker. The analysis results indicate a relationship between protein intake (p = 0.000), iron intake (p = 0.000), folic acid intake (p = 0.030), vitamin C intake (p = 0.010) and the incidence of anemia, while no relationship was found between breakfast habits (p = 0.161) and anemia incidence. It is concluded that there is a correlation between protein intake, iron intake, folic acid intake, and vitamin C intake with anemia incidence at SMPN 152 Jakarta. The variable most strongly correlated with anemia incidence is iron intake with a value of (r = 0.640).

Longitudinal evolution of physical activity type and eating and weight concerns among adolescents

PurposeTo provide a prospective 2 year follow-up of a previously enrolled adolescent high school sample, regarding body image and eating concerns, and patterns of sports type and physical activity.MethodsSports type, weekly time devoted to it, and psychopathological self-reports (Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire 6.0, Body Uneasiness Test, and Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory) were evaluated longitudinally in a general population sample enrolled in a previous study, testing prospective variations in an observational setting.ResultsAt follow-up, girls expressed increased dietary restraint and body uneasiness as compared to baseline, whereas boys expressed increased body uneasiness—and specifically in the avoidance, depersonalisation and compulsive self-monitoring dimensions. Among both sexes, a significant shift towards individual activities or lack of activity was observed after 2 years, with a reduction in team sports involvement. Among girls, time devoted to exercise significantly decreased at follow-up.ConclusionsThe present findings indirectly confirm an increased vulnerability to dietary, bodily and appearance-based concerns among adolescents. The role of different patterns of physical activity and exercise time may interact bidirectionally with these problematic areas, considering that previous studies point out increased concerns among inactive subjects, and among those who choose individual activities.Level of evidence: Level IV-longitudinal observational study.

Binge drinking among adolescents: the role of stress, problematic internet use, and emotional regulation

Background Adolescence is a period marked by significant physical, psychological, and emotional changes as youngsters transition into adulthood. During this time, many adolescents consume alcohol, and in some cases, this leads to binge drinking, a behavior associated with various health risks and other problematic behaviors. However, knowledge about binge drinking in this population remains limited. Additionally, many adolescents engage in intensive technology use, which has been linked to mental health issues and substance abuse. Stress is often considered a precursor to both alcohol consumption and problematic internet use. In this context, emotional regulation could serve as a protective factor. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the relationship between stress, problematic internet use, emotional regulation, and binge drinking among adolescents using structural equation modeling. Methods A cross-sectional survey was completed by a sample of 876 high school adolescents (63.57% female, mean age 16.86 years). Data were collected using an online survey, which included sociodemographic information and measures of perceived stress, emotional regulation, excessive alcohol consumption, and problematic internet use. Problematic alcohol use was assessed using several questions adapted from the ‘Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education in Spain’. Results Problematic internet use emerged as a mediator between stress and binge drinking, suggesting that stress contributes to the development of problematic internet use, which in turn increases the likelihood of binge drinking. Furthermore, stress was negatively correlated with emotional regulation, indicating that inadequate emotional management may predispose adolescents to problematic internet use and binge drinking. The complex interplay between stress, emotional regulation, problematic internet use, and binge drinking underscores the need for comprehensive interventions targeting these factors among adolescents. Conclusions The results provide insights into potential pathways linking stress and binge drinking via problematic internet use and highlight the importance of emotional regulation as a protective mechanism against maladaptive behaviors.

Unraveling depressive symptom networks: A three-year longitudinal study among Chinese junior high school adolescents.

Adolescence is the peak period for the occurrence of mental health issues, particularly in the stage of junior high school. Depressive symptoms are among the most frequently experienced psychological problems. However, little is known about the symptom-level interaction features of depressive symptoms and the roles of different symptoms across the junior high school stage. To address these gaps, this study conducted a three-year longitudinal study that recruited 1301 Chinese junior high school adolescents (48.2% females; mean age = 12.46 ± 0.62, ranging from 11 to 14 in the first year). The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms. The regularized partial correlation network and the cross-lagged panel network models were used to explore the symptom-level interaction pattern. In regularized partial correlation networks, "I felt depressed" was a stable central symptom throughout the junior high school stage. Besides, "I felt lonely" and "I felt that people disliked me" were the other central symptoms in grade 7 and grade 8, and "I felt everything I did was an effort" played a central role in grade 9. Within cross-lagged panel networks, "I felt that people disliked me" and "I felt hopeless about the future" had important effects on predicting other depressive symptoms from grade 7 to 8 and from grade 8 to 9. By investigating the longitudinal interaction patterns of depressive symptoms among junior high school adolescents, the current study identifies core symptoms that could be potential prevention or intervention targets and provides a novel insight for understanding depressive symptoms during adolescence in depth.

Internet addiction, active school transport barriers and overnutrition of adolescents in urban areas: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Overnutrition, such as obesity and overweight in adolescents in urban settings, is one of the most serious health problems in the 21st century. Several lifestyle factors cause the problem of overnutrition experienced by adolescents. This research aims to analyze the relationship between internet addiction, barriers to active school transport, and the incidence of overnutrition in adolescents in urban areas. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. Respondents were 231 adolescents in senior high schools in Surabaya, Indonesia, who were selected using proportional stratified random sampling techniques.

EARLY STROKE PREVENTION BY IMPROVING THE ROLE OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS

Background. Stroke is a disease of acute decreased nerve function caused by sudden disruption of the brain's blood vessels. Some efforts to prevent strokes need to be carried out at an early age by controlling risk factors for stroke, particularly stroke risk factors in high school adolescents. According to a local survey, almost 90% of teenagers or students of SMK 1 in the 2nd grade have smoking habits, and the number of teenagers who like fast food that is high in carbohydrates, high in fat, high in cholesterol, and do not do any physical exercises regularly. This empowerment aimed to increase the knowledge and skills of teachers and students regarding early stroke prevention. Implementation Method. The Community Service was conducted in 2023. These empowerment methods used public education, counseling, workshops, and practicum. Partners in this empowerment were the teachers and students of SMKN 1 Suruh, Trenggalek, East Java, with 40 students and 6 teachers. Findings. This study showed the increased knowledge of teachers and students about stroke risk factors and early stroke prevention, as well as increased skills in measuring blood pressure. There were 50% of students had sufficient knowledge about stroke risk factors, 50% had adequate skills in measuring BP, and 92.5% of students had a smoking history. Conclusion. In conclusion, knowledge about stroke risk factors and early prevention of stroke must be carried out starting from an early age, because stroke strikes anyone and varied ages.

Socioeconomic Status and Age at Menarche in Türkiye.

The trend in declining age at menarche (AAM) largely continues while body size increases globally. The aim was to investigate trends in AAM, menstrual characteristics, and post-menarcheal anthropometric parameters in adolescents living in an urban area in Türkiye between 1999 and 2018. Female adolescent high school students in the Manisa region were asked about menarche and socioeconomic status (SES). There were 1017 girls in the first study (1999-2001) and 1304 (2016-2018) in the second study. Height and weight were measured. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Adolescent girls were grouped into three socioeconomic status (SES) groups based on parental education and occupation, and all parameters were evaluated using SES. The mean ± standard deviation for AAM in the first period was 12.82 ± 1.07 years and 12.83 ± 0.9 years in the second. AAM did not differ between the two periods nor between SES groups in either period. Post-menarcheal height, weight, and BMI increased in the second period compared to the first study and across all SES groups (p < 0.05). The whole group AAM was similar in both periods, only 3 months earlier in the second period than in the first period. However, the AAM in girls with a post-menarcheal BMI indicating being overweight or obese was significantly earlier than that of those with a normal post-menarcheal BMI in both periods (p < 0.05). Despite changing sociodemographic characteristics and an increasing trend in height, weight, and BMI in all socioeconomic groups, no change was observed in mean AAM in an urban region of Western Türkiye over 18 years. While the inverse relationship between BMI and postmenarcheal BMI continued in both periods, the decline in AAM became more pronounced over the years in the presence of high postmenarcheal BMI.

Prevalence and determinants of overweight among high school adolescents in pastoralist communities of the Somali Region, Ethiopia: a school-based cross-sectional study

Prevalence and determinants of overweight among high school adolescents in pastoralist communities of the Somali Region, Ethiopia: a school-based cross-sectional study

Diet Quality and Physical Activity and Their Association with BMI and Dental Caries Among High School Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess diet quality and its association with obesity and dental caries. It also assessed adolescents' physical activity (PA) level and its relationship with obesity. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 300 high school adolescents. Body mass indices (BMI) were calculated after taking participants' heights and weights. Caries activity was recorded as decayed, missed, and filled scores (DMFT). Diet quality was assessed using the KIDMED questionnaire, and four additional questions were added to assess junk food consumption. PA was assessed using PAQ-A. KIDMED, junk food, and PA scores were calculated. Statistical analyses included Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests for group comparisons. A Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was utilized to assess predictors of BMI percentile. Results: The KIDMED score was 3.0 ± 2.5, with 57.7% of participants classified as having very poor diet quality and 39% categorized as needing improvement. The majority of the participants had low PA levels (81.3%), with only 18% reporting moderate PA. No associations were observed between KIDMED scores, junk food consumption with BMI percentile, DMFT, or number of decayed teeth. Children with "very poor" KIDMED scores had a BMI percentile of 58.7 ± 33.9, while those with "needs improvement" and "optimal" diets had percentiles of 60.0 ± 30.0 and 65.1 ± 35.7, respectively. Higher PA levels were associated with better diet quality (p-value <0.001). The regression analysis, controlling for age, sex, DMFT, KIDMED, junk food consumption, and PA score did not identify any predictors of BMI percentile. Conclusions: Participants consumed poor quality diets and engaged in minimal PA. No associations could be concluded between diet and PA with either BMI or dental caries. Further research is needed to better understand these relationships.

The association between family socio-demographic factors, parental mediation and adolescents’ digital literacy: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundDigital technology has a two-sided impact whether it is used appropriately or not. It is crucial to promote the benefits of digital technology and reduce its harms by bolstering adolescents’ digital literacy. The appropriateness of the strategies parents use to manage their children’s digital lives plays a key role. This study aims to investigate the separate effects of family socio-demographic factors and varied dimensions of parental mediation on adolescents’ digital literacy separately and simultaneously to explore the appropriate parental mediation strategies even in the absence of favorable family status.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was utilized with a sample of 1894 Chinese adolescents in junior and senior high schools (mean age = 14.01, 48.94% female), using a set of exam questions to test children’s objective digital literacy online. Family socio-demographic factors (parental marital status, economic status, and parental education levels) and varied dimensions of parental mediation were included as predictors of digital literacy. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to estimate the relation between the variables.ResultsHigher parental education levels were positively associated with adolescents’ parental mediation and digital literacy while better family economic status and parental divorce were negatively associated. Among the dimensions of parental mediation, active mediation, restrictive mediation and supervision were significantly associated with adolescents’ digital literacy, but not for co-use. Active mediation and supervision showed significant positive associations with adolescents’ digital literacy, whereas, co-use showed a significant negative association when all parental mediation dimensions were integrated into the model, The significant association between restrictive mediation and digital literacy disappeared. Parental mediation has diluted the impact of family socio-demographic factors on adolescents’ digital literacy.ConclusionsEffective interventions are needed to promote parental active mediation and supervision to help adolescents develop digital literacy and navigate the digital world, especially for adolescents who do not have highly educated parents or whose parents are divorced.

Korelasi Pengetahuan dan Minat Donor Darah pada Remaja di MA Hidayatullah Martapura

High school adolescents on the risks of unsafe blood donation and the benefits of safe blood donation practices. Adolescents can be effective as youth cadres in promoting public awareness about voluntary blood donation due to their active nature, curiosity, and social responsibility. The study uses an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach and involved 122 students from MA Hidayatullah Martapura. Data was gathered through a questionnaire, analyzed using SPSS. Findings reveal that 22.8% of respondents have a low level of knowledge about blood donation, mainly due to limited awareness of its health benefits and lack of information access through media channels. A significant positive correlation was found between knowledge and interest in blood donation (sig 0.001 &lt; 0.05) with a moderate correlation strength (Pearson value 0.431). Additionally, 52.7% of students possess sufficient knowledge about blood donation, and 65.7% demonstrate an interest in participating as blood donors. These results highlight the importance of providing adolescents with relevant information to boost their awareness and engagement in safe blood donation practices.

Sexual and reproductive health literacy and its associated factors among adolescents in Harar town public high schools, Harari, Ethiopia, 2023: a multicenter cross-sectional study.

In sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia, the utilization of sexual and reproductive health information during adolescence is considered to be low. The aim of this study was to assess the level of sexual and reproductive health literacy among adolescents in Ethiopia as well as the factors associated with sexual and reproductive health literacy in this population. An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed. Systematic sampling methods were used to select 909 study participants. A validated scale was used, consisting of 31 questions with a 5-point Likert scale. A total score was computed, ranging from 31 (minimum score) to 155 (maximum score), which was finally categorized into limited and adequate sexual and reproductive health literacy. A multivariate linear regression model was fitted to determine the factors influencing adolescents' sexual and reproductive health literacy. The percentage of adolescents with slightly adequate and excellent sexual and reproductive health literacy was 38.9% and 6.3%, respectively. On the other hand, 677 (74.5%) participants overall had limited sexual and reproductive literacy. Healthcare workers and reading books were the preferred sources of sexual and reproductive health information that were associated with higher sexual and reproductive health literacy by 6.42 (95% CI 1.62-11.22) and 6.57 (95% CI 1.62-11.22), respectively. Adolescents' ability to pay for their healthcare was associated with better sexual and reproductive health literacy by 13.76 times (95% CI 8.21-19.32). More than three-quarters of the adolescents had limited sexual and reproductive health literacy. Sources of sexual and reproductive health information, including healthcare workers, books, and the Internet, were significantly associated with adolescents' sexual and reproductive health literacy. Hence, primary stakeholders need to incorporate sexual and reproductive health into the curriculum at high schools.

Federated learning-based prediction of depression among adolescents across multiple districts in China

Depression in adolescents is a serious mental health condition that can affect their emotional and social well-being. Detailed understanding of depression patterns and status of depressive symptoms in adolescents could help identify early intervention targets. Despite the growing use of artificial intelligence for diagnosis and prediction of mental health conditions, the traditional centralized machine learning methods require aggregating adolescents' data; this raises concerns about confidentiality and privacy, which hampers the clinical application of machine learning algorithms. In this study, we use federated learning to solve those problems. We included 583,405 middle and high school adolescents from 20 districts in Chengdu China, and collected from three aspects: individuals, families, and schools, containing 11 psychological phenomena to evaluate the status of depressive symptoms. We compared federated and local training frameworks; the results showed the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for depression increased by up to 20 % (from 0.7544 with local training to 0.9064 with federated training). Moreover, based on the best-performing model, the XGBoost model, we explore the data heterogeneity in federated learning and found that stress, student burnout, and social connection were the three most important predictors of depression symptoms. We then assessed the impact of each subdimension of depression symptoms, results show that sleep was the most impact one which may provide clues to predict depression symptoms in early stage and improve control and prevention efforts.

The relationship between childhood trauma and mental health status among Chinese vocational high school adolescents: the mediating effect of poor self-control and internet addiction

BackgroundMental health problems among adolescents are a common concern globally. However, its relationship with childhood trauma is not clearly understood from the existing studies. Therefore, this study aims to explore the relationships among childhood trauma, mental health, self-control, and internet addiction in Chinese vocational high school students.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among vocational high school students in China from October 2020 to December 2020. Standardized questionnaires were used to collect basic information regarding childhood trauma, self-control, psychological state, and social demographics. A structural equation model was used to study the relationships among internet addiction, self-control, childhood trauma, and mental health.ResultsA total of 3368 individuals participated in the study. The results revealed the mediating effects of poor self-control and internet addiction on the association between childhood trauma and mental health.ConclusionsInternet addiction and low self-control play mediating roles in childhood trauma and mental health. Clarifying these relationships will help formulate better-targeted interventions to improve the mental health of Chinese vocational high school students and aid in interventions to treat and prevent mental health problems.

DEVELOPMENT OF EARTHQUAKE FEAR SCALE: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

In this study, it was aimed to develop a measurement tool that can measure the earthquake fear levels of middle and high school adolescents who experienced an earthquake. The study conducted with the descriptive survey model. The sample consisted of adolescents studying in middle and high schools. Factor analyses were applied to test the construct validity of the scale. First, exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the scale consisted of two factors (worry and physical symptoms), and explained 65.52% of the total variance. First and second level confirmatory factor analysis were applied to confirm the structure obtained as a result of exploratory factor analyses. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the model structure of the scale. For the reliability research, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was calculated, the lowest 27% group was compared with the highest 27% group, and the correlation between the two measurements was examined by applying the test-retest procedure. At the end of the study it was determined that the scale was reliable based on the values obtained.

Longitudinal relations between non-suicidal self-injury and both depression and anxiety among senior high school adolescents: a cross-lagged panel network analysis.

Comorbidity between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and depression and anxiety was common. In the framework of network theory, the examination of directionality and gender differences in longitudinal relationships at the symptom level made a significant contribution to the understanding of comorbidity. Therefore, this study employed cross-lagged panel network analysis to investigate the longitudinal interrelations between NSSI and depression and anxiety in Chinese adolescents, with a focus on gender differences. The study was conducted with a sample of 884 senior high school students (F/M: 481/403; mean age: 15.19±0.48 years) from Jinchang City, Gansu Province, China. All respondents completed the Adolescent Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Assessment Questionnaire and the two subscales (depression and anxiety) of the Brief Symptom Inventory at two intervals. The data were estimated in R 4.2.0 to construct the cross-lagged panel network (CLPN). The CLPN results uncovered the gender differences. For boys, self-hitting and feeling scared emerged as central symptoms. Cutting predicted subsequent feelings of sadness (β=-0.57), tension (β=-0.52) and indifference (β=-0.49), potentially serving as a bridge connecting NSSI to depression and anxiety. For girls, biting themselves and feeling scared were central symptoms. Carving and skin rubbing predicted subsequent feelings of indifference (β=-0.31, -0.21), bridging NSSI to depression and anxiety. In addition, feeling scared emerged as the key bridge symptom connecting depression and anxiety. The findings showed the gender-specific developmental characteristics of the directional relations between NSSI and depression and anxiety at the symptom level. They provided new insights into the comorbidity of NSSI and depression and anxiety, carrying important implications for the screening and intervention of adolescent NSSI.