Adolescent Suicidal Behavior Research Articles

Clinical, psychological, social, and family characterization of suicidal behavior in Chilean adolescents: a multiple correspondence analysis.

Introduction Suicide is the second leading cause of premature death in people between 15 and 29 years old and the third in young people between 15 and 19 years old. Adolescence is a critical period concerning mental health disorders since there is greater vulnerability to suicidal behaviors. The situation in Latin America is worrying, with Chile being one of the two countries where suicide rates of children and adolescents increase yearly. This study aims to analyze clinical, psychological, family, and social risk factors associated with suicidal behavior in a clinical sample of adolescents treated in the public health system of the Maule region. Methods The study design is cross- sectional. We used a sample of 388 adolescents between 10 and 21 years old admitted to the health system of the Maule Region. The participants were evaluated by applying five measuring instruments (The Barrat Impulsivity Scale, The Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale, The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, The General Help-Seeking Questionnaire for mental health problems in adolescents, and The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale) in addition to collecting social and family information and relevant clinical history from the medical records. Results The analysis allowed us to identify distinctive characteristics of adolescent suicidal behavior by describing clinical, psychological, and family social factors. Conclusions Adolescents with a history of suicide attempts are characterized by having suicidal ideation, anxious-depressive symptoms, stress, insomnia, and impulsiveness. Likewise, they report being non-religious, belonging to sexual minorities, and victims of sexual harassment and/or abuse.

Psychosocial risk factors associated with suicide in youth and adolescents: A systematic review

The phenomenon of suicide is a worldwide problem that has been increasing in the last decade with greater prevalence in the adolescent and young population, generating impact in different contexts such as family, social, economic, and educational, among others. That is why this systematic review focuses on identifying psychosocial factors associated with suicidal behavior in adolescents and young people, in publications published worldwide. This will allow us to recognize within these studies the coincidence of different aspects, within which the following psychosocial factors are highlighted: family, exposure to various forms of violence, risk behaviors, psychopathology, and negative emotional states.

Longitudinal associations of the duration of mobile phone use with suicidal behavior in adolescents: The mediating role of depressive symptoms

BackgroundProlonged mobile phone use has been demonstrated to be associated with mental health problems and suicidal behavior in adolescents. This study examined the mediating role of depressive symptoms in the association between duration of mobile phone use (DMPU) and suicidal behavior in adolescents. MethodsA total of 6,923 participants from the Shandong Adolescent Behavior & Health Cohort (SABHC) were included in the analysis. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire to assess DMPU on weekdays and weekends, mental disorders, insomnia symptoms, depressive symptoms, suicidal behavior (thought, plan, or attempt), and family demographics in November–December 2015. One year later, a follow-up survey was conducted to ask participants to report their depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior. Path analyses with logistic regressions were performed to examine the mediating role of depressive symptoms in the DMPU-suicidal behavior link. ResultsOf the sample, mean age was 14.58 (SD = 1.45) and 3,455 (49.9 %) were female at baseline. 12.12 % of participants reported having ever suicidal behavior during the past 12 months at baseline, and 10.63 % reported having ever suicidal behavior during 1-year follow-up. Path analyses showed that the depressive symptoms played a partial mediating role in the association of DMPU on weekdays and weekends with subsequent suicidal behavior. After controlling for covariates, depressive symptoms accounted for 33.6 % and 58.6 % of the total effect of DMPU on weekdays and weekends on suicidal behavior, respectively. LimitationAll variables were measured based on self-report. ConclusionsThe link between DMPU and suicidal behavior was partially mediated by depressive symptoms. Prolonged mobile phone use and depressive symptoms should be assessed and intervened to prevent suicidal behavior in adolescents.

Knowledge of teachers about suicidal behavior in adolescents.

To identify the knowledge of teachers about suicidal behavior in adolescents. Qualitative exploratory-descriptive study conducted in a state school in the municipality of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Twelve teachers participated in the study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews analyzed using Bardin's Content Analysis. Three categories were built: "Warning signs of suicide", related to the signs identified by the professionals; "Risk factors for suicide", which indicate the reasons that may lead adolescents to present this type of behavior; and "Difficulties in dealing with the behaviors", referring to the behaviors adopted by adolescents and the difficulties of teachers before the theme. It was possible to identify that teachers recognize some signs of suicidal behavior, as well as some risk factors. Nonetheless, it is necessary to qualify them to approach the subject, since they feel insecure to act in more critical moments, thus generating mainly feelings of sadness, guilt and powerlessness.

Associations of Childhood Maltreatment With Suicidal Behavior Among Chinese Adolescents: Does It Differ Based on Gender and Biological Rhythm?

BackgroundThe impact of biological rhythm disorder (BRD) on the association of childhood maltreatment (CM) and suicidal behavior in adolescents remains unclear. CM increases the risk of suicidal ideation (SI), suicidal planning (SP), and suicidal attempts (SAs). There is less investigation on gender differences in CM's effects on suicidal behavior. It is unknown whether the impacts vary with different levels of BRD.AimsTo identify gender differences in CM's effects on suicidal behavior and to investigate these impacts at different levels of BRD.MethodThe analysis is based on data from 7,986 adolescents recruited from three cities in China between October and December 2019. All participants, aged 14.7 ± 2 years, filled out standard questionnaires involving CM, BRD, and suicidal behavior.ResultsA total of 22.9, 10.8, and 4.7% of the adolescents reported SI/SP/SAs in the past year. Girls are more likely to engage in SI and SP when exposed to the highest level of CM; boys are more likely to engage in SAs than girls. A significant relationship between moderate levels of CM and SI/SP/SAs was only observed in girls exposed to low BRD. Moderate CM is only significantly associated with SI in boys exposed to low BRD. The percentage of low-BRD adolescents who experienced high CM was 31.4%, whereas 58% of high-BRD adolescents experienced high CM in SI. Adolescents with high BRD were more likely to experience high levels of CM in SP and SAs.ConclusionsAdolescents at high risk of suicidal behavior in relation to CM should be targeted accordingly. Improving biological rhythm in adolescents who experience CM could help prevent them from engaging in suicidal behavior.

Problems with Suicidal Behavior Prevention in Adolescents: a Narrative Literature Review.

Among the existing issues related to the health and quality of life of Russian adolescents, suicidal behavior is being actively discussed; however, the available comprehensive measures for prevention of suicide and attempts at suicide at this age do not provide an adequate solution. This is due to the fact that suicide is an integrative phenomenon, and the act of suicide itself is interpreted, in essence, as the "tip of the iceberg". What is especially clearly manifested in adolescence is the fact that the readiness to commit suicide is associated not so much with the level of severity of mental pathology and personality dysfunction, but with the general social context lack of well-being of total trouble. Therefore, suicide prevention cannot be based purely on the timely identification of persons at risk for mental pathology. The purpose of this work is to analyze the available literature on current approaches that have demonstrated their efficacy in reducing suicidal behavior in adolescents. The authors performed a narrative review of the relevant literature published between 2012 and 2021. They analyzed the works presented in the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science electronic databases. Descriptive analysis was used to generalize the data obtained. The article discusses preventive approaches to suicidal behavior in adolescents, which are most often studied, and which are also used in practical healthcare. It outlines the problems associated with the implementation and evaluation of the efficacy of these preventive programs. The continuing high rate of suicide among adolescents calls for an urgent concerted effort to develop, disseminate, and implement more effective prevention strategies. School-based approaches are the most convenient in practical terms, but they require systematic and long-term use of anti-suicidal programs. Digital interventions can reduce the economic burden of their use, including assessing suicidal risk and identifying psychopathology associated with suicidality.

Bullying and other risk factors related to adolescent suicidal behaviours in the Philippines: a look into the 2011 GSHS Survey

BackgroundsThe present study retrospectively examined gender differences in bullying and suicidal behaviour (ideation, plan, and attempts) as well as associations between selected risk factors and suicidal behaviour among secondary school Filipino students.MethodsThe study used a secondary data set from the GSHS developed by the World Health Organization, which was conducted in the Philippines in 2011. Participants included 5290 Filipino students (male N = 2279, female N = 2986). A two-tailed Chi-square of independence was used to test for gender differences and a multivariate logistic regression model explored statistical associations between risk factors and outcome variables.ResultsChi-square results suggested that gender differences were statistically significant for being bullied χ2 (1, N = 2384) = 10.6, p = .001, experiencing suicidal ideation χ2 (1, N = 857) = 61.7, p = .000, making suicide plans χ2 (1, N = 590) = 10.2, p = .001, and suicide attempts χ2 (1, N = 674) = 8.4, p = .004, with females showing higher vulnerability to examined risk factors. The logistic regression model also suggested that adolescents claiming to have no close friends were three to four times more likely to attempt suicide. Other strong predictors of suicidal behaviours were loneliness and getting in trouble due to alcohol consumption.ConclusionsBullying is an independent yet, not the strongest predictor associated with adolescents’ suicidal behaviour in the present study. The strongest predictors of Filipino adolescents’ suicidal behaviours in the 2011 cohort included having no close friends, loneliness, anxiety and getting in trouble due to alcohol use among both genders. Peer and mental health support programmes need to be made available and accessible for adolescents in the Philippines. Considering the increase in suicide rates in 2020/2021 among Filipino young adults due to the Coronavirus pandemic, it is suggested that preventing suicidal vulnerability in adolescence can hinder this occurrence later on in the lifetime.

Depression and suicide attempts in Chinese adolescents with mood disorders: the mediating role of rumination.

Mood disorders (MD) are often associated with a higher incidence of suicidal behavior, especially in adolescent patients. However, the mechanisms by which depression affects suicide attempts in adolescents with MD remain poorly elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and clinical correlates of suicide attempts in Chinese adolescent patients with MD, as well as the inter-relationship between depressive symptoms, rumination, and suicide attempts, and the role of rumination in mediating depression and suicide attempts. A total of 331 MD adolescent patients aged 11 ~ 18years were recruited from a psychiatric hospital. Suicide attempts were assessed with the MINI Suicide Scale. Depressed symptoms were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). To assess rumination, we used the 21-item Chinese version of the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS). Overall, the percentage of suicide attempts among MD adolescents was 51.96%, with a higher percentage of females (58.62%) than males (36.36%). Compared to non-suicide attempters, suicide attempters had higher scores on PHQ-9, RRS, depression-related, brooding, and reflective pondering. Gender and RRS were independently associated with suicide attempts. Rumination played a fully mediating role between depression and suicide attempts. In addition, the mediating effect of depression between rumination and suicide attempts was not significant. The incidence of suicide attempts was higher in MD adolescents than in general adolescents. Gender and rumination were associated with suicide attempts in MD adolescents. Moreover, rumination mediated the correlation between depressive symptoms and suicide attempts, suggesting that rumination may be an important intervention component for clinical staff to prevent suicidal behavior in adolescents with MD.

Predictors of Suicide Re-Attempt in a Spanish Adolescent Population after 12 Months' Follow-Up.

Background: This study aims to identify the main predictive factors that allow for the recognition of adolescents with a higher risk of re-attempting suicide. Method: A longitudinal 12-month follow-up design was carried out in a sample of 533 Spanish adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. The data collection period comprised September 2013 to November 2016, including a one-year follow-up after hospital discharge. Results: A statistically significant regression model was obtained to predict suicide re-attempt at 12-months’ follow-up (χ2 = 34.843; p < 0.001; Nagelkerke R2 = 0.105), including personal history of self-injury (OR = 2.721, p < 0.001, 95% CI [1.706, 4.340]) and age (OR = 0.541, p = 0.009, 95% CI [0.340, 0.860]), correctly classifying 82.6% of the sample. Our results show that having a personal history of self-injury and being younger than 14 years old were predictors of suicide re-attempt during the first year after an adolescent’s first admission to emergency services. Conclusions: Considering these factors could contribute to the design of more tailored and effective interventions to prevent suicidal behavior in adolescents at high risk of re-attempting suicide.

Suicidal Behavior in Adolescent Girls with Eating Disorders

IntroductionEating disorders are associated with suicidal behavior in adolescents. But the relationship between subthreshold eating disorders and suicidality is not well understood.ObjectivesTo examine suicidal behavior in adolescent girls with eating disorders (ED) and subthreshold eating disorders (SED).MethodsThe study of 917 girls aged 12–17 used the Body Image and Eating Distress scale (Koskelainen et al., 2001) and questions about intentional self-harm (burns or cuts), suicidal thoughts and suicidal attempts. Adolescents were divided into three groups: girls with ED (n = 20); girls with SED (n = 88); and control group (CG, n = 809).ResultsSelf-harm was reported by 55% of girls with ED, 35.2% of girls with SED and 20.2% of CG girls (χ2 = 15.82, p &lt;0.001). Suicidal ideation was reported by 65% of girls with ED, 51.1% of girls with SED and 27.2% of CG girls (χ2 = 21.86, p &lt;0.001). Suicidal attempts were reported by 45% of girls with ED, 17.1% of girls with SED and 7.5% of the CG. There were no differences in the prevalence of self-harm and suicidal ideation between the ED and SED groups, rates of suicide attempts were 2.6 times higher in the ED group.ConclusionsGirls with both ED and SED have a high risk of suicidal behavior: 2.7-4.5 times higher rates of self-harm, 1.9-2.4 times higher rates of suicidal ideation, and 2.3-6 times higher rates of suicidal attempts. Management of such adolescents should include assessment of the risk of suicide.DisclosureThe study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant # 21-15-00033.

Formation of reflexive skills as prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents

IntroductionAn important task of psychiatrists and psychologists is the prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents.ObjectivesHighlighting the stages of the formation of reflexive skills for the development of training sessions on the prevention of adolescent suicide.MethodsAnalysis of the results of theoretical and empirical studies of reflection and suicide by psychiatrists and psychologists.ResultsReflexive skills are a system of deliberate actions aimed at understanding and evaluating “I” and one’s own behavior. Theoretical analysis made it possible to distinguish three stages in the formation of reflexive skills. EMOTIONAL - evaluation of “I” as the basis of positive emotions. COGNITIVE - understanding (awareness) of one’s own capabilities for solving a problem. OPERATIONAL - solving a problem based on an assessment of the “I” and an understanding of their capabilities.ConclusionsThe identification of three stages of the formation of reflexive skills, as prevention of adolescent suicide, makes it possible to develop an effective training program for adolescents at risk in the Centers for psychiatric and psychological assistance.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

The role of the dark triad and the experience of violence in the creation and dissemination of self-destructive online content by adolescents and youth

IntroductionResearch in recent years has raised an important question about the role of the Internet in the self-injurious and suicidal behavior of adolescents and youth.ObjectivesThe aim of this work is to study the role of the experience of violence in real life and the dark triad in the creation and dissemination of self-destructive content among adolescents and youth.Methods827 Russian students aged 15-25 (59% female) сompleted the questionnaire and the “Dirty Dozen” (Kornilova, et al., 2015).ResultsTwo-thirds of respondents have seen self-harm (72%) and suicidal (66%) content. Every seventh respondent (14%) is at risk, because he creates, approves with likes or disseminates self-destructive content among peers. Respondents at risk are more likely to have experienced physical (χ2=9.8, p&lt;0.01), psychological (χ2=4.36, p&lt;0.05) and sexualized (χ2=7.44, p&lt;0.01) violence. Respondents who have a higher machiavellianism are more likely to approve (F=17.96, p=0.00) and disseminate (F=6.07, p&lt;0.05) self-destructive content, less often using the «report» (F=4.06, p&lt;0.05). Adolescents who have a higher psychopathic are more likely to create (F=7.34, p&lt;0.01), disseminate (F=23.27, p=0.00) and approve (F=23.92, p=0.00) it.ConclusionsSelf-destructive online content is seen by most teens and youth, and every seventh creates, approves and distributes it among peers, being a victim of violence in real life and having potential tendencies towards self-harm or suicidal behavior. Teens and youth with higher machiavellianism and psychopathy can create and disseminate self-destructive content due to their own psychological problems, but also potentially involve others. Research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research, project 20-013-00857.DisclosureResearch was supported by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research, project 20-013-00857.

Covid-19 pandemic and suicidal risk among adolescents

IntroductionThe Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the mental health of adolescents. Several descriptive studies and systematic reviews have shown an increase in suicide rates in this age group.Objectives- To present a literary review on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health and suicidal behavior of adolescents around the world. - To present data on admission rates due to suicidal behavior during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic in a Spanish child-adolescent psychiatric hospitalization unit.Methods- We will present a literature review and a retrospective cross-sectional study on admission rates for suicidal behavior in a child-adolescent psychiatric hospitalization unit. - Admission rates for suicidal behavior during the year prior to the pandemic will be compared with rates relative to the first year of the pandemic.Results- We have found a significant increase in admission rates for suicidal behavior during the year of the pandemic. Similar results have been found in different studies and meta-analyzes. - The socio-demographic characteristics of the patients are quite similar in the two periods of time analyzed, but the reference to intra-family problems has been more frequent in the year of the pandemic.ConclusionsOur data is in line with other studies suggesting that the Covid-19 pandemic has had a strong impact on teenage suicidal behavior.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Low level of perfectionism as a possible risk factor for suicide in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

IntroductionPrevious research highlighted that adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are four times as vulnerable to suicidal behavior as the healthy population. Maladaptive perfectionism is also viewed as an important risk factor for suicide. Yet, there are no studies which focused on the relationship between perfectionism and suicide among adolescents with ADHD.ObjectivesThe objective of the present study was to explore if perfectionism may be a risk factor for suicidal behavior in adolescents with ADHD.MethodsThe clinical group was recruited from outpatient clinics, while the non-clinical group was recruited from high schools around Hungary. The clinical group’s inclusion criterion was ADHD diagnoses, while the non-clinical group required the absence of any current or past psychiatric treatment or diagnoses.ResultsIn the ADHD group 88 adolescents participated, and 96 adolescents participated in the non-clinical group. There was no difference regarding the level of perfectionism in the groups, except one dimension of perfectionism, which is ‘Organization’. The ADHD group had significantly higher level of suicidal behavior than the control group ((χ2 (1) = 11.222, p &lt; .001, V = 0.25). Among the ADHD group adaptive perfectionism was significantly negatively correlated with suicidal behaviour.ConclusionsAdolescents with ADHD did not have a different level of perfectionism than the healthy control group only in ‘Organization’ trait. This result could add to the therapeutic work with adolescents diagnosed with ADHD with underlining the importance to focus on organizational skills. The result highlights that adaptive perfectionism appears to be a protective factor against suicidality.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Indian Academy of Pediatrics Consensus Guidelines on Prevention and Management of Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents

Suicide is an important cause of adolescent mortality and morbidity in India. As pediatricians are often the first point of contact for adolescents and their families in the healthcare system, they need guidelines to screen, assess, manage and prevent adolescent suicidal behavior to ensure survival, health and mental well-being of this vulnerable population. To formulate guidelines to aid pediatricians for prevention and management of adolescent suicidal behavior. Indian Academy of Pediatrics, in association with Adolescent Health Academy, formed a multidisciplinary committee of subject experts in June, 2019 to formulate guidelines for adolescent suicide prevention and management. After a review of current scientific literature and preparation of draft guidelines, a national consultative meeting was organized on 16 August, 2019 for detailed discussions and deliberations. This was followed by refining of draft guidelines, and discussions over e-mail where suggestions were incorporated and the final document was approved. Pediatricians should screen for mental distress, mental disorders and suicidal and para-suicidal (non-suicidal self-injury) behavior during adolescent health visits. Those with suicidal behavior should be referred to a psychiatrist after providing emergency healthcare, risk assessment, immediate counselling and formulation of a safety plan. Pediatricians should partner with the community and policymakers for primary and secondary prevention of adolescent suicide.

Cross-national examination of adolescent suicidal behavior: a pooled and multi-level analysis of 193,484 students from 53 LMIC countries

IntroductionSuicide is a leading cause of adolescent mortality worldwide. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify individual-level and country-level factors which might explain the variability in suicidal behavior among students in 53 low to middle income countries.MethodsWe used data on adolescents aged 12–16 years from the Global School-based Student Health Surveys from 2009–2016. The suicidal behaviors investigated included suicide ideation, suicidal planning and suicide attempt. The prevalence was estimated for 53 countries, while a multilevel logistic regression analysis (33 countries) was used to investigate the associations of these behaviors with individual and country-level contextual risk factors. The contextual variables included the Gini Coefficient, Gross Domestic Product per capita, pupil-to-teacher ratios, population density, homicide rates, law criminalizing suicide and the night light index.ResultsThe overall prevalence of suicide ideation, making a plan and suicide attempt were 10.4%, 10.3% and 11.0%, respectively. The highest prevalence rates reported were from the Americas. The strongest risk factors associated with suicidal behavior included anxiety, loneliness, no close friends and the substance abuse. Among the country level variables, the night light index was associated with making a suicide plan and attempting suicide.ConclusionThe non-significant country level findings were not entirely surprising given the mixed results from prior studies. Additional knowledge is thus achieved with regard to country level factors associated with suicidal behavior across adolescent populations.

Research Review: The effect of school-based suicide prevention on suicidal ideation and suicide attempts and the role of intervention and contextual factors among adolescents: a meta-analysis and meta-regression.

BackgroundGlobally, suicide is the fourth highest cause of adolescent mortality (Suicide: https://www.who.int/news‐room/fact‐sheets/detail/suicide). The effects of post‐primary school‐based suicide prevention (PSSP) on adolescent suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STBs) have not been comprehensively synthesised. We aim to estimate the population effect for PSSP interventions on adolescent STBs and explore how intervention effects vary based on intervention and contextual moderators.MethodsSearches of PsycINFO, Medline, Education Source, ERIC, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials identified cluster randomised trials examining the effectiveness of PSSP on adolescent STBs. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool assessed bias. Crude and adjusted back‐transformed odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Multilevel random‐effects models accounted for dependencies of effects. Univariate meta‐regression explored variability of intervention and contextual moderators on pooled effects.ResultsThere were 19 and 12 effects for suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA). Compared with controls, interventions were associated with 13% (OR = 0.87, 95%CI [0.78, 0.96]) and 34% (OR = 0.66, 95%CI [0.47, 0.91]) lower crude odds reductions for SI and SA, respectively. Effects were similar for adjusted SI (OR = 0.85, 95%CI [0.75, 0.95]) and SA (OR = 0.72, 95%CI [0.59, 0.87]) models. Within‐study (0.20–9.10%) and between‐study (0–51.20%) heterogeneity ranged for crude and adjusted SA models and SI heterogeneity was 0%. Moderator analyses did not vary SA effects (ps > .05).ConclusionsThis meta‐analysis contributes to the PSSP evidence‐base by demonstrating that PSSP targeting STBs as both primary intervention outcomes and with other health and well‐being outcomes reduced SI and SA among 33,155 adolescents attending 329 schools, compared to controls. The number needed to treat estimates suggests the potential of reducing the incidence of SA and SI in one adolescent by implementing PSSP in 1–2 classrooms, supporting PSSP as a clinically relevant suicide prevention strategy. Although moderator analyses were nonsignificant and contained a small number of trials, larger SA effect sizes support particular effectiveness for interventions of a duration of ≤1 week, involving multiple stakeholders and with a 12‐month follow‐up.

Association between dietary and suicidal behaviors in adolescents in Korea based on the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2015-2020).

OBJECTIVESThis study explored the association between dietary and suicidal behaviors of Korean adolescents and investigated differences in this association in children of immigrant parents.METHODSThe sample (n=368,138) was collected from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey from 2015 to 2020. Participants who agreed to provide family information (n=313,689) were classified according to their parents’ nationality. The study variables were 11 self-reported dietary behaviors, and their composite dietary behaviors (i.e., nutrient deprivation and unhealthy food consumption) that resulted from principal component analysis. The association between study variables and suicide-related outcomes (i.e., suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts) was analyzed by multiple logistic regression with adjustment for covariates. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.RESULTSParticipants who skipped key meals and foods were more likely to have attemped suicide (aOR [95% CI]: skipping breakfast ≥5 days/wk, 1.28 [1.21 to 1.35]; consuming fruits <1 times/wk: 1.42 [1.32 to 1.52]; consuming vegetables <1 times/wk: 1.72 [1.53 to 1.93]; consuming milk <3 times/wk: 1.07 [0.99 to 1.16]). The associations were prominent in third culture kids (TCKs) (aOR [95% CI]: 2.23 [1.61 to 3.09]; 2.32 [1.61 to 3.35]; 2.63 [1.50 to 4.60]; 1.69 [1.09 to 2.63], respectively). Participants who consumed unhealthy foods (fast food, caffeinated and sugary drinks) more frequently were more likely to have attempted suicide (aOR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.38 to 1.73). This association was also more prominent in TCKs (aOR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.08 to 4.01).CONCLUSIONSOur findings indicate a positive association between unfavorable dietary behaviors and outcomes related to suicide, and this association appears to be notable in adolescents with immigrant parents.

ABOUT CAUSES OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR AMONG ADOLESCENTS

The article analyzes the concept of adolescent suicide, deviant forms of behavior, discusses the features and causes of suicidal behavior in adolescence, features of self-esteem and propensity to risky behavior in adolescents, the main characteristics of suicidal behavior. The importance of participation of parents and school psychologist is noted. The article considers the directions of the concept of suicide. In addition, this article discusses ways to prevent suicide of adolescents, notes the importance of the formation of anti-suicidal factors, considered and analyzed approaches to this problem. At the end of the article, a psychological Test "Gorge" Propensity to depression is proposed. This test will help determine the current state of the teenager.

Руминации как психологический механизм формирования и поддержания суицидального поведения

The role of rumination in formation and maintenance of suicidal thoughts (ST) and suicidal behavior (SB) is specified in the article. In leading foreign models SB is considered to be the process of phase restructuring and the resultant intersection of factors (Joiner's interpersonal theory, O'Connor's motivational-volitional model, Klonsky's three-step model). Analysis of traditional SB models shows insufficient consideration of metacognitive system-dynamic phenomena, which may explain the limitations of predictive theories, especially in relation to adolescents. Ruminations as one of such phenomena are designated as a component of the process of repetitive negative thinking, which intensifies the experience of problems insolubility and sets the basis for comprehension of suicide as a potential way to “complete” the situation. The typologies of ruminations and the contribution of each subtype to the maintenance of ST, SB are considered: 1) ruminations as a trait and a state; 2) brooding ruminations and reflection; 3) pre- and post-event ruminations. The interrelation of rumination and insomnia in the form of interdependent cycle of accumulation of undischarged psychophysiological tension in the context of SB formation is demonstrated. Russian psychology employs the methodology of the cultural and activity approach to explain the formation of SB, and analyzes the motives of personality and the possibility of their implementation, taking into account the systems of mediation and regulation of mental activity and the laws of ontogenesis. The role of metacognitive dysregulation of social anxiety in the formation of SB in adolescence is shown. The significance of the dynamic mechanism of SB provoking accumulation of tension outside the situation and contributing to self-reinforcement of symptoms is underlined.