Internet Addiction In Adolescents Research Articles

Associations of personality and clinical characteristics with excessive Internet and smartphone use in adolescents: A structural equation modeling approach

Adolescent Internet addiction is an important social issue entailing extensive use of Internet and smartphones and its side effects. This study identified relevant psychological factors that affect excessive Internet use (EIU) and excessive smartphone use (ESU) in adolescents using structural equation modeling (SEM). A sample of 714 individuals drawn from lists of middle school students in South Korea completed self-administered questionnaires, including Young’s Internet Addiction Test (Y-IAT), the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), and various clinical and psychological scales measuring depression, anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aggression, expression of anger, and the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)/activation system (BAS). The final model, fitted using SEM, showed that both clinical characteristics, including ADHD symptoms, aggression, expression of anger, depression, and anxiety, and personality characteristics, represented by BIS/BAS, played important roles in the severity of EIU or ESU. In particular, affective components such as depression and anxiety were significantly associated with both EIU and ESU, whereas aggression, the expression of anger, and ADHD symptoms affected only EIU. Furthermore, the association between ESU and EIU was significant. Although personality characteristics measured by the BIS and BAS scores did not have direct effects on addiction, they were associated with clinical features and might be risk factors for addiction. The model revealed significant pathways from personality and clinical features to EIU and ESU in adolescents and informed our basic understanding of the meaningful predictors of these addictions and their direct and indirect influences.

The Roles of Parent-and-Child Mental Health and Parental Internet Addiction in Adolescent Internet Addiction: Does a Parent-and-Child Gender Match Matter?

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental mental health, particularly depression, and Internet addiction (IA) among adolescents taking into consideration adolescent mental health and parental IA as possible mediating factors. Of particular interest was the effect of parent-and-child gender match on these relationships.Materials and Methods: This was a population-based parent-and-child dyad health survey utilizing a random sampling technique. Adolescent IA was measured by the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) designed by Young. The mental health status of the parents was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS). Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM) techniques with stratification by parent-and-child gender match.Results: One thousand ninety-eight (n = 1,098) parent-and-child dyads were recruited, and useful information was obtained. The mean IAT score was 28.6 (SD = 9.9) for parents and 41.7 (SD = 12.4) for adolescents. Results of the SEM suggested that the effect of parental depression on adolescent IA was mediated through adolescent mental health mainly through adolescent stress (regression weight = 0.33, p < 0.001) and less so through adolescent depression (regression weight = 0.19, p < 0.001) or parental IA (regression weight = 0.13, p < 0.001). Further analysis revealed that these mediating relationships are more significantly manifested in the father-and-son and mother-and-daughter dyads.Conclusions: Result suggested that the relationship between parental mental health and adolescent IA is complex and that adolescent mental health and parental IA also play important roles as mediating factors. These results have direct implications on the treatment and prevention of IA among young people.

Интернет-зависимость у подростков: поиск генетических ассоциаций

Стремительность распространения интернет-зависимости у подростков связана с возникновением проблемной зависимости от неконтролируемого мобильного доступа в сеть. Это делает актуальным проблему поиска молекулярно-генетических и психологических маркеров высокого риска развития интернет-зависимости. Целью работы было изучение распространенности различных по степени выраженности вариантов интернет-зависимости у подростков и распределения у них полиморфных вариантов генов COMT и CHRNA4. Выявлено, что CC генотип rs1044396 CHRNA4 ассоциирован с интернет-зависимостью у подростков: его распространенность прогрессивно увеличивается с тяжестью интернет-зависимости. Аллельный вариант Т имеет «защитный» эффект от тяжелой и неконтролируемой зависимости. The rapidity of the emergence and spread of Internet addiction in adolescent populations, combined with the amount of consumed content, is associated with the emergence of a problematic dependence on uncontrolled mobile access to the network. This makes the problem of searching for molecular genetic and psychological markers of high risk of developing Internet addiction relevant. The aim of the work was to study the prevalence of Internet-dependent variants of different degrees of severity in adolescents and the distribution of polymorphic variants of the COMT and CHRNA4 genes. It was revealed that the CC variant rs1044396 CHRNA4 is associated with Internet addiction in adolescents: its prevalence progressively increases with the severity of Internet addiction. Whereas the allelic variant T has a “protective” effect against severe and uncontrolled dependence.

학습무동기가 청소년의 자존감과 인터넷 중독 간 관계에 미치는 매개효과

본 연구는 학습무동기가 청소년의 자존감과 인터넷 중독에 미치는 매개효과를 검증하는 것이다. 전라북도 I시 초등학교(5, 6학년)와 중학교(1, 2학년)에 재학 중인 752명을 대상으로 자존감, 인터넷 중독, 학습무동기를 측정하여, 상관분석과 구조방정식모델링 분석을 실시하였다. 자존감, 인터넷 중독, 학습무동기변인들 사이에는 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 자존감은 학습무동기와 인터넷 중독에 유의한 부적 영향을 미치며, 학습무동기는 인터넷 중독에 유의한 정적 영향을 미쳤다. 학습무동기는 자존감과 인터넷 중독 관계에서 부분매개하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 청소년의 인터넷 중독 완화를 위한 지도 시, 낮은 자존감을 가진 대상 중 특히 높은 학습무동기 집단에 대한 집중적인 개입노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

ERGENLERİN İNTERNET BAĞIMLILIĞI DÜZEYLERİNİN ÇEŞİTLİ DEMOGRAFİK DEĞİŞKENLERE GÖRE İNCELENMESİ

The aim of this research is to examine adolescents' internet addiction levels according to gender, class level, parental alive or dead status, parental cohesion status and parental learning status variables. The study group consists of 365 students who continue their education in secondary education institutions in Isparta. Personal Information Form and Young Internet Addiction Test Short Form were used as a data collection tool in the study. In analyzing the data, independent groups t-test and one-way variance analysis and Tukey test were used to test the source of differences to determine whether participants differed according to their demographic characteristics. According to the findings, the levels of internet addiction of adolescents vary significantly depending on gender, class level, parent cohabitation status, and condition of the father being alive. The state of education of the parents depending on the condition of the mother being alive does not differ significantly. The findings of the study were discussed in the light of the related studies previously done by the other researchers

Reciprocal associations between shyness, self-esteem, loneliness, depression and Internet addiction in Chinese adolescents

Background The present study aimed to test reciprocal longitudinal associations among shyness, self-esteem, loneliness, depression, and Internet addiction. Method A total of 1047 junior middle school students participated in the study. Shyness, self-esteem, loneliness, depression and Internet addiction were assessed at two time-points separated by 12-months. Structural equation modeling was used to test for reciprocal longitudinal associations. Results Cross-lagged analysis revealed that (i) baseline shyness significantly and positively predicted Internet addiction 12 months later; (ii) baseline Internet addiction positively predicted later self-esteem; (iii) baseline loneliness positively predicted later Internet addiction, and baseline Internet addiction also positively predicted later loneliness; (iv) and, finally, baseline depression positively predicted later Internet addiction, and baseline Internet addiction also positively predicted later depression. No other lagged effects were significant. Conclusions The results suggested that shyness is an antecedent to Internet addiction, whereas self-esteem is the outcome of Internet addiction. Results also suggest loneliness and depression are antecedents to Internet addiction.

The Effects of Autogenic Training on Stress Response, Self-control and Internet Addiction of Adolescent Internet Addiction Risk Group

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of using autogenic training as a intervention method for the adolescents Internet addiction risk group. Methods: The study was a pre and post test quasi-experiment between non-equivalent control groups, conducted in four middle schools and two high schools in Seoul. Participants were 46 adolescents in schools (24 in the experimental group and 22 in the control group) belonging to the potential risk group of Internet addiction as a result of the self-diagnosed Internet addiction test. Therapy was for eight sessions (eight weeks) April-October 2016. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS 24.0 program. Results: The results of the study confirmed that the autogenic training program is an effective intervention method to reduce stress response, improve self-control, and reduce Internet addiction level of the adolescents Internet addiction risk group. Conclusion: The autogenic training program is a voluntary self-initiated exercise that encourages change through physical relaxation. The study presented psychological and physical recovery as well as direction for Internet use. It is expected that the program will be effective as treatment and prevention of Internet addiction at community sites, including schools.

Predictive Relationships Between Social Anxiety, Internet Addiction and Alexithymia in Adolescents

The purpose of this study is to determine whether social anxiety predicts internet addiction and alexithymia in adolescents. The study group of the study consists of 406 adolescents (216 women, 190 men), with the following three age groups: 13&amp;ndash;14 (32.3%), 15&amp;ndash;16 (43.8%), and 17&amp;ndash;18 (23.9%). &amp;ldquo;Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (ESCO)&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Internet Addiction Scale&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Toronto Alexithymia Scale&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;Personal Information Form&amp;rdquo; were used as data collection tools. Structural equation modeling was made in the analysis of the data. According to the findings, there was a positive linear relationship between social anxiety and internet addiction. When the predictive relationships between social anxiety and alexithymia were examined, it was determined that there was a positive linear relationship. The findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature.

Profiles and sociodemographic correlates of Internet addiction in early adolescents in southern China

Adolescent Internet addiction is currently one of the most common and serious publicly social problems. Understanding Internet addiction in early adolescents has become particularly important for early detection and intervention. This study examines profiles of Internet addiction among Chinese early adolescents and explores both the personal and familial correlates of Internet addiction based on a large random sample. A total of 2059 Chinese seventh-grade students were invited to complete the questionnaire, which included sociodemographic factors, family functions, and Internet addiction. The results reveal that 15.3% of the participating Chinese early adolescents were defined by Young (1998) criteria as expressing Internet addiction, in which boys were more likely to express Internet addiction than girls. Students with poor academic achievements were also more likely to fall into this addiction. Adolescents who did not live with their parents and who experienced more family conflicts and less family communication were more likely to report Internet addiction. These findings suggest that focusing on boys and academic under-performers as well as improving family environments can help early adolescents reduce their propensity to become addicted to the Internet.

Relationship between internet addiction and mental health in adolescents.

BACKGROUND:Internet addiction (IA) currently is the major public health concern, especially in adolescents, although the results of previous reports are not generally uniform. This study was conducted to determine IA in adolescents and to examine the correlation of IA with mental health in adolescents.METHODS:This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 in Ilam city. In this study, 362 persons were included using stratified cluster sampling; clusters were geographical area and schools. The valid questionnaires including Internet Addiction Test and 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were used to interview. The correlation statistical technique was used to determine the association between the two variables. The significance level was considered <0.05.RESULTS:The mean ± standard deviation age of the responders was 16.40 ± 2.47 years; the total score of IA and mental health was 43.02 ± 16.50 and 19.27 ± 9.72, respectively. We found that 5.5% of the adolescents had a severe level of IA. The lack of control with anxiety, neglect work and social dysfunction, and neglect social life and severe depression in internet users were found to be statistically significant: r (365) = 0.151, P < 0.033; r (365) = 0.126, P < 0.021; and r (365) = 0.125, P < 0.033, two-tailed, respectively.CONCLUSION:According to the results, the excessive use of internet, lack of control, and neglect social life are significantly correlated with mental health in adolescents; these results could be contribute to improve the theoretical models for IA in adolescents.

Parental attachment and the theory of mind abilities as predictors of internet addiction in Turkish adolescents

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of maternal attachment (MA) and paternal attachment (PA) levels and abilities of reading the mind in the eyes on internet addiction (IA) from a group of Turkish adolescents. Method: This study was conducted among 900 adolescents between the ages of 14-16. Short Form of Young’s Internet Addiction Test (YIAT-SF); Child Form of Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (Eyes Test), Short Form of Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (s-IPPA); and The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) self-report form were used. The independent sample t test, chi square test, Pearson moment product correlation test and The Binary logistic regression analysis were all used for statistical analysis. Results: 12.7% (n = 111) of the adolescents were in the IA group. YIAT-SF scores were negatively correlated with the Eyes Test and s-IPPA scores. There was a positive correlation between YIAT-SF scores and SDQ problem scores. The Binary regression analysis indicated that the Eyes Test, MA and PA scores predict being in the IA group. SDQ inattention/hyperactivity, conduct, peer relation, and emotional problem scores and total problem scores were higher in the group with an IA compared to the group without an IA. Conclusion: Low abilities in reading mind in the eyes, insecure MA and a PA style are associated with the increased risk of IA in adolescents. Adolescents with IA have higher levels of inattention/hyperactivity, conduct, peer relation and emotional problems compared to their peers.

Psychological effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on internet addiction in adolescents: A systematic review protocol.

Background:In this study, we aim to assess the psychological effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on internet addiction (IA) in adolescents.Methods:This study will search the following databases of Cochrane Library, PUBMED, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. All these electronic databases will be searched from inception to the September 30, 2019 without any language limitation. Two authors will conduct study selection, data extraction, and study quality assessment, respectively. Any disagreements between 2 authors will be solved by a third author through discussion. Statistical analysis will be performed using RevMan 5.3 software.Results:This study will investigate the psychological effects of CBT on IA in adolescents by measuring psychopathological symptoms, depression, anxiety, time spent on the internet (hours/day), and health-related quality of life.Conclusion:This study summarizes current evidence of CBT on IA in adolescents and may provide guidance for both intervention and future researches.PROSPERO registration number: PROSPERO CRD42019153290.

Ergenlerde İnternet Bağımlılığı ile İlişkili Ailesel Faktörler ve Hemşirelik Bakımı

Ergenlik dönemi internet bağımlılığı için riskli bir dönemdir. Yapılan çalışmalar, ergenlerde internet bağımlılığı oranlarının yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Ergenlerde internet bağımlılığı oranlarının yüksek olması ailelerin etkilenmesine neden olurken, aile ile ilişkili birçok faktör de ergenlerde internet bağımlılığı oranını etkilemektedir. Hemşireler, internet bağımlılığı riski olan ya da sorunu olan ergen ve ailelere bakım vermede, aile ile ilişkili faktörleri göz önünde bulundurarak aile içi süreçlerin devamlılığını sağlayabilir ve internet bağımlılığını önlemede katkıda bulunabilirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ergenlerde internet bağımlılığı ile ilişkili ailesel faktörleri gözden geçirmek ve hemşirelik bakımına yönelik önerilerde bulunmaktır. Yapılan çalışmalarda, ergenlerde internet bağımlılığı ile aile çatışmaları, aile işlevselliği, aile ekonomik durumu, aile desteği, aile sağlamlığı, ebeveyn izlemi, ebeveynin problemli alkol kullanımı, internet kullanımına yönelik ebeveynlik stilleri, ebeveyndeki ruhsal belirtiler, ebeveynin fiziksel şiddeti, ebeveyn fiziksel ve psikolojik ihmali ve ebeveyn-çocuk ilişki kalitesi arasında ilişki bulunmuştur. Hemşireler, aile içi süreçlerin devamlılığında bozulma, aile baş etmesinde yetersizlik, ebeveynlikte yetersizlik ve ebeveynlikte güçlendirmeye hazır oluş tanıları kapsamında ailelere bakım verebilir. Ailelerin internet bağımlılığını önlemede önemli bir rolü vardır. Ergenlerin aşırı internet kullanımını en aza indirmek için hemşirelik bakım uygulamalarında ve önleme programlarında ailenin ve aile ile ilişkili faktörlerin göz önünde bulundurulması önerilmektedir.

Internet addiction and its psychosocial impact on urban adolescents of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Background: Internet addiction is defined as any online-related, compulsive behavior which interferes with normal living and causes severe stress on family, friends, loved ones, and one's work environment. The adolescents are most vulnerable to the numerous addictive temptations offered by the Internet during the transition phase. The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of Internet addiction in adolescents of urban areas of Kanpur district and assess the association of Internet addiction with stress, anxiety, and depression. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among students of higher secondary schools/colleges in the urban areas of Kanpur district in Uttar Pradesh. Out of 105 colleges, 10%, i.e., 10 colleges, were selected randomly and a total of 900 students were enrolled in the study. A pretested, predesigned questionnaire, Young's Internet Addiction Scale, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21 were used in the study. Data distribution was assessed for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Categorical data were compared using the Chi-square test. All values were considered statistically significant for a value of P ≤ 0.05. Results: Majority (61.1%) of the respondents were females, and the mean age was 17.20 years. The prevalence of Internet addiction was 89.78%. The main purpose of using Internet was social networking (54.89%), followed by online gaming/gambling (19.67%) and study (12.89%). About 60.44% of the respondents used Internet for 3–6 h/day and 28.67% of the respondents used Internet for

Дифференцированная психологическая коррекция интернет-зависимости у подростков

The paper considers the issue of interventions for internet addiction in adolescents. We analyzed the main risk factors of internet addiction yielded from the empirical data and distinguished between two groups of internet-addicted adolescents with dominating biological or psychological risk factors. An intervention program for internet-addicted adolescents based on this data was developed and carried out. We compared the efficacy of the intervention and communicative skills training. The results prove the significance of primary neuropsychological diagnostics and the necessity of neuropsychological correction in interventions for internet-addicted adolescents. We propose a scheme for sorting the participants in correction groups according to different risk factors of internet addiction.

Нейробиологические факторы риска формирования интернет-зависимости у подростков: актуальные гипотезы и ближайшие перспективы

Objectives. The review summarizes the currently available data on neurobiological risk factors for the formation of Internet addiction (IA) in adolescents, and also indicates the most promising areas of research in this area. Background. The rapid emergence and spread of IA in teenage populations, combined with the rapid change in consumed content due to the general availability of mobile access to the network and the emergence of new devices, poses new challenges for classical psychology and fundamental medicine that need to be addressed urgently. Like most other chronic psychopathological conditions, pathological heart failure belongs to the group of multifactorial polygenic diseases, where in each case there is a unique combined effect of congenital features of the functioning of higher nervous activity, some of which are genetically determined (structural features of the structure of the nervous tissue, spectrum of secretion, degradation and the reception of neurotransmitters) with the influence of many environmental factors (family, social, ethnocultural). Methodology. To date, a large number of studies have been conducted to study the pathogenesis of IA using various neuroimaging techniques. Using twin studies while taking into account ethnic differences, the genetic component of susceptibility to IA was established, in addition, a serious comorbidity of Internet addiction was revealed. Conclusions. One of the most important fundamental tasks of studying Internet addiction is the identification of specific genes and neurotransmitter associations that are respon¬sible for the predisposition to the formation of Internet addiction, which will allow searching for new therapeutic targets and ways for early prevention with an assessment of the degree of genetic risk.

ERGENLERDE İNTERNET BAĞIMLILIĞININ AKADEMİK KENDİNİ ENGELLEME VE PSİKOLOJİK DAYANIKLILIK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between internet addiction and academic self-handicapping and psychological resilience, and to determine the predictive power of Internet addiction in terms of academic self-handicapping and psychological resilience. For this purpose, “Personal Information Form”, “Young Internet Addiction Test-Short Form”, “Academic SelfHandicapping Scale” and “Adolescent Psychological Resilience Scale” were applied to 575 students. In research, Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the relationship between internet addiction and academic self-handicapping and psychological resilience. The effects of internet addiction on academic self-handicapping and psychological resilience were examined with the method of path analysis. According to the findings obtained from the data analysis at the end of the research, it is seen that there is a significant difference in the level of internet addiction of adolescents according to gender, school success and parental attitude. When the relationships between internet addiction, academic self-handicapping and psychological resilience were examined, it was found that there was a positive correlation between internet addiction and academic self-handicapping and negative relationship between internet addiction and psychological resilience. In the study, it is concluded that internet addiction is a significant predictor of academic selfhandicapping and psychological resilience.

The Influence of Online Social Interaction on Internet Addiction Among Adolescence

Internet addiction is a serious problem affecting individuals of all ages. There are many reasons for internet addiction. One of these reasons is online social interaction. Online social interaction on the internet is the strongest and most common activity that makes adolescents dependent on the internet. Social interaction online facilitate the need to make friends and the need to obtain a personal achievement. Therefore, individuals spend a long time on the Internet. This study aims to determine the effect of online social interaction on internet addiction in adolescents. This research was conducted in the Purbalingga / Indonesia district. The study was conducted with 70 adolescents aged 15-18 years. As data collection tool, Internet Addiction Questionnaire and Online Social Interaction Questionnaire have been used. To test whether the data shows normal distribution, Kolmogorov Smirnov Normality Test was performed. The results of the test showed that the data obtained in the study showed normal distribution. Regression Analysis were used in the study. The research findings show that online social interaction has an effect on internet addiction (R2=0.351; p&amp;lt;0.05). The Regression Analysis applied indicated that online social interaction explain 35.1% of the total variance in internet addiction. According to the results of the study, online social interaction needs to be reduced in order to reduce internet addiction in adolescents. Even so, internet addiction is not only caused by online social interaction, but there are 64.9% of other factors that influence it.

Evaluation of internet addiction and safe internet use in adolescents of four schools located in Bornova district

Amaç: Bu çalışmada İzmir‟in nüfusu en büyük ilçelerinden Bornova İlçesi‟nde belirlenen dört pilot okulda internet bağımlılığı prevalansının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.&#x0D; Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu kesitsel çalışmada araştırma grubunu Bornova ilçesindeki iki devlet ve iki özel okulun 6., 7., 9. ve 10. sınıflarındaki 1035 öğrenci oluşturdu. Veri toplama aracı olarak, Günüç ve Kayri‟nin 2009 yılında geliştirdiği “internet bağımlılık ölçeği” ve kişisel anket formu kullanıldı.&#x0D; Bulgular: Çalışma grubundaki 1035 öğrencinin 685‟ine ulaşıldı. Formları uygun şekilde doldurmayan 24 öğrenci çalışma dışında bırakıldı; %63,9‟u (n=661) analize alındı. İnternet bağımlılık ölçeğine göre öğrencilerin %37,4‟ü (n=247) internet bağımlısı değilken, %36,9‟u (n=244) risk grubundaydı ve %25,7‟si (n=170) ise internet bağımlısıydı. İnternet bağımlılık durumları ile güvenli internet kullanma (x2=9,013; p=0,011), günlük bilgisayar oyunu oynama (x2=76,556; p=0,000), televizyon izleme (x2=11,859; p=0,003), öğrencinin internet hakkında evde bilgilendirilmesi (x2=19.386; p

Adolescent internet addiction - role of parental control and adolescent behaviours.

IntroductionExcessive Internet use can negatively affect academic performance, family relationships and emotional development among the youth. Such issues have been identified as Internet addiction (IA). We aimed to determine the prevalence of IA among Portuguese adolescents and assess how parental control can relate to IA.MethodsAn observational cross-sectional study was performed at public schools within a Portuguese region, using Young’s Internet Addiction Test survey. General sociodemographic and emotional well-being data were obtained. A descriptive and bivariate analysis was done among Internet-addicted and average users, followed by a logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were computed with two-sided P values < .05 for statistical significance.ResultsA total of 1916 eligible responses were obtained. Mean age was 15 ± 1.8 years, with a slight predominance of female (53.3%) participants. In our sample, 16.5% were deemed Internet addicted and less likely to have any parental control over Internet use (aOR 0.74, P <.05). Moreover, 28% of the Internet-addicted users were less likely to have control over time spent online (aOR 0.72, P < .05), and close to half were unlikely to have online content restrictions (aOR 0.56, P < .01).ConclusionsOur findings reported a significant rate of Internet-addicted youth. IA was negatively related to parental control. Whenever any kind of parental control over Internet use was reported, IA was less likely to occur. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the risks of IA in adolescents to improve its prevention and intervention.