Insomnia In Adolescents Research Articles

Pediatric Insomnia Disorder: Treatment Options beyond Melatonin

Objective: Pediatric insomnia disorders significantly affect the lives of the patients and their caregivers. Currently available behavioral management techniques and therapy are not effective for everyone. There is extensive literature on the efficacy and safety data on melatonin however, it too can be ineffective for some patients. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an analysis of various pharmacological and nonpharmacological options, other than melatonin, that can be considered as treatment options for pediatric insomnia. Methods: The databases PubMed, Medline, Scopus were searched using the key terms “pediatric insomnia”, “insomnia in children”, “insomnia in adolescents”, “therapies in pediatric insomnia”, “behavioral management of pediatric insomnia, “pharmacological agents in pediatric insomnia”, “complementary treatment of pediatric insomnia”, and “herbal therapies in pediatric insomnia” which yielded 128 articles. Additionally, database clinicaltrials.gov was searched for trials with key words “insomnia in children”, “insomnia in adolescents” and “pediatric insomnia” which yielded 42 studies. The articles and studies were reviewed as pertinent to the topic. Results: Based on the search, evidence for effectiveness for several novel therapeutics such as melatonin agonists, orexin receptor antagonists, nutritional supplements, herbal medicines, complementary and alternative treatment options came in to light. However, a remarkable deficit of large-scale studies depicting the efficacy and safety of all these in pediatric populations was noted. Conclusions: With pediatric insomnia disorders being a challenging clinical situation for clinicians not just limited to one specialty, a joint effort is needed to explore these treatment options with help of large-scale clinical studies.

Contributory Factors for Teen Insomnia Symptoms: A Prospective Cohort Study in Sweden

ObjectivesInsufficient sleep is a public health problem that impacts the mental and physical health of children and adolescents. Complaints of insomnia are particularly pervasive among adolescents. This longitudinal study investigates factors that contribute to teen insomnia symptoms.DesignFive-year prospective follow-up study.SettingSchool-based.ParticipantsA total of 522 children (49.8% girls) aged 9.4 ± 1.3 years at baseline; 14.4 ± 0.7 years at follow-up.MeasurementsThe dependent variable of insomnia symptoms at follow-up was assessed with the Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale-Revised. The independent variables at baseline were the perceived family financial situation, tiredness at school, problems waking up, short sleep duration, sleeping difficulties, having a bedroom Television (TV), and time spent with a TV/computer. Multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to examine whether the independent variables at baseline predicted insomnia symptoms at follow-up.ResultsPerceived quite bad/very bad family financial situation (OR 3.1; CI 1.4–6.7) and short sleep duration (<10 h) (OR 2.3; CI 1.0–5.3) among girls at baseline were associated with insomnia symptoms at follow-up. Having problems waking up among boys at baseline was associated with insomnia symptoms at follow-up (OR 4.9; CI 1.6–14.4).ConclusionShort sleep duration, problems waking up, and perceived bad family financial situation during childhood were linked with adolescent insomnia symptoms. The sex-based differences in these associations warrant further investigation to effectively mitigate adolescent insomnia.

Melatonin for the Treatment of Insomnia in Children and Adolescents

&#x0D; There is some evidence of benefit of melatonin compared with placebo for the short-term treatment of insomnia in children and adolescents with neurodisabilities.&#x0D; The short-term safety profile of melatonin suggested that it was well-tolerated, although some severe adverse events may occur. There was a lack of long-term safety data.&#x0D; The American Academy of Neurology guideline recommends high-grade melatonin should be prescribed for treatment of sleep disturbance in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder if first-line treatment with behavioural strategies is not helpful.&#x0D; Evidence comparing the clinical effectiveness of melatonin with prescription sedatives for the treatment of insomnia in children and adolescents was not identified.&#x0D; No evidence was found regarding the cost-effectiveness of melatonin compared with placebo or prescription sedatives for the treatment of insomnia in children and adolescents.&#x0D;

0107 Everyday Daytime Executive Functions in Adolescents with Insomnia

Abstract Introduction Current diagnostic criteria for insomnia require self-reported sleep difficulties along with a complaint of daytime impairment. Despite the high prevalence of insomnia in adolescents, its daytime correlates are not well characterized in this age group. Executive functions (EFs) are high-level cognitive processes that coordinate memory, attention and emotions, all of which are utilized in daily functioning. Sleep deprivation impairs performance on tasks requiring EFs.A number of studies have examined the associations between insomnia and EFs in adults, but there is a paucity of studies examining EFs in adolescents with insomnia. This limits the understanding of the nature of daytime functioning in adolescents with insomnia, and impedes efforts to examine the effectiveness of interventions aimed at alleviating the daytime impairment of adolescents with insomnia.Study Objectives: 1) To compare everyday executive functioning of otherwise healthy adolescents with insomnia and that of typically developing controls; and 2) To examine the associations between sleep and everyday EFs in otherwise healthy adolescents with insomnia. Methods 37 boys and 59 girls aged 12–16 years (mean=13.29; SD=1.1) with no medical or psychiatric disorders were divided into three groups based on their Insomnia Severity Index score: No insomnia ISI &amp;lt;7; Sub-threshold insomnia 8&amp;lt; ISI &amp;lt;15; Insomnia ISI&amp;gt; 15. Insomnia was measured using the ISI. Everyday executive functioning was measured using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Sleep was measured using Actigraphy (AW-64 series; Mini-Mitter, Sunriver, OR, USA) and sleep logs. The parents of each participant provided information regarding his/her demographic and health status. Results Adolescents in the Insomnia group had higher scores on the BRIEF’s Metacognition Index (F(2, 94)=3.1, p&amp;lt;0.05) and Global Executive Composite (F(2, 94)=3.6, p&amp;lt;0.05) and marginally shorter actigraphic sleep duration compared to the other groups ((F(2, 94)=2.5, p&amp;lt;0.09]). Negative correlations were found between actigraphic sleep duration and scores on the BRIEF’s Behavioral Regulation Index, Metacognition Index, and Global Executive Composite [r(81)= -0.35 p&amp;lt;.001 r(81)= -0.49 p&amp;lt;.001 r(81)= -0.42 p&amp;lt;.001, respectively] and between sleep efficiency and the Metacognition Index [r(81)= -0.23 p&amp;lt;.05]. Conclusion ConclusionInsomnia in adolescents is associated with poor EFs.LimitationThe cross-sectional nature of the study means that the association between insomnia and EFs could be bidirectional. Support (If Any) CIHR 418638 to Reut GruberRGPIN-2015-04467 to Reut Gruber

0494 The Associations Between Insomnia Symptoms and Emotional Regulation Among Typically Developing Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic

IntroductionA high prevalence of sleep disturbances was observed in adolescents during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This has been interpreted as being related to disruptions in daily routines and social life caused by pandemic-related societal restrictions. Although the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted the routines of all adolescents, not all adolescents developed insomnia in response to pandemic-related changes. A reduced ability to regulate negative emotions is associated with a higher risk of developing insomnia, yet it is not known if it is associated with higher levels of insomnia in adolescents. Cognitive reappraisal, which consists of changing the way one thinks about potentially emotion-inducing events, is effective in downregulating negative emotion. Expressive suppression, which is changing the way one behaviorally responds to emotion-eliciting events, can decrease a positive emotional experience but does not alter the experience of negative emotion. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between insomnia symptoms in typically developing adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and the tendency to use cognitive reappraisal or expressive suppression to regulate emotions. It was hypothesized that high levels of insomnia symptoms among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic would be associated with more frequent use of expressive suppression and less frequent use of cognitive reappraisal when regulating emotions.Methods49 adolescents aged 11-16 (M= 13.43, SD= 1.67) participated in the study during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada (May 15 to June 30, 2020). The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used to assess the severity of nighttime and daytime components of insomnia. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire was used to assess respondents' tendencies to regulate their emotions using cognitive reappraisal or expressive suppression.ResultsHigher ISI total scores were significantly associated with lower reappraisal scores on the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.ConclusionA higher level of insomnia symptoms among typically developing adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with less frequent use of emotional regulation strategy that is effective in downregulating negative emotion. Limitations: Given the cross-sectional design of the study, it is not possible to determine causality.Support (If Any)CIHR 418638 to Reut GruberRGPIN-2015-04467 to Reut Gruber

Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire.

Background: The Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ), English version, is the only validated screening measure developed specifically to identify insomnia symptoms in adolescents. To date, no specific screening tool for adolescent insomnia is present in Danish language. The aim of this study was to translate and validate the AIQ in a sample of Danish adolescents. Methods: The AIQ underwent a process of forward-backward translation and pilot testing. Subsequently, data were collected at baseline and two-week follow-up from adolescents aged 11-19, who completed both the AIQ and an available adult measure of insomnia (the Athens Insomnia Scale, AIS). The internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity were assessed. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the latent factors underlying the questionnaire. Results: At baseline 185 adolescents (18% males and 82% females, mean age 16.0 years) and 102 (55.1%) at two-week follow-up completed the questionnaires. The AIQ showed excellent internal consistency for the total score (Cronbach's a: 0.88) and good convergent validity with the AIS total score (Pearson's correlation value= 0.86, P<0.001). The test-retest reliability at two weeks was very satisfactory (ICC coefficient = 0.89; 95% CI 0.84, 0.92). Results from the exploratory factor analysis identified a three-model solution corresponding to the same three-model solution identified within the original development sample. Conclusions: The Danish version of the AIQ demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, test-retest reliability and validity, which supports its use as a screening tool for the identification of insomnia symptoms in adolescents, including Danish-speaking adolescents.

Internet addiction, insomnia, and violence tendency in adolescents.

There is limited information on how the tendency to violence in adolescents is affected by internet addiction and insomnia. This study will contribute to the literature in revealing the effect of internet addiction on insomnia and violence tendency in adolescents. The data were collected between 26/May/2021 and 06/July/2021. A total of 2,502 adolescents studying in 9th and 12th grades were included in the study. Data were collected with the adolescent information form, Internet Addiction Scale-Short Form, Bergen Insomnia Scale, and Violence Tendency Scale. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, correlation, and simple linear regression analyzes were used in the analysis of data. Participants were 15.92 ± 1.19 years old and 70.80% were women. While internet addiction do not change according to gender, and violence tendency mean scores do not change according to having a device to use the internet, the study variable mean score changes according to all the other socio-demographic variables included in our study. There is a positive relationship between internet addiction, violence tendency, and insomnia. Furthermore, while internet addiction explained 22.1% of insomnia scores, 18.8% of the variance changes in the violence tendency scores, insomnia explained 11.8% of violence tendency scores. Although the scale scores of the adolescents in our study were below the average, internet addiction is common problem necessitates working on the subject. In our study, there is a significant relationship between internet addiction, insomnia and tendency to violence, and internet addiction predicts other variables.

Epidemiology of gaming disorder and its effect on anxiety and insomnia in Chinese ethnic minority adolescents

BackgroundThe growing popularity and frequency of online game use have resulted in a large number of studies reporting various mental problems associated with game abuse in adolescents. In this article, we examined the prevalence of gaming disorder (GD) and explored the associations of GD with anxiety and insomnia symptoms in minority youth in China.MethodsA total of 1494 students completed the Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire Short-Form (POGQ-SF), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item questionnaire (GAD-7), and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses were used to explore the associations between gaming disorder and anxiety/insomnia.ResultsA total of 356 (23.83%) respondents reported that they had gaming disorder. Chi-square analysis showed that gender, grade, marital status of parents and exercise situation were significantly associated with GD. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that those who had GD were at significantly higher risk for anxiety and insomnia than those without GD.ConclusionWe found a high incidence of GD and a positive association among anxiety, insomnia and GD. Thus, special attention should be paid to those who have suffered from GD. It is worth addressing the adverse effects of GD on anxiety and insomnia.

Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire

Background: The Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ), English version, is the only validated screening measure developed specifically to identify insomnia symptoms in adolescents. To date, no specific screening tool for adolescent insomnia is present in Danish language. The aim of this study was to translate and validate the AIQ in a sample of Danish adolescents. Methods: The AIQ underwent a process of forward-backward translation and pilot testing. Subsequently, data were collected at baseline and two-week follow-up from adolescents aged 11-19, who completed both the AIQ and an available adult measure of insomnia (the Athens Insomnia Scale, AIS). The internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity were assessed. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the latent factors underlying the questionnaire. Results: At baseline 185 adolescents (18% males and 82% females, mean age 16.0 years) and 102 (55.1%) at two-week follow-up completed the questionnaires. The AIQ showed excellent internal consistency for the total score (Cronbach's a: 0.88) and good convergent validity with the AIS total score (Pearson's correlation value= 0.86, P<0.001). The test-retest reliability at two weeks was very satisfactory (ICC coefficient = 0.89; 95% CI 0.84, 0.92). Results from the exploratory factor analysis identified a three-model solution corresponding to the same three-model solution identified within the original development sample. Conclusions: The Danish version of the AIQ demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, test-retest reliability and validity, which supports its use as a screening tool for the identification of insomnia symptoms in adolescents, including Danish-speaking adolescents.

Clinical characterization of insomnia in adolescents – an integrated approach to psychopathology

Objectives/BackgroundInsomnia in adolescence is common and debilitating yet it remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the complexity of clinical, behavioral, and psychosocial factors characterizing insomnia in adolescents. MethodsNinety-five adolescents (16–19 years) with (N = 47, 31 female) and without (N = 48, 28 female) insomnia symptoms participated. In the insomnia group, 26 (20 female) met full DSM-5 criteria for insomnia disorder, while 21 (11 female) met partial criteria. Participants completed a clinical interview and assessments of clinical, behavioral, and psychosocial dimensions associated with insomnia. GLMs and network analyses were used to evaluate group and sex differences in severity and inter-relationships between symptoms. ResultsAdolescents with insomnia symptomatology had lower sleep hygiene and thought control, more depressive symptoms and dysfunctional sleep-related cognitions, and more substance use as a coping behavior than healthy controls. They also indicated higher neuroticism, stress levels, and sleep stress reactivity (p < 0.05), but no difference in adverse childhood experiences, than controls. Girls compared to boys with insomnia reported lower sleep quality, and more pre-sleep cognitive activity and sleep stress reactivity (p < 0.05). Compared to healthy girls, girls in the insomnia group reported lower sleep hygiene and higher agreeableness. Network analyses confirmed profound group differences in network topology, with the insomnia group having different levels of centrality and relationships between clinical characteristics compared with controls. ConclusionsFindings highlight clinical and sex-specific characteristics of adolescent insomnia, with network analyses revealing a complex interplay between clinical, behavioral, and psychosocial domains. Adolescents with insomnia symptoms, particularly girls, may benefit from interventions to improve negative cognition, mood, and stress, and behavioral strategies to counteract sleep-related maladaptive behaviors.

Insomnia

Pediatric insomnia is relatively common in general pediatric practice and has an even higher prevalence in those with neurodevelopmental disorders. Detailed sleep history, sleep diary, associated daytime symptoms, and factors contributing to insomnia should be thoroughly evaluated to determine the diagnosis and further plan for management. Behavioral management should be the first step for the management of insomnia in children and adolescents. Although there is no FDA-approved medication for the treatment of insomnia in children, some medications may be prescribed with caution, particularly if behavioral management is not effective, in selected conditions, and if the benefits outweigh the risks.

A Longitudinal Study of Insomnia, Daytime Sleepiness, and Academic Performance in Chinese Adolescents

ABSTRACT Background Longitudinal data on the associations between sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and daily functioning are limited in the general adolescent population. This study examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and subject-specific academic performance in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. Method Data were derived from the Shandong Adolescent Behavior and Health Cohort (n = 7,072) study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess insomnia, EDS, academic performance (overall, Chinese, mathematics, and English), behavioral and emotional problems, and family demographics. The cross-sectional analysis was conducted with baseline data while the longitudinal analysis was conducted with both baseline and 1-year follow-up data. Logistic regression analyses and mediation models were performed to examine the associations between insomnia, EDS, and academic performance. Results Logistic regression analyses revealed that insomnia and EDS had significant cross-sectional associations with overall performance and mathematics performance after controlling for age, gender, ever smoking, ever alcohol drinking, frequent snore, sleep duration, chronic disease, anxious/depressive symptoms, parents’ education, parents’ occupation, and family economic status. Both insomnia (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.00–1.45) and EDS (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.03–1.45) at baseline were significantly associated with poor mathematics performance 1 year later. The effect of insomnia at baseline on poor academic performance 1 year later was mediated by EDS except for the Chinese subject after controlling for the covariates. Conclusions Insomnia and daytime sleepiness are significantly associated with poor academic performance, particularly in mathematics. EDS mediates the association between insomnia and poor academic performance. Further research is warranted to investigate the effects of sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness on the learning process and performance across academic subjects.

A virtual reality-based mind-body approach to downregulate psychophysiological arousal in adolescent insomnia.

ObjectiveIn this study, we describe the rationale, supported by preliminary data, for a novel, digital, immersive virtual reality (VR)-based mind–body approach, designed to reduce bedtime arousal in adolescents with insomnia.MethodsFifty-two high-school students (16–20 years; 32 female) with (N = 18) and without (N = 34) DSM-5 insomnia symptoms engaged with 20 min of immersive VR-guided meditation and paced breathing (0.1 Hz) (intervention condition) and 20 min of quiet activity (control condition), right before bedtime, on two separate evenings.ResultsThe intervention resulted in acute autonomic and cortical modulation (p < 0.05), leading to reduced physiological arousal (↓heart rate, ↓cortisol) compared with the control condition, with similar effects in adolescents with and without insomnia. No significant changes were detected for cognitive arousal levels. During the intervention, all participants were able to achieve the targeted 0.1 Hz breathing rate, and the majority experienced no discomfort associated with the VR exposure. However, 30–40% of the participants experienced some trouble slowing down their breathing.ConclusionsThe study provides supporting preliminary evidence for the mechanism behind a novel VR-based digital approach, designed to regulate psychophysiological arousal levels by acting on neurocognitive and autonomic pathways. Further studies (e.g. randomized clinical trials) are needed to evaluate the isolated and synergistic effects of its components (e.g. VR vs. VR + paced breathing), and its efficacy, acceptance, and feasibility in alleviating insomnia symptoms in adolescents.

Association between Insomnia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome among Adolescents in South Korea: A Quantitative Cross-Sectional Study

Insomnia refers to having difficulty sleeping even when given the opportunity and environment to sleep. Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional bowel disease that is accompanied by abdominal pain and irregular defecation but not organic lesions. Although insomnia and irritable bowel syndrome are pathophysiologically related, studies on their relationship among adolescents are lacking. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of insomnia and irritable bowel syndrome among adolescents and the association between them. In May 2021, a survey was conducted among high school adolescents from Daegu Metropolitan City, South Korea, using the Korean version of the Insomnia Severity Index and the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for irritable bowel syndrome. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests and logistic regression analyses. The incidence of insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index score ≥ 10) was 18.4% (n = 74) while that of irritable bowel syndrome was 10.7% (n = 43). Irritable bowel syndrome was strongly associated with an increased incidence of insomnia (odds ratio = 3.30, 95% confidence interval: 1.66–6.53). Therefore, the association between insomnia and irritable bowel syndrome has relevance in the treatment of insomnia in adolescents.

Sleep patterns and insomnia among adolescents receiving child welfare services: A population-based study

ObjectivesSleep problems are common in adolescence. We aimed to investigate sleep patterns and insomnia in Norwegian adolescents who have been in contact with child welfare services (CWS), both adolescents living in foster care (FC) and adolescents receiving in-home-services (IHS). Both groups were compared to youth who reported they were not receiving child welfare interventions. DesignCross-sectional. SettingThe population-based study youth@hordaland from 2012 in Hordaland, Norway. ParticipantsAbout 9421 adolescents (53.8% girls), age range 16-19 years, were divided into 3 groups; IHS group (n = 123), FC group (n = 132), and control group (n = 9166). MeasurementsSelf-reported information about demographics, detailed sleep patterns, sleep problems, and adverse life events. ResultsAdolescents receiving IHS (vs. controls) had significantly shorter sleep duration, lower sleep efficiency, longer sleep onset latency (SOL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and higher prevalence of insomnia. They had increased odds of insomnia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19-2.62) and SOL ≥ 30 minutes (AOR = 1.95, CI = 1.32-2.87). Adolescents in FC (vs. controls) reported lower sleep efficiency and longer WASO. When adjusting for sex and age, the associations did not substantially change. When additionally adjusting for adverse life events, the associations were considerably attenuated for both groups, and were no longer significant for the FC group. ConclusionOur results indicate a higher rate of sleep problems among adolescents receiving interventions from CWS, particularly those receiving IHS. Adverse life events accounted for a substantial part of the increased risk of sleep problems.

A controlled trial of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy-based strategies for insomnia among in-school adolescents in southern Nigeria

BackgroundSleep difficulties are highly prevalent among adolescents, and are associated with significant impairments. The effectiveness and acceptability of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy-based (CBT-based) treatment for insomnia in adolescents is established for High Income Countries, but unknown for African settings. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of CBT-based intervention among in-school adolescents with sleep difficulties in Southern Nigeria.MethodsThis was a pilot controlled trial involving 50 adolescents with highest ranked scores on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) recruited from four schools (two government and two privately owned). Balloting was used to assign two schools (public and private) with 25 participants to the intervention group, and the other two schools (public and private) with 25 participants as waiting-list controls. The two groups were dyad-matched for baseline ISI scores, gender, and type of school to reduce baseline differences. The treatment group received weekly group-based manualised CBT-based intervention over 5 weeks. Primary outcome was ISI score at 6th week. Secondary outcomes were sleep onset latency (SOL), Total sleep duration (TSD), depressive symptoms, sleep hygiene, and knowledge about sleep.ResultsParticipants were aged 13–17 years (M = 14.9, SD = 1.16) and consisted of 18 males and 32 females. Controlling for baseline scores, the intervention group showed significantly lower post-intervention insomnia scores compared with the control group {F (1, 34) = 1.10, p = 0.0001, (ηp2 = 0.59}, shorter SOL {F (1, 33) = 1.41, p = 0.0001, ηp2 = 0.39}, longer TSD {F (1, 33) = 1.03, p = 0.0001, ηp2 = 0.47}, lower depressive symptoms {F (1, 31) = 1.32, p = 0.002 (ηp2 = 0.34}, higher knowledge of sleep {F (1, 34) = 1.02, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.36}, but no significant change in sleep hygiene {F (1, 32) = 1.08, p = 0.08, ηp2 = 0.15}. All participants in the intervention group rated the programme as good or excellent.ConclusionThis pilot CBT-based intervention for adolescents with insomnia was feasible, well received and showed promising efficacy in this setting. Larger controlled trials are recommended to establish the generalisability of these findings in this region.Trial registration Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (Registration Number PACTR202001710494962)

Longitudinal Relationships between Nomophobia, Addictive Use of Social Media, and Insomnia in Adolescents.

(1) Background: Temporal relationships between nomophobia (anxiety related to ‘no mobile phone phobia’), addictive use of social media, and insomnia are understudied. The present study aimed to use a longitudinal design to investigate temporal relationships between nomophobia, addictive use of social media, and insomnia among Iranian adolescents; (2) Methods: A total of 1098 adolescents (600 males; 54.6%; age range = 13 to 19) were recruited from 40 randomly selected classes in Qazvin, Iran. They completed baseline assessments. The same cohort was invited to complete three follow-up assessments one month apart. Among the 1098 adolescents, 812 (400 males; 49.3%; age range = 13 to 18) completed the baseline and three follow-up assessments. In each assessment, the participants completed three questionnaires, including the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI); (3) Results: Multilevel linear mixed-effects regression analyses showed that participants demonstrated increased insomnia longitudinally over 3 months (B = 0.12 and 0.19; p = 0.003 and <0.001). Insomnia was associated with nomophobia (B = 0.20; p < 0.001) and addictive use of social media (B = 0.49; p < 0.001). Nomophobia and addictive use of social media interacted with time in associations with insomnia as demonstrated by significant interaction terms (B = 0.05; p < 0.001 for nomophobia; B = 0.13; p < 0.001 for addictive use of social media); (4) Conclusions: Both nomophobia and addictive use of social media are potential risk factors for adolescent insomnia. The temporal relationship between the three factors suggests that parents, policymakers, and healthcare providers may target reducing nomophobia and addictive use of social media to improve adolescents’ sleep.

Practice Tools for Screening and Monitoring Insomnia in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Between 50–80% of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have insomnia, which adversely affects their mental and physical health. However, there is no consensus to-date on suitable tools for insomnia screening and monitoring in daily clinical practice. An expert panel of child neuropsychiatry and sleep specialists, with expertise in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities, recommends: (1) performing insomnia screening of all children with ASD; (2) considering discussion or referral to a sleep specialist when comorbid sleep disorders are suspected. The panel further developed structured, brief screening and monitoring tools to facilitate insomnia screening and management in daily practice, monitor treatment effectiveness and standardize and compare outcomes across clinical settings to improve care and well-being of children with ASD and their families.

Excess Anxiety's Effect on the Occurrence of Insomnia in Adolescents in Late Adolescence

Due to the difficult process of social transition associated with the end of adolescence, this may create complications. For example, the issue of anti-social conduct in teenagers, as well as disagreements with parents, often result in conflict, ties of solidarity that may result in hazardous hazards and emotional illnesses such as stress, excessive anxiety, and depression. Anxiety disorder is a kind of emotional illness that may develop in late adolescence as a result of psychosocial causes. In which late adolescents react to stresses in an inappropriate and accurate manner. Anxiety disorders may impair the development of teaching and learning, since they lead people to suffer information processing distortion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of excessive worry on the prevalence of sleeplessness in late teenage adolescents. The researchers will conduct an analytical observational study using a cross sectional design. Teenagers with anxiety were classified as having no anxiety by 71 individuals (88.8 percent), mild anxiety by 8 people (10.0 percent), and moderate anxiety by one person (1.3 percent ). According to the classification of insomnia, there were 48 individuals (60.0 percent) in the severe group, 18 teenagers (22.5 percent) in the very severe category, and 14 adolescents (17.5 percent) in the moderate category. There is a link between anxiety and the prevalence of sleeplessness in late teenage teens.

Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire.

Background: The Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ), English version, is the only validated screening measure developed specifically to identify insomnia symptoms in adolescents. To date, no specific screening tool for adolescent insomnia is present in Danish language. The aim of this study was to translate and validate the AIQ in a sample of Danish adolescents. Methods: The AIQ underwent a process of forward-backward translation and pilot testing. Subsequently, data were collected at baseline and two-week follow-up from adolescents aged 11-19, who completed both the AIQ and an available adult measure of insomnia (the Athens Insomnia Scale, AIS). The internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity were assessed. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the latent factors underlying the questionnaire. Results: At baseline 185 adolescents (18% males and 82% females, mean age 16.0 years) and 102 (55.1%) at two-week follow-up completed the questionnaires. The AIQ showed excellent internal consistency for the total score (Cronbach's a: 0.88) and good convergent validity with the AIS total score (Pearson's correlation value= 0.86, P<0.001). The test-retest reliability at two weeks was very satisfactory (ICC coefficient = 0.89; 95% CI 0.84, 0.92). Results from the exploratory factor analysis identified a three-model solution corresponding to the same three-model solution identified within the original development sample. Conclusions: The Danish version of the AIQ demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, test-retest reliability and validity, which supports its use as a screening tool for the identification of insomnia symptoms in adolescents, including Danish-speaking adolescents.