Married Adolescents Research Articles

Hubungan Pengetahuan, Motivasi, serta Dukungan Orang Tua dengan Kejadian Pernikahan Usia Dini pada Remaja Putri di Desa Simpang Rimba

Introduction: Underage marriage, also known as early marriage, is a marriage that should not be carried out because there is no physical and spiritual readiness to be able to carry out marriage or early marriage is a bond between two persons of the opposite sex between a woman and a man who are in their teens. to live together in a family bond. Knowledge, motivation, and parental support are factors that influence the incidence of early marriage in female adolescents. Methods: This study used a descriptive analytic with a cross-sectional survey design and primary data by distributing questionnaires. The sampling technique was total sampling with a sample of 45 people. Results: The results in this study are that there was a relationship between Knowledge with the incidence of early marriage (p-value 0,009); motivation with the incidence of early marriage (p-value 0,038); and parental support with the incidence of early marriage (p-value 0,040). Discussion: There is a relationship between the variables of knowledge, motivation, and parental support with the incidence of early marriage for young women in Simpang Rimba Village in 2022. Suggestions for young women to increase their knowledge about the meaning of marriage so they can determine the right time and not rush to decide to marry at an early age.

Patterns, prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence and its association with mental health status during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study on early married female adolescents in Khulna district, Bangladesh

ObjectivesThis study was designed to identify the patterns, prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence (IPV) against female adolescents and its association with mental health problems.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingsDumuria Upazila (subdistrict)...

Understanding how social norms influence access to and utilization of adolescent sexual and reproductive health services in Northern Nigeria.

This study explored the influence of social norms on the access and utilization of sexual and reproductive health services by adolescents. Apart from individual and environmental barriers, social norms influence contraceptive decisions and ultimately sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Social norms that shape group behavior describe acceptable standards of behavior and evoke sanctions when such behavior standards are not adhered to. Sexually active adolescents in Nigeria have a relatively low level of modern contraceptive use being influenced by social norms. Scaling up adolescent reproductive health interventions that integrate normative change for a wider impact of programs remains challenging. Using data from 18 communities, 188 married and unmarried adolescents (F52% and M48%) and 69 (F37%; M63%) reference group participants were purposively sampled and participated in a social norms exploration intervention study conducted through focus group discussion and in-depth interviews between October and November 2019. The Advancing Learning and Innovation on Gender Norms (ALIGN) Social Norms Exploration Tool (SNET) was adapted for the data collection into discussion guides and vignettes. Pilot testing of the tools informed review and validation prior to actual data collection. Low contraceptive uptake by adolescents was characterized by early and forced marriage in childhood; a prominent practice enshrined in social norms around girl-childchastity, family honor, and disapproval of pre-marital sex and pregnancy out of wedlock. The understanding of harmful social norms, normative change actors, and potential norm-shifting factors for contraceptive decisions by adolescents is essential for effective adolescent sexual and reproductive health interventions for wider impact and adaptive programming in behavior change interventions for improving the access to and utilization of modern contraceptives by adolescents for improved sexual health outcomes, the attainment of the Family Planning (FP) 2030 commitment and universal health coverage policy.

A Signal to End Child Marriage: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh

Child marriage remains common even where female schooling and employment opportunities have grown. We experimentally evaluate a financial incentive to delay marriage alongside a girls’ empowerment program in Bangladesh. While girls eligible for two years of incentive are 19 percent less likely to marry underage, the empowerment program failed to decrease adolescent marriage. We show that these results are consistent with a signaling model in which bride type is imperfectly observed but preferred types (socially conservative girls) have lower returns to delaying marriage. Consistent with our theoretical prediction, we observe substantial spillovers of the incentive on untreated nonpreferred types. (JEL C93, D91, J12, J13, J16, 012)

Penyuluhan Pendidikan Seksualitas dan Gaya Berpacaran Sehat pada Remaja

<p><em>There are many cases of pregnancy outside of marriage in adolescents due to lack of parental supervision, lack of knowledge about sex, and the consequences of unhealthy dating styles. This is also related to the stages of adolescent development, which is why there is a need for sex education from an early age. Furthermore, the need for exposure to knowledge about love adolescents to avoid the increasing number of pregnancies at an early age. This service activity aims to educate adolescents about romance, sexuality, and dating styles involving 187 students at SMA Charitas, namely 61 class X participants, 63 class XI participants, and 63 class XII participants. This service uses a psychoeducational approach. </em><em>The result of this activity is a discussion about the development of adolescents, who are often trapped in free sex or free marriage. This is due to the existence of two influencing factors, external and internal. Internal factors are factors that originate within the teenager himself, such as knowledge, attitude toward sexuality, self-control, lifestyle, social activity, age, and religion/spirituality. External factors originate from outside the adolescent, such as family relationships, social media exposure, values, social culture, and norms that serve as social support for adolescent behavior. Thus, through this activity, participants are expected to acquire knowledge and avoid behaviors that could ruin their lives in the future</em><em></em></p>

Perceived ideal number of children among adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa: does exposure to family planning messages matter?

BackgroundEven though evidence shows that fertility transition has begun almost everywhere in sub–Saharan Africa (SSA), the decline has been slower than in other parts of the world. Research shows that there is a positive relationship between fertility levels and fertility preference. Therefore, many countries in the region are implementing family planning education campaigns targeting at influencing reproductive behavior of women. Thus, this study aimed to examine the extent to which exposure to family planning communication influences fertility preferences of adolescent girls in SSA.MethodsThis study used data extracted from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey datasets for 28 countries in SSA. Analyses were conducted on a pooled sample of 87,950 female adolescents’ aged 15–19 years who were captured in respective country’s survey. Multivariable binary logistic regression model was fitted in Stata version 17 software to examine the association between exposure to family planning communication and fertility preference among adolescent girls in SSA.ResultsThe average fertility preference among adolescent girls in SSA was 4.6 children (95% CI: 4.5, 4.7). Findings show that regardless of the country, adolescents who had exposure to family planning messages [aOR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.72–0.80] were less likely to prefer 4 or more children. On average, fertility preference among adolescents who had exposure to family planning communication was (3.8 children compared to 4.5 children; p < 0.001) among those with no exposure. Furthermore, results show that married adolescents in SSA who had exposure to family planning message had a higher average preferred family size compared to those who were not married (4.8 versus 3.8; p < 0.001).ConclusionExposure to family planning communication has shown the potential to influence adolescents’ fertility preference in sub-Saharan Africa. Adolescents with exposure to family planning messages preferred a small family size. Therefore, there is a need to scale-up family planning education programmes in order to reduce fertility further in SSA.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Praktik Pertama Kali Melakukan Hubungan Seksual pada Remaja Putri di Sumatera Utara

Based on a survey by the Central Bureau of Statistics in 2012, 48 out of 1,000 pregnancies occurred in adolescents aged 15-19 years. The occurrence of pregnancy at a young age &amp; sexually transmitted diseases are the impact of having sex before marriage in adolescents. This study aims to determine the relationship between several factors with the practice of having sex for the first time and the age at first having sexual intercourse in young women in North Sumatra. The type of research used is explanatory research with a cross sectional study design. Research sampling is based on the research population, which means that all populations are samples. The sample obtained is 643 young women aged 15-24 years. The data used in this study is secondary data from the 2017 IDHS. This study found that the majority of young women aged 15-24 years in North Sumatra had never had sex, and for young women who had had sexual intercourse, it was found more in the age group ≤20 years than in the &gt; 20 year age group. Factors that are not related to the practice of having sexual relations with young women for the first time in North Sumatra are education level (p-value = 0.089), economic status (p-value = 0.096), employment status (p-value = 0.138), and number of accesses. mass media (p-value = 0.102) and the intensity of mass media (p-value = 0.091). Factors related to the age of first sexual intercourse among young women in North Sumatra were education level (p-value=0.000) and economic status (p-value=0.007). The conclusion of this study is that most of the young women aged 15-24 years in North Sumatra have never had sex, but for the young women who have had sexual intercourse, it is found more in the age group ≤ 20 years.

The Influence of Video Media Counseling on Knowledge and Attitudes About Marriage in Adolescents at SMA N 1 Doro, Pekalongan Regency

Early marriage is a phenomenon that appears among teenagers. Cases of early marriage are caused by external factors, namely socio-cultural, environmental, inappropriate media sources and lack of exposure to information about early marriage. One way to increase teenagers' knowledge and attitudes about early marriage is by providing health education through video media. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of video media counseling on teenagers' knowledge and attitudes about early marriage at SMA N 1 Doro, Pekalongan Regency. The type of research used is pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test design. The sample for this research was 76 respondents from class. This research obtained an average knowledge before 12.9 and after 28.3. The results of increasing knowledge before and after were 15.4 while attitudes were 12.6. The results of the Wilcoxon test obtained p value = 0.000 &lt; 0.05 which shows that there is an influence before and after being given counseling using video media about early marriage to teenagers at SMA N 1 Doro, Pekalongan Regency. Conclusion: It is hoped that related institutions, academics, and researchers can use video media as reference material in providing education about early marriage. To increase the knowledge and attitudes of teenagers to avoid getting married at an early age.

KESEDIAAN REMAJA UNTUK BERPERAN AKTIF DALAM PROGRAM PUSAT INFORMASI DAN KONSELING REMAJA (PIK-R)

Abstract. Based on data from the Central Statistic Agency (2022), the percentage of adolescents ages 20-24 who were married before 18 of age has decreased, from 10.5% in 2020 to 9.23% in 2022 in Indonesia but increased in DKI Jakarta, from 1,45% in 2020 to 4,68% in 2021. The PIK-R program is a program from, by, and for youth which was created to reduce the number of adolescent marriage cases. Hopefully, the risk caused by adolescent marriage can be avoided. So, this study aims to see the willingness of adolescents to play a role actively in this program before and after education about PIK-R is given. This study used a Quasi Experiment method without a control group with One Group Pre-Test and Post-Test approach. The data is primary data collected using a questionnaire instrument which is distributed to the respondent before and after the intervention is given. The analysis of this study uses Paired Samples T-Test. The samples of this study are 100 Students of the 3rd class majoring in office and accounting at Vocational School IP Yakin Jakarta with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study results are most of the students’ knowledge about PIK-R, their perspective that PIK-R was important, agreement that PIK-R is held in School, and their willingness to participate actively in the PIK-R program are increased after being given education about PIK-R. The conclusion is the willingness of people to accept and apply something new is needed for introduction, learning to be remembered, understood and then applied.

Decomposing the Gap in Contraceptive Use Among Female Adolescents and Young Women Aged 15-24 in India: An Analysis of Appended Datasets of NFHS-4 and 5.

Owing to the reproductive health needs of the budding adolescent and young population, the present study aims to determine the factors associated with and decomposing the gap in contraceptive use among adolescents and young women in India. Cross sectional design.SettingThe present study is based in India using the appended datasets (IV and V rounds) of the Indian Demographic Health Survey (DHS), also known as National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted in 2015-16 and 2019-21. The adequate sample size was 475,294 adolescents and young women in NFHS-4 and 229,705 in NFHS-5, totaling 704,999 adolescents (appended for NFHS-4 and 5) for the present study. Sociodemographic, sexual and reproductive history and contraceptive measures. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and a binary logistic regression model were executed. Additionally, a decomposition technique called Fairlie decomposition was employed to identify the primary causes of the difference in the prevalence of contraceptive use between the two survey periods. Almost 96% of young women aged 15-24 knew about contraception, but only 12% used it. Regression analysis revealed that contraceptive use was associated with higher age (AOR 1.09), higher education (AOR 1.28), married adolescents (AOR 4.08), richest wealth quantile (AOR 2.95), joint decision making (AOR 4.40), knowledge of ovulatory cycle (AOR 1.47), interaction with a health worker about any methods of family planning (AOR 3.29) and three and above children ever born (AOR 18.54). Decomposition analysis showed that factors like decision-making of contraception, age, interaction with family planning worker, the intention of last pregnancy, place of residence and age at first sex contributed to increasing the probability of contraceptive use from NFHS-4 to 5. A target-based approach dedicated to understanding the mindset of adolescents and keeping up with their unique needs is the need of the hour.

Kesediaan Remaja Untuk Berperan Aktif Dalam Program Pusat Informasi Dan Konseling Remaja (Pik-R)

Based on data from the Central Statistic Agency (2022), the percentage of adolescents ages 20-24 who were married before 18 of age has decreased, from 10.5% in 2020 to 9.23% in 2022 in Indonesia but increased in DKI Jakarta, from 1,45% in 2020 to 4,68% in 2021. The PIK-R program is a program from, by, and for youth which was created to reduce the number of adolescent marriage cases. Hopefully, the risk caused by adolescent marriage can be avoided. So, this study aims to see the willingness of adolescents to play a role actively in this program before and after education about PIK-R is given. This study used a Quasi Experiment method without a control group with One Group Pre-Test and Post-Test approach. The data is primary data collected using a questionnaire instrument which is distributed to the respondent before and after the intervention is given. The analysis of this study uses Paired Samples T-Test. The samples of this study are 100 Students of the 3rd class majoring in office and accounting at Vocational School IP Yakin Jakarta with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study results are that most of the students’ knowledge about PIK-R, their perspective that PIK-R is important, agreement that PIK-R is held in School, and their willingness to participate actively in the PIK-R program are increased after being given education about PIK-R. The conclusion is the willingness of people to accept and apply something new is needed for introduction, learning to be remembered, understood and then applied

Child marriage in rural Bangladesh and impact on obstetric complications and perinatal death: Findings from a health and demographic surveillance system.

Adolescent pregnancies, a risk factor for obstetric complications and perinatal mortality, are driven by child marriage in many regions of South Asia. We used data collected between 2017-2019 from 56,155 married adolescents and women in a health and demographic surveillance system to present a population-level description of historical trends in child marriage from 1990-2019 as well as epidemiologic associations between maternal age and pregnancy outcomes in Baliakandi, a rural sub-district of Bangladesh. For pregnancies identified between 2017-2019, we used Kaplan-Meier estimates to examine timing of first pregnancies after first marriage and multinomial logistic regression to estimate associations between maternal age and perinatal death. We described the frequency of self-reported obstetric complications at labor and delivery by maternal age. In 1990, 71% of all marriages were to female residents under 18 years of age. This decreased to 57% in 2010, with the largest reduction among females aged 10-12 years (22% to 3%), and to 53% in 2019. Half of all newly married females were pregnant within a year of marriage, including adolescent brides. Although we observed a decline in child marriages since 1990, over half of all marriages in 2019 were to child brides in Baliakandi. In this same population, adolescent pregnancies were more likely to result in obstetric complications (13-15 years: 36%, 16-17 years: 32%, 18-34 years: 23%; χ2 test, p<0.001) and perinatal deaths (13-15 years: stillbirth OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.01-2.42; 16-17 years: early neonatal death OR 1.57, 95% CI: 1.01-2.42) compared to adult pregnancies. Preventing child marriage can improve the health of girls and contribute to Bangladesh's commitment to reducing child mortality.

Psychometric Properties and Refinement of the ATT-IPV Scale to Measure Attitudes about Intimate Partner Violence among Married Adolescents and Their Husbands in Niger.

(1) Background: This study sought to assess the appropriateness of a five-item scale to measure attitudes towards IPV (ATT-IPV) among married adolescent girls and their husbands in Niger, a population in which this scale has not yet been tested. (2) Methods: Using data collected from 1100 pairs of married adolescents, aged 13-19 years old, and their husbands across 48 villages in rural Niger, we performed classical test theory reliability and exploratory factor analysis, followed by item response theory (IRT) analyses and testing differential item functioning (DIF) by gender. (3) Results: The ATT-IPV scale was found to be internally consistent (alpha = 0.8) and unidimensional in this population, with all items loading onto one factor. We found differential item functioning of the following item: "In your opinion, is a husband justified in hitting or beating his wife in the following situations: If she burns his food?" by gender, suggesting that in order to have a scale that performs similarly in men and women, that item should be removed. (4) Conclusions: The ATT-IPV scale is useful as a measure of attitudes towards IPV among married adolescents and their husbands in Niger. However, it may need to be updated to reflect additional forms of violence and to eliminate gender-differential responses in order to be a more effective measure.

Education counseling to prevent early marriage in adolescents in Desa Sukamakmur, Jember

Child marriage is a formal or informal union between a child under 18 years old and an adult or another child. The prevalence of child marriage in Indonesia is still high. In East Java, the prevalence of child marriage is 10,44%. Several factors contribute to this phenomenon, such as low education, financial needs, culture, arranged marriage, free sex, and pregnancy before marriage. Child marriage has many negative impacts, especially from the health perspective, because of an adolescent's immature reproductive organs, knowledge, and mentality. This study aims to analyze the effect of counseling on adolescent knowledge about child marriage and reproductive health at SMP Plus Al-Ishlah and SMK Multi-Media, Jember. The method used in this study was Pre-Experimental with One Group Pre-test - Post-test research design. The population in this study were students of SMP Plus Al-Ishlah and SMK Multi-Media, totaling 131 students. The number of samples is 80 respondents. The sampling technique used was random sampling. The data was collected using a questionnaire. The research results show a significant difference in the level of adolescent knowledge after counseling about child marriage and reproductive health at SMP Plus Al-Ishlah and SMK Multi-Media. It is proven by p-value 0,001 ≤ α 0,05. This study concludes that counseling increases adolescent knowledge about child marriage and reproductive health. There is an increase in knowledge on reproductive organ anatomy, how to maintain the health of reproductive organs, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and HIV/AIDS.

Adolescent Religiosity and pre-marital sexual behavior: The mediating role of pre-marital sexual attitude

Pre-marital sex before marriage in adolescents is a severe problem associated with increased transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, having more than one partner, and early pregnancy. Even though Indonesia is considered a society with high religious values, free-sex behavior is considered increasingly concerning. This study investigates the relationship between religiosity and attitudes toward pre-marital sexual behavior with pre-marital sexual behavior in adolescents. Respondents of this study were 200 adolescents aged 10-19 years old, selected through a purposive sampling technique, with criteria: have religion, not married, and currently dating. Data were analyzed using a linear regression method. The results showed that pre-marital sexual attitude fully mediates the effect between religiosity and pre-marital sexual behavior. The present study findings contribute to pre-marital sexual research by explaining that religiosity does not decrease pre-marital sexual behavior if the person is permissive or has a supportive attitude towards it. With this outcome, it is expected that the relevant parties will focus more on changing adolescents’ thoughts, attitudes, and perspectives regarding pre-marital sexual behavior and not only rely on religious teachings as the only framework for preventing pre-marital sexual behavior

Prevalence and determinants of adolescent childbearing: comparative analysis of 2017-18 and 2014 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey.

Bangladesh has one of the highest adolescent childbearing rates in South Asia, which prevent women from realizing their full potential in life. This study aimed to compare the prevalence and determinants of adolescent childbearing in Bangladesh using data from the 2014 and 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS). Nationally representative surveys of respondents were selected using a two-stage sampling process. The study recruited 2,023 and 1,951 ever-married women aged 15-19 from 2014 and 2017-18 BDHS surveys, respectively, from rural and urban settings from all eight geographic divisions of Bangladesh. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fit to determine the factors associated with adolescent childbearing. The adolescent childbearing prevalence rate was 30.8% in 2014 BDHS and 27.6% in 2017-18 BDHS. Marriage at age 13 years or less also reduced significantly in 2017-18 compared to 2014 (12.7% vs. 17.4%, respectively). Significantly higher odds of adolescent childbearing were found in 2014 among women in the Sylhet Division (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6-6.1) and the Chittagong Division (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.8-2.7) compared to the Barisal Region; however, in 2017, there were no significant differences was found across the geographic Divisions. Compared to women in the lowest wealth quintile, women in all other quintiles had lower odds of adolescent childbearing, with the lowest odds found among women in the wealthiest quintile (AOR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.2-0.6). Women who married at age 14-17 had 60% lower odds of adolescent childbearing compared to the women who married at age 10-13. Nearly one-third of married adolescents in Bangladesh were pregnant or had at least one child in 2014, and it was reduced only marginally in 2017-18. Marriage at an early age and income inequalities among families were significant predictors of adolescent childbearing in Bangladesh. This study highlighted change in the magnitude and determinants of adolescent childbearing in Bangladesh taken data from two nationally representative surveys conducted 4 years apart.

Effects of the reaching married adolescents program on modern contraceptive use and intimate partner violence: results of a cluster randomized controlled trial among married adolescent girls and their husbands in Dosso, Niger

BackgroundNiger has the highest rate of adolescent fertility in the world, with early marriage, early childbearing and high gender inequity. This study assesses the impact of Reaching Married Adolescents (RMA), a gender-synchronized social behavioral intervention designed to improve modern contraceptive use and reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) among married adolescent couples in rural Niger.MethodsWe conducted a four-armed cluster-randomized trial in 48 villages across three districts in Dosso region, Niger. Married adolescent girls (ages 13–19) and their husbands were recruited within selected villages. Intervention arms included home visits by gender-matched community health workers (CHWs) (Arm 1), gender-segregated, group discussion sessions (Arm 2), and both approaches (Arm 3). We used multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression models to assess intervention effects for our primary outcome, current modern contraceptive use, and our secondary outcome, past year IPV.ResultsBaseline and 24-month follow-up data were collected April–June 2016 and April–June 2018. At baseline, 1072 adolescent wives were interviewed (88% participation), with 90% retention at follow-up; 1080 husbands were interviewed (88% participation), with 72% retention at follow-up. Adolescent wives had higher likelihood of modern contraceptive use at follow-up relative to controls in Arm 1 (aIRR 3.65, 95% CI 1.41–8.78) and Arm 3 (aIRR 2.99, 95% CI 1.68–5.32); no Arm 2 effects were observed. Relative to those in the control arm, Arm 2 and Arm 3 participants were significantly less likely to report past year IPV (aIRR 0.40, 95% CI 0.18–0.88 for Arm 2; aIRR 0.46, 95% CI 0.21–1.01 for Arm 3). No Arm 1 effects were observed.ConclusionsThe RMA approach blending home visits by CHWs and gender-segregated group discussion sessions is the optimal format for increasing modern contraceptive use and decreasing IPV among married adolescents in Niger.Trial registration This trial is retrospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier NCT03226730

Pregnancy and Delivery Complications Between Adolescent and Adult Women at Mosul Maternity Teaching Hospitals: A Comparative Study

Background: Adolescent pregnancy is one of the common public health problems worldwide today, with harmful health effects to the foetus, mother and the neonate. Aims of the study: To identify the demographical characteristics of the study sample and to compare the complications of pregnancy and delivery between adolescent and adult pregnant women and to find out the relationship between demographical characteristics and study variables Patients and Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional observational study design was conducted in four maternity teaching hospitals in Mosul, Iraq, from the 10th of December 2021, until the 1st of March 2022. The study group included 100 pregnant adolescents aged 10–19 years, and the comparable group included 157 pregnant women aged between 20 and 45 years. Result: In comparison to adult women, adolescent women are more likely to suffer from anemia (77%), IUGR (13%), abruptio placenta (15%), psychological problems (24%), cervical insufficiency (20%), preterm labor (26%), obstructed labor (41%), prolonged labor (29%), postdate (30%), neonatal death (6%), and episiotomy (36%). Conclusion: There is a statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between the two groups in terms of anemia, gestational diabetes, urinary tract infection, intrauterine growth restriction, abruptio placenta, psychological problem, incompetence cervix, preterm labour, prolong labour, postdate, obstructed labour, dead newborn, episiotomy, and there is a direct and positive correlation between a husband's job with H.T and between BMI with (UTI, IUGR, preterm labour, prolonged labor) and between educational level with (abruptio placenta, CPD, postdate) and occupation with abruptio placenta. Recommendation: Instructing the Iraqi courts and the Ministry of Justice to legislate a law prohibiting the adolescent marriage and encourage the Iraqi Ministry of Health to activate family planning programs to delay pregnancy until the young girl's reach maturity. Keyword: adolescent, pregnancy, delivery, complication, adult

Literature review: the relationship between the role of parents as educators on the behavior of preventing early marriage in adolescents

Background. Early marriage can be harmful to one’s health. There have been 1,396 births among Indonesian women under the age of 20. 62.15% of couples in Yogyakarta’s Special Region are married, with an early marriage rate of 0.83% between the ages of 15 and 19. with 45.23% of deliveries (aged 15-49 years). Yogyakarta has a 4.94% rate of early marriage at the age of 16, and an 8.88% rate at the age of 17-18. Objective. The cause of the following article is to find out the link between the role of mother and father as educators and the behavior of warding off early marriage. Materials and Methods. The studies approach used in this examination is a literature review. Online journal portals such as Google Scholar are used for journal searches. Results. we obtained 200 journals that matched the keywords and then filtered them to obtain 20 journals that met the inclusion criteria. The findings of a review of twenty journals revealed that 14 journals reported a lack of parental roles as educators in the behavior of preventing early marriage in adolescents. The factors for early marriage are due to a lack of parental roles in educating the family environment, a lack of motivation in learning, the influence of mass media, and a lack of communication in the family. Conclusions. There is a link between the role of parents as educators and the behavior of adolescents in preventing early marriage.

The increasing rate of marriages and premarital pregnancies in adolescents during the transitional period of changes to the marriage law

The increasing number of adolescent marriages can have various impacts on society. The government’s effort to reduce the number of adolescent marriages is to revise Marriage Law no. 16 of 2019, which changes the minimum age for marriage to 19 years old. This study focuses on analyzing the differences in trends of adolescent marriage and premarital pregnancy during the transitional period of changes to the marriage law. This research was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency, Ministry of Religion, and Religious Courts of Malang Regency. The data related to adolescent marriage were the data obtained in 2016-2020. The adolescent marriage rate map was made using the QGIS application. The marriage rate of adolescents aged &lt;19 years old increased. In 2016 the prevalence was 1.38% of the total number of marriages, and it increased to 5.85% in 2020. The marriage dispensation rate also increased from 1.77% (2016) to 8.74% (2020). The major reason for applying for marriage dispensation is because the adolescents are still aged &lt; 19 years old and have premarital pregnancies. The highest marriage rate of males was in 5 sub-districts, while the highest marriage rate for women was in 31 sub-districts. Changes in the minimum age limit for marriage do not automatically reduce the rate of adolescent marriage. Thus, it is important to have a synergistic role in society to increase awareness for a healthy marriage, relationship, and morale.