Adolescent Physical Health Research Articles

INSATISFAÇÃO CORPORAL EM ADOLESCENTES E A RELAÇÃO COM AS MÍDIAS SOCIAIS DIGITAIS

Body dissatisfaction and the use of social networks are current phenomena that mark female adolescence and therefore require evaluation. Objective: to analyze the relationship between the use of social media and body dissatisfaction in female adolescents. Methodology: This is a literature review consisting of nine scientific articles found in the databases: SciElo and PubMed. Results and Discussion: The articles selected for this study, through the analysis of their elements, allowed the understanding that social networks exert a strong influence on the development of body dissatisfaction (BD) in adolescent girls, because these networks present information about the so-called ideal body, which is equally unattainable for most women. It was also identified that body dissatisfaction causes serious consequences to the psychological and physical health of adolescents, such as: problems with self-esteem, distorted selfperceptions, hatred of one’s own body, depression, insomnia, social isolation, alcohol use, restrictive diets, eating disorders, among other complications. Therefore, actions aimed at resolving and/or alleviating this scenario were demonstrated, such as interventions aimed at periodically withdrawing from social networks, healthy diets and self-acceptance. Final considerations: Although the social pressure on women’s bodies is an old phenomenon, it currently has strong allies in the media and social networks. Therefore, the relevance of the topic discussed in this article for science and society is considered and it is suggested that further studies be developed on this subject.

01 Vaping, mental and physical health in adolescents in a COMPASS-Quebec cohort

Abstract Background Better knowledge of the association between vaping and youth’s health would help raise awareness among adolescents, parents, professionals and decision-makers on the likely threat it represents. Objectives Our objective is to examine the association between vaping, its frequency, and adolescent health. Design/Methods This observational study is based on data from the 2022-23 survey round of COMPASS-Quebec school cohorts through self-reported measures. It includes 45,203 respondents aged from 12 to 18 years old from 99 schools of Eastern Quebec. A four-modality variable depicts the vaping frequency in the last twelve months (abstinence, < once/month, ≥ once/month, ≥ once/week, daily). The measurement of health states is based on 5 dichotomous indicators: (i) good vs poor physical health (excellent, very good, good, vs fair, poor), (ii) maximum oxygen consumption considered at risk for health vs not (estimated VO2max, calculated using Léger’s equation); (iii) good vs poor mental health (excellent, very good, good, vs fair, poor); (iv) the presence vs absence of moderate to severe anxiety (GAD7, score ≥10/30) and; (v) the presence vs absence of significant depressive symptoms (CESD-R, score ≥10/21). Sex, age and family material deprivation level are taken into account as confounding factors. Results The proportion of adolescents who have vaped in the last 12 months is 26.8%. After adjustment, daily vaping is associated with poor physical health, a VO2max considered at risk for health, poor mental health, moderate to severe anxiety and significant depressive symptoms, compared to abstinence (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 2,46 [95%CI: 2,05-2,88]; 1,66 [95%CI: 1,44-1,89]; 1,88 [95%CI: 1,66-2,11]; 1,75 [95%CI: 1,53-1,97]; 1,55 [95%CI: 1,40-1,70]). A gradient in the associations between vaping frequency and lower mental health indicators has been observed. Adolescents who have vaped <once/month, ≥once/month, ≥once/week and daily have more risk of presenting moderate to severe anxiety (aRR 1,21 [95%CI: 1,09-1,33]; 1,44 [95%CI: 1,27-1,61]; 1,54 [95%CI: 1,37-1,72]; 1,75 [95%CI: 1,53-1,97]). Regarding significant depressive symptoms, aRR are 1,23 [95%CI: 1,14-1,32], 1,39 [95%CI: 1,27-1,51], 1,49 [95%CI: 1,36-1,62], 1,55 [95%CI: 1,40-1,70]. Regarding poor mental health, aRR are 1,29 [95%CI: 1,17-1,42], 1,61 [95%CI : 1,43-1,79], 1,63 [95%CI : 1,45-1,81], 1,88 [95%CI: 1,66-2,11]. Conclusion This study suggests a consistent association between health, both physical and mental, and use of electronic cigarettes in adolescents. Longitudinal studies would help clarify possible causal influence of vaping on youth's health.

Analysis of Prevalence and Related Factors of Cyberbullying-Victimization among Adolescents.

Cyberbullying is an increasingly serious issue that negatively impacts the mental and physical health of adolescents. This study aims to report the prevalence rates of adolescent cyberbullying-victimization and its associated related factors, providing a scientific basis for targeted efforts to protect the mental and physical well-being of adolescents; Methods: From March to May 2019, there were 13 high schools and 33 middle schools in Yixing, with a student ratio of 2:1 between middle and high school. Using a random cluster sampling method, we selected four high schools and three middle schools based on this ratio, resulting in a total of 13,258 students. We conducted a survey using a self-designed questionnaire to investigate the experiences of adolescents with cyberbullying and victimization, comparing the differences in cyberbullying-victimization based on various demographic characteristics. Additionally, we employed a multifactorial logistic regression model to analyze the associated factors; Results: The rate of adolescents who declared themselves as cyberbully-victims is 2.9%. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicate that being male, having both parents working outside the home, experiencing occasional or large conflicts among family members, being subjected to punishment-and-abuse child discipline, always or often using social software (websites), enjoying playing single or multiplayer games, self-smoking, and self-drinking were associated with a higher likelihood of being a cyberbully-victim (p < 0.05); Conclusions: Adolescent cyberbullying-victimization is affected by personal, family, and social factors. Therefore, comprehensive strategies and measures are needed to intervene in this problem.

Study on the promoting effect of basketball training on adolescent physical and mental development

This paper discusses the promotion effect of basketball training on the physical and mental development of teenagers, aiming to provide theoretical support for youth physical education. Through a combination of literature review and empirical analysis, the effects of basketball training on adolescent physical health, psychological quality and social adaptability. Studies have shown that long-term participation in basketball training can not only significantly enhance the physical fitness of teenagers, such as cardiopulmonary function, strength and endurance, but also can effectively improve mental health, enhance self-confidence, stress resistance ability and teamwork awareness. In addition, basketball promotes the cultivation of teenagers' social communication ability and collective sense of honor. In general, basketball training plays an important role in promoting the all-round development of teenagers. It is suggested that basketball should be further promoted in school education to improve the overall quality of teenagers.

Developmental relations between depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents: A latent change score modeling study

Currently, there is a high incidence of depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents which has serious adverse effects on the adolescent's physical and mental health. This study evaluated developmental relations between depression and suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents. We conducted a three-wave longitudinal study with 1214 participants over one year. Latent change score analysis was employed to examine the univariate and bivariate changes of depression and suicidal ideation. Univariate models indicated a slow increase in both depression and suicidal ideation over time. Bivariate models indicated previous levels of suicidal ideation were positively linked to the subsequent depression growth, but the reverse relation was not found. Our findings contribute to the literature by suggesting a change pattern of suicidal ideation and depression among Chinese adolescents.

Early marriage, education and mental health: experiences of adolescent girls in Mozambique.

Early marriage and maternity represent a violation of human rights and a barrier to achieving gender equality in education. Studies conducted across various regions and countries, including Mozambique, have highlighted the negative consequences of early marriage and maternity, particularly on adolescent girls' physical, educational and mental health. Adolescent girls who marry before the age of 18 are more prone to a broad spectrum of mood, anxiety, and other psychiatric disorders. In the districts of Maganja da Costa and Morrumbala in Zambézia Province, Mozambique, high rates of early marriage persist despite government policies and interventions. This study aims to understand early marriage's socio-cultural, economic, and psychological drivers and impacts on adolescent girls' lives, focusing on education, mental health, and well-being. This paper used a qualitative research design. We employed a life-story approach and used purposeful sampling to identify participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 participants and the data were analysed using Tesch's thematic analysis approach. Elements contributing to early marriage and pregnancy are intricately linked with socio-cultural elements. These include the induction into specific societal roles, the affirmation of childbearing, the perceived importance of dowry, the impact of rite-of-passage ceremonies, and the cultural significance associated with a girl's initial menstruation. School dropout often originates from geographical and transportation challenges, nudging adolescent girls towards early marriage. In some instances, termination of pregnancy was viewed as a solution, while engaging in sexual activities was seen as a means to inject purpose into their lives or as a response to poverty. Positive changes and emotions were evident, yet regrettably, the ramifications of early pregnancy and marriage were primarily detrimental. These influenced the adolescent girls' interpersonal connections, educational and career opportunities, emotional well-being, and access to support networks. The modern perspective, which advocates for equal educational rights for boys and girls and posits that marriage should occur after the age of 18, contradicts the socio-cultural perspective of adulthood. This study adds to the ongoing efforts to prevent and combat early marriage and maternity in Africa.

Unveiling the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between physical activity and BMI: A structural equation modeling study in adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between physical activity and Body Mass Index (BMI) in adolescents. Two hundred and sixty-nine adolescents completed the Self-Esteem Scale, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and BMI measurements. The Zhengzhou Education Authority facilitated data collection. We used Partial Least Squares (PLS) software for data analysis to evaluate the mediating effect of self-esteem. The results found that physical activity significantly improved self-esteem (β = 0.520, t = 12.881, p &lt;.05) and negatively affected BMI (β = -0.404, t = 7.658, p &lt;.05). The analyses of the Structural Equation Model (SEM) showed that self-esteem demonstrated a significant negative effect on BMI (β=-0.181, t=2.965, p&lt;.05) and mediated the relationship between physical activity and BMI, accounting for 20.6% of the total effect. Thus, elevating adolescents' self-esteem may lead to a direct and indirect reduction in BMI by promoting a heightened inclination towards physical activities. This research indicates that strategies to enhance adolescent health should broaden their focus beyond merely increasing physical activity and include efforts to boost self-esteem. It provides fresh perspectives on the intricacies of adolescent physical health, emphasizing the intricate relationships among physical activity, self-esteem, and BMI.

Correction: The Impact of Typical School Provision of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sports on Adolescent Physical Health: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

Correction: The Impact of Typical School Provision of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sports on Adolescent Physical Health: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

Consequences of the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on child and adolescent mental, psychosocial, and physical health: A scoping review and interactive evidence map.

Effects of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on children stem beyond immediate infectious and post-infectious risks. Our aim was to conduct a scoping review and produce an online Interactive Evidence Map (IEM) highlighting available literature around unintended effects of the pandemic on children's and adolescents' mental, psychosocial, and physical health. A search was run monthly in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, and Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register from May 1st 2021 through April 30th 2022. All articles involving children and adolescents under 18years of age relating to any unintended mental, psychosocial, and physical health consequences of the pandemic and resultant restrictions were included. Data were extracted and topics categorized, with corresponding data uploaded into EPPI-Reviewer and transferred to EPPI-Mapper for visualization. A total of 14,555 citations were screened and 826 (6%) articles included. Most articles reported on mental health outcomes, particularly anxiety (n = 309, 37%) and depression (n = 294, 36%). Psychosocial outcomes related to lockdowns such as loneliness (n = 120, 15%) and impact on adolescent relationships with others (n = 149, 18%) were also reported. Fewer articles examined physical consequences, but those that did mostly focused on child abuse (n = 73, 9%). Overall, currently mapped literature focuses on consequences related to mental health outcomes such as anxiety and depression.

The Study of Adolescent Resilience (SOAR): a research protocol

BackgroundAdolescence is a particularly sensitive period of development for military-connected youth, given the socioemotional and physical changes that occur against the backdrop of the military career of their parent(s). Military-connected adolescents face unique stressors relative to their civilian counterparts, such as military relocations, parental absence due to deployments and trainings, and parental military-related physical and mental injury. These stressors may change family dynamics and disrupt social support networks, which can have lasting implications for adolescent health and well-being. At present, very little is known about how the current generation of military-connected adolescents are faring regarding their psychological and physical health, academic achievement, and educational or career aspirations. As part of the Biden-Harris Administration's commitment to military families, the U.S. Department of Defense pledged to address these major knowledge gaps by supporting the Study of Adolescent Resilience (SOAR). SOAR's longitudinal design provides a powerful tool for evaluating the effects of military family life on adolescent well-being into early adulthood.Methods and designSOAR is embedded within the larger Millennium Cohort Study, the first U.S. population-based prospective study to investigate long-term health effects of military service among active duty service members. Nearly 40,000 Millennium Cohort participants with adolescent children were invited to complete a web-based self-report survey that included items across interpersonal, socioenvironmental, and health domains, among others. Military parents provided referral information for their adolescent child and another primary parental figure, when available, to be invited to SOAR. This approach allowed survey data to be linked between these three family members (service member, spouse, and adolescent) to promote a comprehensive, family systems-based understanding of military-connected adolescent experiences and determinants of health, risk, and resilience.DiscussionResearch findings will shed light on the enduring impact of military life on adolescents and the nature of associations between military-specific experiences and psychosocial health and well-being. Further, this research will assess modifiable risk and protective factors that may elucidate differences in military-connected adolescent psychosocial development and physical health, academic achievement, and educational and military career aspirations over time.ConclusionsFindings gleaned from this research will be used to inform existing policy and programs designed to promote adolescent resilience.

Exploring the Educational Potential of Online Platforms in Adolescent Physical and Mental Health Promotion

This study is dedicated to evaluating the effectiveness of online platforms in the educational application of adolescent mental health. Using clustering algorithms, C4.5 decision trees, and item-based collaborative filtering techniques, this paper explores strategies for constructing mental health portraits and recommending educational videos. The results show that these techniques enable online platforms to accurately identify students’ mental states and provide customized educational content. In a three-month experiment, the platform effectively enhanced the psychological state of adolescents through mental health education. After use, students’ self-assessed mental health increased by 15\% and showed significant improvement in coping with stress and adapting to new environments. The study shows that the online education platform has a significant facilitating role in the field of adolescent mental health education and can provide effective mental health support for adolescents.

A STUDY OF TECHNOLOGY ADDICTION AND HEALTH IMPACTS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

Currently, smartphones are an essential component of every person's life. A survey aimed at determining the variables contributing to health effects from smartphone use among college students in the 17–20 age range who are enrolled in undergraduate courses, respectively, is used to support this research. For the study, about 272 college students from two colleges in the Trichy district were recruited. Indicators of smartphone addiction and use, as well as their relationships to demographic and health behavior-related characteristics in college students, were examined in this study. Therefore, this research article offers methods for reducing the negative effects of smartphones as well as identifies the numerous health issues that College students use of smartphones has led to. The focus of this work will be on how a person's addiction to technology can negatively impact their social life and lead to both psychological and physical issues. For the research, the researcher has focused specifically on college students and their use of smartphones, as they are in the process of transitioning from adolescence to adulthood in terms of both psychological and physical development. Any adolescent going through this critical transitional stage needs to know that using a smartphone at this age increases the likelihood that it may negatively affect the adolescent's physical and mental health, which in turn affects their social well-being.

An umbrella review of reviews on challenges to meaningful adolescent involvement in health research.

Less than 1% of studies on child and adolescent health report the involvement of adolescents in health research. This is attributed to barriers experienced by researchers and adolescents in the engagement process. To address this under-involvement of adolescents, we first need a better understanding of the factors that hinder adolescent involvement in health research. We conducted an umbrella review of reviews to consolidate the review-level evidence on the barriers to meaningful involvement of adolescents in health research. We preregistered this umbrella review of reviews with PROSPERO (CRD42021287467). We searched 11 databases; Google Scholar; and PROSPERO; supplemented by a hand search of the reference lists of eligible reviews, relevant journals, websites of 472 organisations, and input from experts. This resulted in the inclusion of 99 review articles exploring adolescent involvement in studies on adolescent physical or mental health, which were narratively synthesised. Adolescent coresearchers were engaged at all stages of the review. We found that adolescent involvement in health research is impeded by several challenges experienced by researchers and adolescents. Some challenges experienced by researchers were organisational issues which included limited resources, gatekeeping and paying adolescents. Some barriers were related to a lack of preparedness among researchers and included a lack of awareness of adolescent involvement, the need for training and guidance, and negative attitudes towards participatory research. There were also barriers around how adolescents can be involved, such as researchers finding it challenging to adapt to new methods, issues with recruitment and retention of adolescents, inclusiveness and accessibility. There were also challenges specific to adolescents, such as adolescents' skills and expertise, training, motivations and study goals. Finally, barriers related to the ethical involvement of adolescents included issues with power dynamics, confidentiality, safety and protection of adolescents. Some of the barriers reported by adolescents included tokenistic involvement, inaccessibility of adolescent involvement, and their competing demands. Researchers may find this review useful in understanding and planning for potential challenges of involving adolescents in research. Despite many identified barriers to adolescent engagement, few mitigation strategies were identified to address these barriers. There is a clear need to establish best practices for meaningful adolescent involvement in health research. Adolescents were involved at multiple stages of this umbrella review of reviews. They reviewed the protocol, screened 25% of the articles at title and abstract screening stage, screened 10% of full-text articles, and worked on data analysis. They also helped plan and conduct a participatory workshop with an adolescent advisory group to discuss the challenges experienced by adolescents in health research.

Establishing age- and sex-specific anthropometric growth references standards for South Punjab adolescents utilizing the LMS method: findings from the Pakistani population.

The physical health of adolescents is crucial for the prosperity and sustainable development of a nation. Developing specific growth standards is essential for prioritizing the wellbeing of the youth of Pakistan. This study aimed to establish normative standards for height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) among 12- to 16-year-olds in South Punjab, facilitating accurate health assessments and tailored interventions. This study utilized a cross-sectional design and stratified random sampling to select 2,970 adolescents (49.73% boys and 50.26% girls) aged 12-16 years from South Punjab, Pakistan. Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, and BMI, were collected. The data were stratified by age and sex, and smoothed percentile curves were computed using the LMS method, which incorporates the L (γ-lambda), M (μ-mu), and S (δ-sigma) parameters. The results were compared to international references to provide a comprehensive analysis. The results highlight sex-specific trends in anthropometric indicators among adolescents. Boys exhibited higher mean values in height (160.50 ± 11.50 cm), weight (45.02 ± 9.78 kg), and BMI (17.30 ± 2.41) than girls (158.57 ± 9.34 cm, 41.00 ± 7.89 kg, and 16.29 ± 2.82, respectively). Growth patterns indicate boys grow faster in height and weight between ages 12 and 14, whereas girls show slower annual increases. Comparative analysis with international standards reveals that boys' height and weight were generally lower than international medians (P50th), whereas girls' height was comparable or higher. BMI values for both sexes were lower than international norms, reflecting unique regional growth patterns. This research establishes updated age- and sex-specific normative reference standards for adolescents in South Punjab, Pakistan. The study revealed that Pakistani adolescent boys exhibit higher mean values in height, weight, and BMI than girls, with faster growth rates between ages 12 and 14. Compared to international standards, Pakistani adolescents show lower BMI values, highlighting unique regional growth patterns. These standards have practical applications in screening, monitoring, and health strategy planning, contributing to efforts to promote a healthier future for the population. Future studies are recommended to utilize these local growth references for health surveillance and treatment in the local population.

Cross Fit Applied Research on Physical Health of Adolescents

Cross Fit Applied Research on Physical Health of Adolescents

Analysis of the Advancement and Practice of Smart Education Models on Adolescent Physical and Mental Health Education

Abstract This paper utilizes a correlation-based smart prediction model to construct a smart teaching model for mental health. In the ABaisSvd model, the GD algorithm is used to iteratively update the matrix and optimize it by minimizing the error between the reconstructed achievement matrix and the original achievement matrix. The potential impact of attendance behavior and bias factors on grade prediction was also considered, and the prediction function was implemented and optimized after analyzing the correlation between student grades, attendance behavior, and bias factors through dimensionality reduction. According to the analysis of smart psychological teaching practices, 8.1% and 0.65% of students at University X experienced moderate and severe psychological problems, respectively. The smart classroom achieved a score of more than 87 points for the dimensions of appropriate use of educational techniques and obvious educational effects. The level of smart classroom and mental health in Group I was significantly higher than before the experimental intervention. There was no significant change in Group II before and after the intervention. Still, the level of mental health after the intervention (1.75) was also slightly higher than that before the intervention (1.74), and more than half of the students got a sense of theoretical, practical, and emotional gain in wisdom teaching. To sum up, the wisdom education model in this paper has the potential to significantly improve the mental health of college students.

Effect of Nitro Counseling on Lifestyle of Obese Adolescence.

Obesity during adolescence represents a strong predictor of higher mortality in adulthood; thus, lifestyle interventions represent the recommended therapy. To evaluate the effect of nitro counseling on lifestyle of obese adolescence, and develop life changing program. Quasi-experimental design was conducted between October 2021 and January 2022. A total of 117 university nursing students participated from two universities in Palestine. A self-reported questionnaire was used for data collection and included the following: socio-demographic characteristics, university students' knowledge, practices adolescent lifestyle, and anthropometric measurement to detect body mass index. The nitro counseling program was performed over three and half months. Percentage, mean value, standard deviation, Chi-square (X2), T paired test, and proportion probability (p-value), when p < 0.05 or < 0.02 it is statistically significant difference. The results revealed that 34.1% of students weren't aware of obesity pre-counseling, while it was improved to 93.1% post-nitro counseling implementation with highly statistical significance (p < 0.001). Less than half of adolescence were obesity class1, and more than one-third were obesity class II. There was a highly significant difference between students' knowledge and their practices pre- and post-nitro counseling program implementation. This study confirmed that the total effect of obesity on adolescence self-esteem, social distress, and physical health demonstrated a highly significant difference between pre- and post-implementation of nitro counseling program. In addition to, improved adolescence knowledge and practices pre- and post-counseling implementation.

Regular meta-analysis of the impact of sports activities intervention on some items of the national student physical health standards for adolescents.

By using meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of exercise on adolescent body mass index (BMI), standing long jump, sit ups, lung capacity, sitting forward bending, 50 m running, and 800 m running, a large amount of literature will be reviewed to reveal the key role of exercise in the healthy development of adolescents. This study aims to promote the development of adolescent physical health and solve the common problem of declining physical fitness, comprehensively improve the physical fitness of adolescents, and provide decision-making support for policymakers. The research results will provide methodological references for precise and effective intervention practices, further improve adolescent physical fitness, and lay a solid physiological foundation for their comprehensive development. A literature search was conducted on China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and PubMed, collecting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of physical activity on adolescent physical fitness according to predefined criteria. The quality of these studies was assessed, and their outcome data were analyzed using RevMan 5.4 software. The analysis encompassed 13 articles with a total of 4,633 participants, examining measures such as mean difference (MD) and heterogeneity, followed by subgroup analyses. The meta-analysis revealed that physical activity had a moderate to high effect on adolescent performance in sit-ups (MD = 4.91, 95% CI = 3.41-6.41), vital capacity (MD = 120.66, 95% CI = 48.67-194.46), sit-and-reach test (MD = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.09-1.56), 50-meter dash (MD = -1.05, 95% CI = -1.48 to -0.62), and 800-meter run (MD = -18.48, 95% CI = -24.98 to -11.97). Conversely, its influence on BMI (MD = -0.31, 95% CI = -1.87 to 1.24) and standing long jump (MD = 0.1, 95% CI = 0.05-0.15) was relatively low. Engaging in physical activities significantly improves adolescent physical fitness. The most effective regimen involves a combination of aerobic and anaerobic exercises, with each session lasting 30 min, performed three times per week for at least 2 months. The extent of improvement in various fitness indicators, reflecting different aspects of physical fitness, is influenced by factors such as the nature of the physical activity, intervention duration, exercise frequency, and age. PROSPERO, identifier CRD42024568197.

Influence of childhood trauma on adolescent internet addiction: The mediating roles of loneliness and negative coping styles.

In the information age, the use of the internet and multimedia tools has large effects on the life of middle school students. Improper use of the internet may result in internet addiction (IA). Thus, actively exploring the factors influencing adolescent and the mechanism of addiction as well as promoting adolescent physical and mental health and academic development are priorities that families, schools, and society urgently need to address. To explore the effect of childhood trauma on adolescent IA and to consider the roles of loneliness and negative coping styles. A total of 11310 students from six junior high schools in Henan, China, completed the child trauma questionnaire, IA test, loneliness scale, and simple coping style questionnaire. In addition, data were collected from 1044 adolescents with childhood trauma for analysis with IBM SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 28.0; we examined the relationships among childhood trauma, IA, loneliness, and negative coping styles. We found that childhood trauma not only directly affected adolescents' IA but also affected IA through loneliness and negative coping styles. Therefore, this study has theoretical implications regarding adolescent mental health and may inform interventions for IA.

The Impact of Different Levels of Typical School Provision of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sports on Adolescent Physical Activity Behaviors, Health and Wellbeing

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different levels of typical school provision of physical education, physical activity and sports on the physical activity behaviors, health and wellbeing of Irish adolescents (13–14 years). Methods: A cross-sectional sample (n = 795) of adolescents (age: 14.28 ± 0.45), enrolled at schools that are representative of higher (n = 7), moderate (n = 6) and lower (n = 7) levels of a typical school provision of physical education, physical activity and sports was included. A physical activity behaviors, health and wellbeing questionnaire with established test–retest reliability was utilized to measure the variation in physical activity behaviors, health and wellbeing. Results: Data analysis indicated a significant variation in the levels of physical activity behaviors and health across different levels of typical school provision of physical education, physical activity and sports. The evidence was reported both as unadjusted group level analysis and adjusted covariate analysis. Favorable outcomes for higher levels of typical school provision were found for physical activity participation, body mass index, social support from peers to participate in physical activity and enjoyment of physical education for girls and somatic health complaints and enjoyment of physical education for boys. Conclusions: The findings stemming from this inquiry enable schools to optimize their environments for health promotion and, thus, further enhance their contribution to public health policy.