Adolescent Violence Research Articles

María Victoria Menis’s María y El Araña

Middle-class children and adolescents have been represented in several Argentine films of the twenty-first century. In María y El Araña [ María and Spiderman ] (2013), María Victoria Menis tackles the representation of youth who are at risk due to both their working-class backgrounds and the absence or incapacity of any parental figures. Her film also engages with the difficult topics of adolescent sexualization, sexual abuse, and physical violence perpetrated against disadvantaged youth. While the cinematic depiction of destitution, also known as ‘poverty porn’, generally deploys realism, I argue that Menis avoids the dangers of the paedophilic gaze in María y El Araña , by briefly providing the point of view of the young female protagonist, as well as a glimpse into one of her dreams. The director also relies on fairy tales to narrate this story about the dangers of adult violence against vulnerable adolescents to educate viewers about these abuses and their threat to civilized society. Because fairy tales offer access to imaginative worlds, despite the film’s themes, María y El Araña has an unusual ending for a Latin American film featuring at-risk young protagonists.

A hybrid digital parenting programme to prevent abuse of adolescents in Tanzania: study protocol for a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial

BackgroundEvidence-based parenting programmes have strong evidence in preventing and mitigating violence, but in-person programmes are challenging to deliver at scale. ParentApp is an open-source, offline-first app-based adaptation of the Parenting for Lifelong Health for Parents and Teens programme to promote playful and positive parenting, reduce risks for sexual violence victimisation, and prevent violence against adolescents. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ParentApp compared to an attention-control group.MethodsThis study is a two-arm pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial to test whether ParentApp reduces adolescent physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual violence risks and victimisation at 1 month and 12 months post-intervention. Caregivers of adolescents aged 10–17 years and their adolescent children (N = 2400 caregiver-adolescent dyads) will be recruited in urban and peri-urban communities in the Mwanza region of Tanzania. A total of 80 study clusters will be stratified and randomised (1:1) to the intervention group, who will receive ParentApp with support through a WhatsApp group, or to an attention-control group, who will receive a water, sanitation, and hygiene app. Quantitative data will be collected through outcomes questionnaires with caregivers and adolescents, administered at baseline, 4 months post-baseline, and 16 months post-baseline, as well as through routine implementation data and ParentApp engagement data. Qualitative data will be collected through individual interviews and focus groups with caregivers, adolescents, and implementing partner staff.DiscussionApp-based interventions have the potential to expand access to evidence-based parenting support, but currently lack rigorous evidence in low- and middle-income countries. This is the first known randomised control trial of a hybrid digital parenting programme to prevent the abuse of adolescents in low- and middle-income settings.Trial registrationThe trial was registered on the Open Science Framework on 14 March 2023, registration: OSF.IO/T9FXZ.

The relationship between community violence and mental health symptoms in adolescents: protocol for a systematic review

Background: Mental health diseases are responsible for 16% of the global burden of disease in adolescents. Identifying the main determinants of these disorders in this age group can direct public and political efforts aimed at their prevention. Two previous meta-analyses showed a moderate and positive effect between exposure to community violence and mental health symptoms; however, there are still significant gaps to be addressed. Objectives: To evaluate whether adolescents’ exposure to a higher degree of community violence is associated with a higher risk of internalizing mental health symptoms and to investigate whether degrees of community violence events (victimization, witnesses and heard about) is associated with a higher risk of internalizing mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety and postraumatic stress disorder). Methods: A systematic review, research question and inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed according to the PEO format. The population consists of adolescents aged 10 to 24 years, the exposition involves individuals who were exposed to community violence, the comparison is adolescents who were not exposed or who were exposed to community violence to a smaller degree, and the outcome consists of internalizing mental health symptoms. Selection, extraction and quality assessment are being performed independently by two researchers. Results: A narrative synthesis will be presented. If possible, a meta-analysis will be performed with subgroup analyses of age, sex, degree of community violence and race. Publication bias will be assessed using funnel plots. This protocol has been registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) - CRD 42019124740.

The Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Subsequent Association with Exposure to Childhood Violence and Mental Health Outcomes for Adolescents and Young Adults in Zimbabwe

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a major public health concern for young people in developing nations, impacting approximately two-thirds of individuals below the age of 25. This study examined the prevalence and the association between self-reported STIs, childhood violence exposure, and mental health outcomes among adolescents and young adults (13-24 years old) in Zimbabwe. Secondary data from the 2017 Zimbabwe Violence Against Children and Youth Survey (n=8,715) was utilized. Data analysis was performed using chisquare to determine the prevalence estimates for bivariate. Seven logistic regression models were used to examine the significant association between independent variables and outcomes for multivariate. About 45.5% of adolescents and young adults with self-reported STIs were exposed to multiple forms of childhood violence, 49.8% reported lifetime suicide risk, and 44.9% reported moderate-to-severe mental distress in the past 30 days. Furthermore, logistic regression results indicated that adolescents and young adults with self-reported STI diagnoses were more likely to be exposed to multiple forms of childhood violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual violence, as well as mental distress in the past 30 days and lifetime suicide risk compared to those without STIs. Therefore, this study underscores the importance of implementing comprehensive public health strategies to protect the wellbeing of adolescents and young adults with STIs. Interventions should also prioritize raising awareness, destigmatizing STIs, implementing and strengthening violence prevention policies, and addressing mental health problems through community mental health treatment programs in Zimbabwe. Keywords: Childhood violence, Emotional violence, Exposure, Mental distress, Physical violence, Sexual violence, Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Suicide risk, Zimbabwe.

Влияние насилия в киберпространстве на субъективное благополучие подростков

<p>The article presents the results of an analysis of the relationship between psychological violence in cyberspace and adolescents' assessments of their well-being (subjective well-being – SWB). The sample consisted of three groups of respondents who reported different levels of trolling, online attacks, and the publication of personal information, including of a sexual nature. The conducted study demonstrates that cyber violence disrupts the normalization of life, based on the understanding that one's life is no worse than others. A significant decrease in all SWB indicators occurs in the case of the victim's personalization of violence. Adolescents are most dissatisfied with their safety, consideration of their opinions, internal networks, and social contexts. Reluctance to turn to teachers and psychologists in school leads to the fact that the majority of adolescents – victims of cyber violence – remain without professional assistance, with all the consequences described in the literature on the subject. <strong><em> </em></strong></p>

A global call for adolescent intimate partner violence prevention

A global call for adolescent intimate partner violence prevention

Predictors of Adolescent Intimate Partner Sexual Violence Victimization: Patterns of Intersectional Social Positions in a Statewide, School-based Sample.

Intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) is a substantial public health issue faced by youth, with disparities along lines of race, gender, and sexual orientation. Using an intersectional framework, the current study describes the prevalence of self-reported IPSV victimization across intersecting social positions among adolescents. High school students who completed the 2019 Minnesota Student Survey were asked whether they had ever experienced IPSV. Using exhaustive Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection (eCHAID), responses were modeled using five indicators: racial/ethnic identity, transgender/genderqueer/genderfluid identity, sex assigned at birth, sexual orientation, and school location. The prevalence of IPSV victimization within each end group identified by the eCHAID varied from 2.6% to 32.0%. The highest prevalence of IPSV among all students was observed in subgroups defined by multiple marginalized social positions; for example, 32.0% among lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, pansexual, or questioning (LGBQ+) students of color who were transgender, genderqueer, genderfluid or unsure of their gender, and assigned male at birth; 22.8% among LGBQ+ students assigned female at birth and enrolled in a Greater Minnesota (outside of the Twin Cities) school; and 22.2% among Native+ or missing race LGBQ+ students assigned female at birth and enrolled in a metropolitan school. Within the eCHAID decision tree, several subsamples of students were split into two more subsamples with a twofold or greater statistically significant difference in IPSV victimization prevalence between them. Findings from this study highlight notable disparities in the prevalence of IPSV victimization among Minnesota youth and demonstrate the importance of detailing the distribution of interpersonal violence outcomes across youth with multiple marginalized identities. Findings suggest that disparities reported along one categorical axis only may miss important nuances in how risk for IPSV is distributed. Population health researchers should utilize methods that allow for the explication of complex intersections that characterize individuals' social positions in estimating the prevalence of sexual violence.

Thoughts of self-harm in adolescents: Relationship with violence in the Dominican Republic.

Violence against adolescents is a pressing health problem with long-term implications for future physical and mental well-being, such as thoughts of self-harm, which have been associated with suicidal ideation and completion. However, much of the research has been conducted only in high-income countries. This study aimed to examine the correlation between violence against adolescents and self-harm thoughts in La Romana, Dominican Republic (DR). Cross-sectional survey data was collected at a community-based clinic from participants aged 13-20. Participants were recruited through the clinic's adolescent program and peer referral, and verbal consent was obtained. A survey solicited information about each participant's demographics, experiences with violence, and thoughts of harm to self or others. The survey was completed by 49 adolescents. The mean age was 16.78 (SD 2.34); 65% were female. We performed t-tests and Fisher's exact to investigate the relationship between demographics, reported violence experiences and having self-harm thoughts. About half (45%) had experienced physical violence, 76% had experienced emotional violence, and 12% had experienced sexual violence. The most common perpetrators of physical and emotional violence were classmates (12% and 24%), and the most common perpetrator of sexual violence was an ex-partner (4.1%). Ten participants (20.4%) had thought about harming themselves. Self-harm thoughts were significantly associated with being female (p = 0.025), employed (p = 0.05), and to a higher number of experiences of physical (0.029) and sexual violence (p = 0.023). The results of this study suggest a high prevalence of both violence and self-harm thoughts in adolescents in the DR. Interventions that address physical and sexual violence against adolescents may be particularly important. Particular attention should also be paid to screening for self-harm thoughts in female-identifying adolescents. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between violence and self-harm thoughts in adolescents in the DR.

Does parental phubbing increase the risk of adolescent cyberbullying and cyber victimization? The role of social anxiety and self-control

Cyberbullying and cyber victimization are widespread problems that impair the physical and mental health of adolescents. To date, the impact of parental phubbing on adolescent cyberbullying and cyber victimization remains underexplored. The current study investigates the relationships between parental phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying and cyber victimization and whether these influence mechanisms work consistently. We recruited 1034 Chinese adolescents aged 12–15 years as a sample and constructed two moderated mediation models to evaluate the relationships among parental phubbing, social anxiety, self-control, cyberbullying, and cyber victimization. The results showed that (1) parental phubbing positively predicted adolescent cyberbullying and cyber victimization; (2) parental phubbing was associated with cyberbullying and cyber victimization among adolescents through the mediating effect of social anxiety; (3) the relationships between parental phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying and cyber victimization and the mediating effects of social anxiety were moderated by self-control; specifically all effects were significant at low self-control and vice versa. The research findings are conducive to informing the risk factors and mechanisms of adolescent cyber violence and further reveal the negative influence of parental phubbing on adolescent development.

PREVALÊNCIA E FATORES PESSOAIS ASSOCIADOS À VIOLÊNCIA AUTOPROVOCADA EM ADOLESCENTES

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the prevalence and personal factors associated with self-harm in adolescents. Method: A cross-sectional analytical observational study. The population consisted of notifications of interpersonal or self-harm violence in adolescents in Brazil from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Notifications between 2009 and 2021 in Brazil were included in adolescents aged 10 to 19. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The prevalence of self-harm was 27.39% in Brazil. Black adolescents increase the prevalence of self-harm violence by 3% and brown and indigenous adolescents by 2%; more than eight years of schooling is a protective factor in relation to self-harm violence, reducing the prevalence of self-inflicted violence by 12%. Conclusion: The results indicate the need for effective policies and strategies to help care for this public.

Intimate partner violence in adolescence: Action of the protection network during the COVID-19 pandemic

Intimate partner violence in adolescence: Action of the protection network during the COVID-19 pandemic

Alcohol use as a predictor of child-to-parent violence in adolescents from southern Mexico

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la relación y efecto del uso de alcohol sobre la Violencia Filio-Parental (VFP). Método: Estudio observacional transversal con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado mediante recolección de datos en línea utilizando la Escala Táctica de Conflicto (CTS2) y la Prueba de Identificación de Desordenes por Uso de Alcohol (AUDIT) en 318 adolescentes de preparatoria del sur de México. Resultados: Se encontraron relaciones moderadas y significativas entre el uso de alcohol y la violencia verbal (rs = .408, p = .001) y económica ejercida hacia la madre (rs = .445, p = .001). Situación similar se presentó en la violencia física (rs = .473, p = .001), verbal (rs = .236, p = .001) y económica (rs = .477, p = .001) dirigida al padre. Conclusión: La relación entre las variables fue respaldada por modelos de Regresión Lineal Múltiple, siendo el consumo de alcohol en los adolescentes predictor de la violencia ejercida a las madres como a los padres.

Alcohol use as a predictor of child-to-parent violence in adolescents from southern Mexico.

To analyze the relationship and effect of alcohol use on Child-to-Parent Violence (CPV). Cross-sectional, observational study with a quantitative approach, carried out through online data collection using the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in 318 high school adolescents from southern Mexico. Moderate and significant relationships were found between alcohol use and verbal (rs = 0.408, p = 0.001) and economic violence against the mother (rs = 0.445, p = 0.001). A similar situation is presented in physical (rs = 0.473, p = 0.001), verbal (rs = 0.236, p = 0.001) and economic (rs = 0.477, p = 0.001) violence directed to the father. The relation among the variables was supported by Multiple Linear Regression models, with alcohol consumption in adolescents being a predictor of violence against mothers and fathers.

Psychophysical and cognitive adverse effects of smart phones overuse on children and adolescent

Abstract Background: The excessive use of smartphones is seen as a source of child and adolescent violence and probably impacts cognitive function. As the world of mobile phones are continuously evolving, the violence factor is an endless argument. Smart mobile can cause problems other than violence which might be physical, cognitive, or psychological. Objectives: The study aims to clarify the dangers of smartphones overuse on psychophysical and cognitive function. Materials and Methods: A prospective follow-up study was conducted that included 100 children. A convenient sample of participants and their parents were interviewed directly and were asked about their children’s smart phones habit, causes of cellular phone overuse, school performance. Participants behavior was assessed by Modified overt aggression scale, whereas cognitive function by Montreal Cognitive Assessment test was done in 1, 6, and 12 months interval. Results: 50% of participants used smartphones for more than 3 hours per day, as well as most of the cases who used smartphones for a longer duration were children (25%) as compared to other age groups, children used smartphones mainly for violent and nonviolent games than in social applications, excessive mobile phone usage for more than 3 hours daily associated with significant health problems like neck pain (68%), headache (52.1%), eye tearing (51%), sleep problems (47.6%), and backache (47.1%). Children and adolescents who used smartphones for less than 1 hour daily show an increment in their scores, whereas those who used smartphones for more than 1 hour daily gradually decreased their scores with the time used. Conclusion: Smartphone overuse had a significant impact on behavior, school performance, and cognitive function.

Intimate Partner Violence Among Queer Adolescents

Abstract: The present study examines intimate partner physical violence among queer adolescents. Utilizing a nationally representative sample of high school students, we investigate the influence and interactions of mental health, sexual behavior, and key demographic characteristics on the prevalence of intimate partner physical violence. Informed by an intersectional and queer-theory framework, we employ multivariate regression analysis to identify key risk factors for exposure to intimate partner physical violence among queer adolescents. The findings suggest that negative mental health symptoms, suicidality, social mistreatment based on race and ethnicity, and increased sexual activity are all associated with increased exposure to intimate partner physical violence for queer adolescents. Recommendations include further study of the effectiveness of social programs that target key risk factors like suicidality, bullying, economic vulnerability, and sexual health knowledge. Future studies on intimate partner, physical violence among queer adolescents, should explore comparisons across racial and socioeconomic demographics further.

Concept analysis of digital sexual violence of adolescents: based on Walker and Avant method

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify attributes, antecedents, and consequences of digital sexual violence in adolescents. Methods: Using the framework of Walker and Avant’s conceptual analysis, 22 articles on digital sexual violence in adolescents were selected for this study. Results: Attributes were derived from repeated and persistent sexual exploitation, unlimited sexual exposure to the anonymous public, unilateral/collective violence, inevitable bondage, and permanent sexual stigma. Antecedents were identified familiar digital media, low self-esteem, digital grooming, and a lack of a support system. Consequences were identified as emotional disorder, behavioral disorder(drug abuse, suicidal thoughts, etc.), social isolation, interpersonal avoidance, and daily life disruption. The definition of digital sexual violence against adolescents involves repetitive and persistent sexual exploitation using information and communication technologies and digital media. It is a unilateral and collective act of violence that enables unlimited sexual exposure to the anonymous public, imposes inevitable bondage on the victims and causes permanent sexual stigmatisation. Conclusion: This study is expected to contribute to the development of educational programs and conceptual measurement tools for the prevention of digital sexual violence among adolescents.

Relational dynamics associated with adolescent and young adult (13 to 23 years of age) partner violence: The role of inter-parental violence and child abuse.

The study aimed to examine the effect of witnessing inter-parental violence and experiencing childhood abuse on victimization of intimate partner violence (IPV) after marriage among adolescent and young girls. Data were drawn from the second wave of the Understanding the lives of adolescents and young adults (UDAYA) survey (2018-2019). The sample size was 5480 married adolescent and young girls aged 13-23 years. The outcome variable of the study was the victimization of IPV. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) were performed. A total of 39% of married adolescent and young girls experienced physical violence, followed by sexual violence (35%) and emotional violence (28%) by their partner. Around 30% of respondents witnessed inter-parental violence, and 32% of the participants were beaten by their parents during childhood. Participants who had witnessed inter-parental violence were significantly correlated with experiencing childhood abuse, and this association was positively correlated with exposure to IPV in adolescence and young adulthood. Further, the parameter estimates of the indicators of IPV were highest for emotional violence (1.10) followed by physical violence (1.00) and sexual violence (0.62). Witnessing inter-parental violence significantly increases parents' physical violence to adolescents and young adult girls (β = 0.49, P<0.001, CI: 0.47-0.51). No tie between witnessing inter-parental violence and childhood abuse mediates their effect on later victimization of IPV. The findings indicate that witnessing inter-parental violence is a strong risk factor for IPV victimization among adolescent and young adult girls. Our findings advocate prerequisite collaborative effort with multiple service providers for greater empowerment at national, state, community, and family levels to achieve SDG goals pertaining to eliminating violence against women.

Predicting adolescent violence in Wartegg-ZeichenTest drawing images based on deep learning

This thesis deals with the problem of negative behaviour due to changes in mental and physical stress in adolescence. In particular, it is a study to solve the health care problem of students exposed to violence. Among the problematic behaviours, students exposed to violence, especially, have many problems with healthcare. A projective test using pictures can elicit information from adolescents through direct experiences represented by pictures to which the subject unconsciously reacts. Few methods analyse images drawn by adolescents as image data. This study analyses data from 134 violent students who received fifth-degree punishment for violent behaviour and 134 nonviolent students. We use the convolutional neural network (CNN)(softmax), CNN (support vector machine (SVM)), with the style transfer generative adversarial network, and ensemble techniques to analyse drawn images using WZT and predict violence through deep learning. We predict violence from pictures with an accuracy of 93%–98%. This study is the first to automatically analyze and predict violence with a deep learning model in images drawn by adolescents on WZT. It also features WZT to proactively conduct violence investigations to improve health care for students. Advances in deep learning for image feature extraction are expected to provide more research opportunities.

Repérer les violences sexuelles chez les adolescents suicidants. L’hospitalisation pédiatrique : un temps pour dire ? Étude rétrospective sur une population d’adolescents hospitalisés en pédiatrie

IntroductionSexual violence against minors has important psychological repercussions throughout life. In adolescents, it can result in endangerment or self-aggressive behaviour such as suicide attempts. Its detection by health professionals is therefore an important issue in order to provide these young people with appropriate medical and social care. Professional recommendations call for systematic hospitalization of adolescents who have attempted suicide, but these recommendations have not yet been widely applied. At the Robert-Ballanger hospital (Aulnay-sous-Bois, Seine-St-Denis, France), a specific protocol has been established between paediatrics and child psychiatry departments, allowing all suicidal adolescents to be hospitalized in paediatrics. We conducted a study to take advantage of this hospitalization time to better identify sexual violence in adolescents. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study based on the analysis of the medical records of 138 adolescents hospitalized in the paediatric ward and followed by the child psychiatry liaison team at the centre hospitalier Robert-Ballanger (Aulnay-sous-Bois) in 2021. ResultsWe found significantly more sexually assaulted adolescents among those hospitalized for suicidal gestures or ideas (12 out of 54; 22%) than among those hospitalized for other reasons (5 out of 84; 6%). The sexual assaults described by the adolescents concerned were consistent with data from epidemiological studies and French victimization surveys : they mainly concerned girls (14 out of 17), were repeated assaults in three quarters of cases, and were intrafamilial assaults in one third of cases. The disclosure was often made to a caregiver (for 5 of 17 adolescents). Adolescents with a history of sexual assault were more concerned with intrafamilial violence but also with school harassment. We found a significantly higher number of suicide attempts among sexually assaulted adolescents, as well as a higher number of suicide attempts requiring hospitalization in intensive care. ConclusionPaediatric hospitalization of adolescents attempting suicide appears to be an interesting tool for identifying a history of sexual assault in these young people. Our study highlights an over-representation of sexually assaulted adolescents among those treated for suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts, as well as specific factors that should be vigilantly monitored. A reassuring environment, awareness-raising among professionals, and special attention to detail could all help to improve detection and hence protection and appropriate therapeutic follow-up.

Conséquences à l’adolescence des violences sexuelles dans l’enfance : penser le repérage au cours de l’hospitalisation pédopsychiatrique des adolescents

IntroductionFew studies have systematically searched for a history of sexual violence in adolescents with severe psychiatric disorders hospitalized in departments of child psychiatry. Here, we present the results of a retrospective study conducted on the records of all adolescents hospitalized in a child psychiatry department in the Seine Saint-Denis department between 2017 and 2021. Study objectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate the frequency of Antecedents of Sexual Aggression (AAS) in adolescents hospitalized in child psychiatry departments and to attempt to describe chronological and symptomatological links between these antecedents and hospitalization in child psychiatry, with the aim of proposing possible screening and management recommendations. Material and methodsWe conducted a retrospective study based on analysis of the medical records of 141 adolescents hospitalized in a child psychiatry department between 2017 and 2021. ResultsBy recalling the epidemiology of sexual aggression in childhood and adolescence (frequent, involving both boys and girls, in a third of cases intrafamilial, and in about half of the situations uncrushed and unaccompanied) our study underlines the importance of their detection by physicians and caregivers. The significantly higher prevalence of suicide attempts and self-harm should draw particular attention to the risk of a history of sexual assault, as these symptoms are strongly associated in our study. The significantly higher prevalence of depression and borderline personality disorder may provide a better understanding of the repercussions of sexual assault in adolescence. The short delay between the sexual assault and its disclosure in our observation, and the fact that most disclosures of intra-family sexual assaults were made during hospitalization, underline the value of systematic hospitalization of adolescents, particularly after a suicide attempt. The reassuring environment of hospitalization may encourage a more rapid disclosure of sexual assault, and thus lessen its devastating psychic effects during adolescence. A potential weakness of our study is that, even in a specialized service, such antecedents are probably still undervalued and insufficiently noted in medical records. More attention should certainly be paid during child psychiatric interviews to any history of sexual assault. Nevertheless, given the scarcity of systematic studies on the subject, this study paves the way for prospective studies. Recommendations can also be made for less serious situations, with no proven psychiatric disorders, but following a suicide attempt. In such cases, the patient could be hospitalized in a pediatric ward, with appropriate psychological support, rather than in a child psychiatry ward. Regardless of where adolescents who have attempted suicide are psychologically cared for, greater attention needs to be paid to any history of sexual aggression, so as to identify it as early as possible, provide secondary prevention and avoid the psychic deterioration of the adolescent process which would be weakened as a result.