Adolescent Basketball Players Research Articles

Changes in developmental assets across a 4-month competitive season among youth basketball players

Abstract The present study examined the changes in developmental assets among young basketball players during a 4-month competitive period, accounting for variation by age group. Additionally, we examined the age-related variation on developmental assets. Sixty-five adolescent basketball players aged between 9.5 to 17.3 years were considered. We used the Portuguese version of the Developmental Assets Profile Questionnaire. Multilevel modeling was used to estimate the magnitude of changes on developmental assets across the 4-month competitive season, as well as aligning assets scores by chronological age. Positive values and positive identity scores were substantially increased after the 4-month competitive sample. The other assets scores showed no variation across the competitive 4-month competitive season, independent of age group. There was a trend of linear decrease in developmental assets as the adolescent players got older. For positive values, there was a non-linear trend with a higher decrease rate between about 10 to 14 years, levelling off thereafter. Developmental assets did not appear to be influenced by exposure to a period of organized training and competition among adolescent basketball players. Hence, the observed decrease on developmental assets when aligning by age may reflect the influence of contextual and cultural environments of practice. This is of particularly interest for positive values, which refer to school engagement or and social justice, qualities that are not sport-specific but assume a key and importance position in sport participation for a positive role in youth development.

The Effect of Heart Rate on Jump-Shot Accuracy of Adolescent Basketball Players.

Basketball is a team sport, where fundamental skills – fundamentals – are key determinants for success. Jump-shot (JS) is a basketball fundamental used frequently during game. It is interesting to spread light on the relationship between effort intensity and JS ability. Study aim was to investigate different heart rates (HRs) effect on JS accuracy (JS%) in 22 male youth (15.7 ± 0.9 years) players. Experimental sessions consisted of 10 JSs from five spots 5 m from basket at three different HRs: rest (0HR) and after warm-up (50% [50HR] and 80% maximal HR [80HR]). Analysis of variance showed differences in JS% over sessions (42.27 ± 14.78% at 0HR, 38.18 ± 10.53% at 50HR, and 30.00 ± 16.62% at 80HR; P = 0.018). Least significant difference test did not show any significant difference between 50HR and 0HR JS% (P = 0.343), while 80HR elicited significantly lower values with respect to both 0HR (P = 0.006) and 50HR (P = 0.049). Study provided practical indications on maintaining high JS%: preliminary warm-up (even if injury-protecting) does not improve JS%, because between 50HR and 0HR difference was not significant; and 80HR significantly decreases JS%. Therefore, to maximize JS scoring players have to rest as much as possible during game-play pauses, and coaches should manage timeouts and substitutions accordingly, especially during final minutes of close games.

Prediction of male basketball players' adult stature from the age of 13 years using chronological age and maturity.

The purpose of this study was to cross-validate and demonstrate how adult stature can be predicted in 13-year-old basket-ball players by using a new reference specific growth curve obtained from chronological age, and maturity of sedentary boys. The prediction of adult stature of young male basketball players was established from the results of a longitudinal study in which we developed from 125 sedentary boys aged from 12 to 17.5 years new growth curves using chronological and biological maturation. In partnership with the French basketball federation, we collected information on stature, age and secondary pubertal stages from a sample of 106 boys aged from 160 and 164 months. The participants were regional level basketball players whose adult statures were known. The association of biological maturation at a chronological age was the determining criterion to predict individual adult stature with advanced, standard and delayed puberty. The average longitudinal growth curves enabled the prediction of adult stature within ±3 cm, 98% of the time in male basketball players. The relationship between estimated adult stature and final stature was high (r=0.98) with a low standard error estimate (SEE=1.65 cm). Mean and standard deviation of the differences between estimated stature and adult stature were 0.7±1.7. This technique is a valid, nonintrusive and accurate method of predicting adult stature in adolescent basketball players. It constitutes an advance in the detection and the orientation of future basketball players.

Tėvų vaidmuo skatinant krepšininkų motyvaciją sportuoti

Sport plays an important role in the lives of many children. Sport is important not only for the athletes themselves, but also includes other important participants: parents, coaches, referees, teammates. However, in the current period more attention is being paid to children’s sports activities and the influence of parents on the education of young athletes. There is a tendency to note that parental involvement in children’s sports can be diverse. As the researchers highlight, it is important for parents to understand that they should show the young athlete as many as possible ways, to introduce to different sports so that the young athlete later could find himself/herself, to enjoy sport and to have positive experiences. However, resent research shows that parents’ desire to see their offspring succeeding, and parents often forget what really matters in children’s sport. Therefore, the role of parents in motivating adolescent basketball players in sports is the object of this research. The tasks of the study is to reveal the importance of parents’ (mothers and fathers separately) role in motivating basketball players (15–18 years of age), regarding of the athletes age; and to reveal the importance of parents’ (mothers and fathers separately) role of motivating basketball players regarding athletes experience in their career. The following research methods are used: Analysis of the scientific literature; Quantitative study: Questionnaire; Mathematical statistics methods. Basketball players of two basketball schools (n = 75) participated in the questionnaire survey. The results of this study have demonstrated that mother’s and father’s role is important in both age groups (15–16 years old and 17–18 years old). In autonomy support range (scale) mother’s role is stronger and more important for younger players than in group of 17–18 years old athletes. Basketball players with more experience (7 years or more) have bigger father’s involvement than players with less experience (6 years and less). With bigger and longer experience in training and competitions basketball players have stronger father’s involvement and support in their careers. Keywords: parents, mother, father, adolescents, basketball players, motivation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/sm.2018.11

Ankle Proprioception Training Program for Preventing Lateral Ankle Sprains in Adolescent Basketball Players: A Case Validation Study

The purpose of this case validation study was to examine the effects of a previously established proprioception training program on the number of lateral ankle sprains in secondary school basketball players. The patient population consisted of 22 patients (5 females, 17 males, age = 16±1 years old, height = 181.8±8.9 cm, weight = 74.8±12.8 kg) from a small rural high school in Illinois. The team completed the proprioceptive training program as part of a warm-up supervised by the athletic trainer and took approximately five minutes to complete. The program was completed every day for five weeks with one additional week of maintenance exercises. The main outcomes assessed were the number of lateral ankle sprains, anterior reach distance from the Y-Balance Test, and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) Sport Scale scores. Data collection occurred at baseline (prior to starting the program), week 6, week 12, and follow-up. There were a total of 9 lateral ankle sprains and 3 re-injury throughout the course of the previous season without using the proprioceptive training program. There were 6 lateral ankle sprains and only 1 re-injury during this competition season. Anterior reach distances on the Y- Balance test improved from follow-up to week 6; but decreased from week 6 to week 12 and follow-up. FAAM Sport scale scores remained consistent throughout the duration of the season. The proprioceptive training program was effective in reducing the number of lateral ankle sprains in the adolescent population and helped improve anterior reach distance while patients were completing the exercise program. Athletic trainers should incorporate more proprioceptive training programs with their patient population as primary prevention measures

Differences in Joint Mechanics Between Adolescent and Adult Males Performing Countermovement and Drop Jump Tasks

PURPOSE: To investigate the differences in joint mechanics between adolescent and adult males performing countermovement and drop jump tasks. METHODS: Eleven adolescent basketball players (age: 16.5 ± 0.7 years; height: 1.78 ± 0.07 m; mass: 68.9 ± 8.8 kg) and eleven resistance-trained adults (age: 22.3 ± 1.9 years; height: 1.80 ± 0.10 m; mass: 84.3 ± 9.3 kg) performed two trials of a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a drop jump from a height of 0.40 m (DJ). Force plates (1000 Hz) and an 8-camera 3-D motion analysis system (200 Hz) were used to determine the following kinetic variables for the hip, knee, and ankle joints during the propulsive phase of each jump: normalized work performed by the moment (JWNORM), normalized power output of the moment (JPONORM), and normalized joint stiffness (JSNORM). RESULTS: The adults produced significantly greater JWNORM across the two jumps (mean difference [MD]: 0.32 J/kg, p=0.014). JWNORM at the knee was greater than that at the hip (MD: 2.09 J/kg, p<0.001) and the ankle (MD: 2.61 J/kg, p<0.001), while JWNORM was greater at the hip compared to the ankle (MD: 0.52 J/kg, p=0.001). The adults performed greater JWNORM at the hip compared to the adolescents (MD: 0.75 J/kg, p=0.005). JPONORM at the knee was greater than that at the hip (MD: 4.49 W/kg, p<0.001) and ankle (MD: 4.32 W/kg, p<0.001) across the two jumps while JPONORM was significantly greater in DJ compared to CMJ (MD: 0.49 W/kg, p=0.10). The adolescents produced significantly greater JPONORM at the ankle compared to the adults (MD: 1.35 W/k, p=0.002). The adolescents produced significantly greater JSNORM compared to the adults (MD: 0.021 Nm/kg/deg, p<0.001). Both groups produced significantly greater JSNORM in DJ compared to CMJ (MD: 0.015 Nm/kg/deg, p=0.001) with significant increases in JSNORM at the knee joint from CMJ to DJ (MD: 0.02 Nm/kg/deg, p<0.001). The increase in JSNORM at the hip (MD: 0.025 Nm/kg/deg, p=0.033) and knee (MD: 0.023 Nm/kg/deg, p=0.046) between CMJ and DJ was significantly greater in adolescents compared to adults. CONCLUSION: Adolescent males produce different joint mechanics compared to adults during jumping tasks and rely on a strategy of increasing joint stiffness at the hip and knee joints when performing DJ. These differences may have implications for musculoskeletal injuries in adolescent males.

Early anterior knee pain in male adolescent basketball players is related to body height and abnormal knee morphology

ObjectivesTo compare knee torque, range of motion, quality of movement, and morphology in dominant and nondominant legs of male adolescent basketball players with and without anterior knee pain and untrained peers. DesignCross-sectional. SettingSports performance laboratory. ParticipantsMale basketball players aged 14–15 years with and without anterior knee pain and healthy untrained subjects (n = 88). Main outcome measuresBasketball players were allocated to a symptomatic or asymptomatic group based on self-reported anterior knee pain. Associations between pain and body mass, height, passive range of motion, muscle peak torque, coactivation, neuromuscular control, proprioception, and ultrasound observations were investigated. ResultsThe prevalence of pain did not differ significantly between sides. Of 176 knees inspected, 44 were painful, and 26 of these exhibited abnormalities in ultrasonography. Symptomatic players were 5.0 and 6.9 cm taller than asymptomatic players and controls, respectively (P < 0.05). In athletes with knee pain, the odds ratios of morphological abnormalities and greater height were increased by 8.6 and 5.0 times (P < 0.001). ConclusionKnee pain prevalence in adolescent basketball players was not related to differences between sides but was higher in tall players. Knee pain was accompanied by morphological abnormalities detected with ultrasound.

Acute Effect of Basketball-Specific Exercise on Lower Limb Injury Risk Mechanisms in Male Basketball Players U16 and U18

The aim of this study was to examine and compare the acute effects of basketball-specific fatigue on muscular stiffness and reactive strength in male adolescent basketball players of two age categories. Reactive strength, expressed by means of the reactive strength index (RSI), and leg stiffness (LS) as mechanisms associated with the risk of ACL injury were measured in eleven players of the U16 category (age 16.1 ± 0.4 years; body height 185 ± 6.5 cm; body mass 74.3 ± 9.9 kg) and ten players of the U18 category (age 17.7 ± 0.4 years; body height 187 ± 5.7 cm; body mass 79.7 ± 7.4 kg) pre and post simulated basketball match play (SBFP28). RSI was determined by a drop jump test, LS by a 20 sub-maximal two-legged hopping test. No significant effects of SBFP28 on the monitored parameters were observed with the exception of RSI in U16 (p = 0.013, r = 0.53). Similarly, there were no significant differences in the fatigue-related responses to SBFP28 for RSI and LS between the age groups. These results indicated that irrespective of age, the stabilization function of the knee muscles was not impaired and consequently the risk of ACL injury was not increased.

Differences in Vertical Jump Force-Time Characteristics between Stronger and Weaker Adolescent Basketball Players.

The countermovement jump (CMJ) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) are commonly used to compare one’s force capacity during dynamic and isometric assessments, respectively. However, little research has investigated the influence of maximum isometric strength on drop-jump (DJ) performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore differences in CMJ and DJ force-time characteristics between stronger and weaker adolescent male basketball players. Sixteen adolescent male basketball players performed the IMTP to assess measures of peak force (IMTP PF), whereas CMJ and DJ calculated a range of kinetic and kinematic variables. Peak concentric force (CMJ-PF) in the CMJ was greater for stronger players (d = 1.99). However, no differences in DJ force-time characteristics existed between stronger and weaker players. Future research should be undertaken to investigate the role of maximum strength on DJ force-time characteristics in adolescent male basketball players. Such studies may help direct the creation of athlete training and monitoring programs more effectively to represent accurate player profiling.

Pathological and Morphological Peculiarities of Adolescent Basketball Players with Early Diagnosed Knee Joint Pain / Paauglių krepšininkų su anksti diagnozuotu kelio sąnario skausmu patologiniai ir morfologiniai ypatumai

Adolescents’ bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments grow rapidly, thus the damage and peculiarities of injury prevention are significantly different not only from those of adults, but also of little children. Adolescents are especially sensitive to damage because in the period of puberty there are lot of structural, hormonal, biomechanical and functional changes in the body. When playing basketball, the number of adolescents’ noncontact knee injuries is higher than that of other athletes. Injuries are more common because while playing athletes often stop, change direction or jump up. Due to such activities especially big load lies on joint tissues, muscle and tendon complex, therefore research on athletes’ tendons adapted for such loads could reveal predictive indicators of injuries. Long-term specific physical exercise can change the morphology of tendons causing pain and increasing the likelihood of injury. The aim of research was to compare the differences in pathological and morphological indicators for adolescents who are adapted to basketball physical exercise and who suffer and do not suffer from knee pain. Research participants were 59 adolescents, who were divided into two groups. The first group (n = 29) included adolescent basketball players who had been engaged in basketball for 5 years or more and suffered from knee pain in no less than two practice sessions during the last month. The second group (n = 30) included adolescent basketball players who had been engaged in basketball for 5 years or more, but who had never complained of knee joint pain. All subjects (N = 118) underwent an ultrasound (US) examination of both knee joints, and their patellar cross-sectional area and thickness were measured. Forty four knee joints were painful and US pathology was diagnosed for 26 joints. Patellar tendon crosssectional area and thickness between the groups and between dominant and non-dominant legs did not differ (p > 0.05). We also did not find significant differences in morphological indicators between the symptomatic subjects who had clinical changes diagnosed and who did not (p > 0.05). Patellar morphological indicators in adolescent basketball players did not have any links with early diagnosed knee pain. Pain was more common in taller basketball players with more body weight. Besides, pain was often accompanied by clinical changes in knee joint, so basketball players are recommended to take regular US knee joint examinations even in adolescence. Keywords: adolescent basketball players, patellar tendon, ultrasound examination, pain. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/sm.2017.20

Validity and usefulness of the Line Drill test for adolescent basketball players: a Bayesian multilevel analysis

ABSTRACTThe study examined the validity of the Line Drill test (LD) in male adolescent basketball players (10–15 years). Sensitiveness of the LD to changes in performance across a training and competition season (4 months) was also considered. Age, maturation, body size and LD were measured (n = 57). Sensitiveness of the LD was examined pre- and post-competitive season in a sub-sample (n = 44). The time at each of the four shuttle sprints of the LD (i.e. four stages) was modelled with Bayesian multilevel models. We observed very large correlation of performance at stage 4 (full LD protocol) with stage 3, but lower correlations with the early LD stages. Players’ performance by somatic maturity differed substantially only when considering full LD protocol performance. Substantial improvements in all stages of the protocol were observed across the 4-month competitive season. The LD protocol should be shortened by the last full court shuttle sprint, remaining sensitive to training exposure, and independent of maturity status and body size.

The Effect of Somatotype Profiles of Adolescent Basketball Players on Biomotoric Characteristics and Ability

The Effect of Somatotype Profiles of Adolescent Basketball Players on Biomotoric Characteristics and Ability

The Effect of Somatotype Profiles of Adolescent Basketball Players on Biomotoric Characteristics and Ability

The Effect of Somatotype Profiles of Adolescent Basketball Players on Biomotoric Characteristics and Ability

Leg stiffness, valgus knee motion, and Q-angle are associated with hypertrophic soft patella tendon and idiopathic knee pain in adolescent basketball players.

Knee pain without knee degenerative symptoms is a common phenomenon among young basketball players. The aim of this study was to identify factors predisposing young basketball players to suffer from knee pain. The study involved 20 male adolescent (14-15 years) basketball players who were divided into two equal groups based on knee pain symptoms. Legs torque was tested on an isokinetic dynamometer. The length, elongation and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the patellar tendon were measured with ultrasonography. Quadriceps angle (Q-angle), knee valgus motion, and joint angular displacement in the sagittal plane were analyzed using video recording during countermovement jump. Ground reaction force was measured using a force platform. Knee pain (KP) participants had a significantly lower Q-angle (P=0.045) and lower maximum varus knee angle (P=0.035), and a greater knee inside displacement (P=0.039) during squat phase. In the KP group, the CSA at the top of the tendon was significantly greater than in the middle (P=0.006) and at the bottom (P=0.039). Absolute tendon stiffness (P=0.013) and Young's modulus (P=0.034) were significantly lower in the KP group compared with controls. Leg stiffness during landing was significantly greater in the control group (P=0.015). Leg stiffness, valgus knee motion, and Q-angle are associated with hypertrophic soft patella tendon and idiopathic knee pain in adolescent basketball players.

Investigation of Doping Usage Tendency and Knowledge Level in Adolescent Basketball Players

The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge levels of basketball players in the development categories. 875 athletes from 14 to 18 years of age participated in the study voluntarily. Data were obtained by the application of the knowledge level questionnaire. The data were evaluated as percentage and frequency in the SPSS program. In the results of working; participants first stated that they heard the word doping from the media (41.6%). 92.8% of participants did not pass a control before and 93.1% did not use substance before. 94.4% of the athletes did not have any knowledge about side effects and 92.5% stated that they did not have enough knowledge about effect. In addition, 98.7% of participants consider a problem and 93.5% want to know about doping. In the light of these findings; It can be said that it would be useful to organize the seminars by coachs and club management about and its’ side effcets for young basketball players to increasing the knowledge about the use of doping.

Comparison of bone mineral density in adolescent male soccer and basketball players

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescent male basketball (BB) and soccer (S) players.

The Effectiveness of the Shotloc Training Tool on Basketball Free Throw Performance and Technique

Background: Shooting technique in young players is dependent on the correct positioning of the hand on the ball during release. The ShotLoc was designed to produce the optimal hand position on the ball for shooting accuracy and correct release. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the ShotLoc shooting device in improving the shooting technique of young elite basketball players. Method: Eighty male and female adolescent basketball players recruited from an Elite Player Development Program were videotaped shooting three free throws and then scored on the number of free throw shots made out of thirty. A number of kinematic shooting variables were measured from the video tape. All participants participated in four 20 minute shooting practice sessions on a once per week basis; the experimental group wore the ShotLoc training tool for all of these practices while the control group practiced normally. All players were then videotaped and scored on the number of free throw shots again. Results: Statistical analysis of free throw percentage showed a 6.6% increase in those participants who were trained with the ShotLoc, while the control group experienced a .6% decrease in shooting percentage. None of the kinematic variables were found to be significantly different between groups, except wrist flexion that increased in the control group following the intervention. Conclusion: the ShotLoc shooting aid could improve free throw shooting percentage following practice using the device. Keywords: Motion Analysis, Kinematics, Basketball Shooting

Identifying Limb Dominance in Adolescent Female Basketball Players

Identifying Limb Dominance in Adolescent Female Basketball Players

The influence of basketball dribbling on repeated high-intensity intermittent runs

Background/ObjectiveThis research examines whether or not the Yo-Yo testing performance could reflect the repeatability of high-intensity intermittent dribbling in adolescent basketball players. MethodsThirty-six teenage basketball players aged 13–18 years were invited to participate in this study. ResultsA test–retest showed that the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance Level 2 (IE2) test with dribbling (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92; coefficient of variation = 12.6%; d = 0.24) and without dribbling (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83; coefficient of variation = 15.0%; d = 0.37) had acceptable reliability. The dribbling distance covered was significantly shorter than was the running performance of the Yo-Yo IE2 test in participants younger than 15 years (junior; 1138 ± 417 m vs. 910 ± 299 m, p < 0.01; d = 0.65), as well as in the entire study sample (1077 ± 398 m vs. 1267 ± 437 m, p < 0.05; d = 0.45), whereas there was no significant difference in the senior players between the two protocols (1396 ± 436 m vs. 1244 ± 427 m, p > 0.05; d = 0.35). Moderate to large correlations were found between running and dribbling performances in the senior sample (r = 0.57, p = 0.06), the junior sample (r = 0.87, p < 0.01), and the whole (r = 0.72, p < 0.01) sample, respectively. ConclusionThe results suggest that the Yo-Yo IE2 test could reflect the repeatability of high-intensity intermittent basketball dribbling performance, while dribbling skills may have different influences on high-intensity intermittent exercise capacity in adolescent players at different ages.

Validity of the V-cut Test for Young Basketball Players.

The aim of the present study was to assess the reliability, usefulness, validity, age-related differences and responsiveness of a 25- m side-step cutting maneuver test (V-cut test). Fifty young male basketball players performed the V-cut test on 2 occasions separated by 5-7 days to assess test-retest reliability and determine a priori usefulness. Twenty subjects also completed both the L-Run and 505 test to analyze the possible relationships among these 3 tests. Furthermore, 33 players performed the V-cut test 4 times throughout the season to analyze responsiveness. Finally, 53 players (U-14 to U-20) were assessed in the V-cut test to examine the age-related differences. Reliability scores showed high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC=0.90) and low coefficient of variation (CV=1.4%). The responsiveness of the V-cut test was good, as the typical short- (1.5-1.7%), mid- (1.6-3.1%) and long-term (3.3%) changes in V-cut performance were higher than the CV. Low (r=0.64; CL90%: 0.34; 0.82) to moderate (r=0.76; CL90%: 0.53; 0.88) relationships were found between the V-cut test with the 505 and L-Run test, respectively. Age-related differences analysis showed better V-cut test performance as age increased in adolescent basketball players. The V-cut test is reliable to assess change of direction ability (CODA) and it could be used to monitor CODA in adolescent basketball players.