Adobe Systems Research Articles

Evaluation of Saudi population perception of the proportion of maxillary anterior teeth width ratio to the dental papilla position

The aim of this study is to evaluate the preference of Saudi population regarding the golden proportion in the relation to the position of dental papilla. MethodsA computer image manipulation program (Adobe Photoshop CS, Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA, USA) was used to produce a golden proportion smile of the maxillary anterior teeth and to change the height of the dental papilla. A survey was then designed and sent to lay people by Google docs in different areas in Saudi Arabia. They were asked: Can you spot the difference in following pictures, which of group A is the best smile, and which from group B is the best smile, and overall which of the following is the most aesthetic smile. ResultsIn the evaluation of the most esthetic smile the majority of Saudi population prefer the original proportion smile and short dental papilla compared to long and with the gold standard. Large number did not notice the difference between the six different smiles 1924 participants out of which 41% (787) did notice the difference between the smile pictures.

The bone response in endurance long distance horse.

The aim of this study was to understand the bone response against the exercise adaptations to reduce the occurrence of orthopedic injuries in endurance horses. To this end, the objective of the present work was to investigate how the bone adaptation on adult equines that were trained for 4–5 yr to endurance races responds to the long-term exercise of moderate intensity by comparing to non-athlete horses. For this purpose, 14 Arabian horses were selected and divided equally into two groups; a control group formed by animals that had never practiced physical activity nor been tamed and an exercise group formed by athlete animals. Radiographs were obtained using a digital radiography system and penetrometer. The radiographs were stored and later processed to determine cortical bone thickness using the ProgRes® Capture Pro 2.5 (Jenoptik, Germany), cortical bone density using Adobe Photoshop CS6 (version 6.0, Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA), and trabecular bone density using the Image-Pro Plus 4.1 (Media Cybernetics Inc. Silver Springs, MD). The EG presented an increase in cortical bone density and thickness compared to the control. This adaptation of the cortical bone in the exercised horses is an important factor in increasing bone resistance to exercise. These structural changes are related to a morphofunctional response by the bone tissue as a whole.

Enabling Modernity: Innovation in Original Modulated Greek Typefaces, 1998–2007

Abstract This article discusses the associations with tradition, modernity, innovation, and revivalism contained within, and enabled by, three seminal Greek typefaces for continuous reading in a modulated style, developed from 1998 onwards outside Greece. It starts with an analysis of the historical model of types cut by Firmin Didot; this style was later adopted by the Monotype Corporation for hot-metal composition, and survived across technologies well into the digital era. It provides a reference point for subsequent work, and informed new digital typefaces, starting with Adobe Systems’ Minion Pro (1998). The article discusses Adobe’s programme of developing large typographic families with Greek complements, which explicitly pushed the design envelope with each iteration. It examines the approaches taken for features such as the first pairing of monotonic and polytonic diacritics, the pioneering of functionally correct diacritics over small capitals, and their impact on wider practice. Parallel efforts that reinforced this trend by Microsoft, as well as notable independent work, are referenced in the context of active explorations of the relationship between Latin and Greek styles by non-Greek designers. The article concludes that the period between 1998–2007 has been revolutionary for Greek typefaces for continuous text.

The Origins of PostScript

Introduced by Adobe Systems in 1984, PostScript was a unique device-independent approach to describing the appearance of a printed page, for the first time allowing pages to be printed on a range of devices of different resolutions. From 1984 to 1987, the use of PostScript by printer manufacturers grew to the point that it became the de facto standard.

Avaliação do alcance dinâmico de imagens digitalizadas – influência da resolução espacial e da modalidade de captura da imagem

The appearance of a digital image is very important for a correct interpretation and, consequently, for a effective diagnosis. Purpose: There are many factors that may influence the quality of a digital image. The process of digitalization must be analyzed to make sure that possible negative interferences will be eliminated. Methods: Some of these interferences include image spatial resolution and image capture mode. Their repercussion in the dynamic range of digital images was analyzed by the program Photoshop (Adobe Systems Incorporated, Mountain View, California, USA). Results: The results showed that for a digitalized image, a spatial resolution much superior it is not required. Conclusion: For the digital images, the signal/noise ratio (SNR) cannot be neglected.

The Impact of Customer Valuation Uncertainty on Software Licensing

This paper studies how an important feature of software adoption impacts a software vendor’s preference between perpetual and subscription-based licensing: Customers are uncertain about their valuation of the software prior to adoption. We show that customer valuation uncertainty causes the equilibrium outcome to depart from that of standard durable-goods theories in two aspects: 1) Contrary to the conventional wisdom of durable-goods theories that subscription-based licensing is optimal, perpetual licensing can be more profitable for the vendor than subscription-based licensing under some conditions. This result offers a possible explanation for the historical prevalence of perpetual licensing in many software markets. 2) When subscription-based licensing is optimal, our theory suggests a low-then-high variable pricing path. In contrast, standard durable-goods theories suggest charging the monopoly leasing price in each period. Such a variable pricing path and the resulting adoption pattern are consistent with market observations (e.g., pricing strategy by Adobe Systems). We also examine a variation of subscription-based licensing in which the vendor offers a menu of subscription options varying in license duration and show that customer valuation uncertainty is critical for this strategy to outperform perpetual licensing under some conditions. Moreover, we find that customer valuation uncertainty can cause the vendor to prefer a licensing strategy that is not socially optimal.

Assessment of a Novel Computer Algorithm for Printing a 3-Dimensional Nasal Prosthetic

ImportanceThe introduction and evaluation of a novel technique to create nasal prostheses with 3-dimensional (3-D) imaging software may circumvent the need for an anaplastologist.ObjectivesTo describe a novel computer algorithm for the creation of a 3-D model of a nose and to evaluate the similarity of appearance of the nasal prosthesis with that of the individual’s nose.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA prospective pilot study with a cross-sectional survey was conducted from August 1 to October 31, 2016, at a tertiary care academic center. Five volunteers were used for creation of the nasal prostheses, and 36 survey respondents with a medical background were involved in evaluating the nasal prostheses.ExposuresA computer algorithm using a 3-D animation software (Blender; Blender Foundation) and Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Adobe Systems) were used to create a 3-D model of a nose. Photographs of 5 volunteers were processed with the computer algorithm. The model was then printed using a desktop 3-D printer. Attending physicians, residents, and medical students completed a survey and were asked to rate the similarity between the individuals’ photographs and their 3-D printed nose on a Likert-type scale.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe similarity between 3-D printed nasal models and photographs of the volunteers’ noses based on survey data.ResultsThirty-six survey respondents evaluated 4 views for each of the 5 modeled noses (from 4 women and 1 man; mean [SD] age, 26.6 [5.7] years). The mean (SD) score for the overall similarity between the photographs and the 3-D models was 8.42 (1.34). The mean scores for each nasal comparison ranged from 7.97 to 8.62. According to the survey, respondents were able to match the correct 3-D nose to the corresponding volunteers’ photographs in 171 of 175 photographs (97.7%). All surveyed clinicians indicated that they would consider using this tool to create a temporary prosthesis instead of referring to a prosthodontist.Conclusions and RelevanceThis algorithm can be used to model and print a 3-D prosthesis of a human nose. The printed models closely depicted the photographs of each volunteer’s nose and can potentially be used to create a temporary prosthesis to fill external nasal defects. The appropriate clinical application of this technique is yet to be determined.

Wide Color Gamut Deep-Blue OLED Architecture for Display Application

Over the last 75 years, there have been four display technologies that have been scientifically advanced and frequently used in the production of direct-view televisions (TVs). They are, namely, cathode ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), Plasma, and organic light emitting diode (OLED), in historical order [1]. Amongst, OLED has made a melodramatic entrance for smartphone and TVs displays. For customers, the new OLED TVs are the natural beneficiaries to substitute their earlier or aging Plasma and CRT TVs because they offer even better Black Levels and Infinite Contrast Ratios for truthfully replicating dark picture content [1]. Additionally, with the goal of enhancing the realism, a wider color gamut is of vital importance to all the display devices. OLEDs with a high color-saturation emerge as full-color displays, having the advantage of a high yield in mass production for large-size displays. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) proposed several standards such as the Adobe RGB [2], National Television System Committee (NTSC) [3], SMPTE RP 431-2 for digital cameras [4], High Definition Television (HDTV) ITU-R BT.709-5 [5], and Rec. 2020 for ultra-high definition (UHD) TVs [6]. An essential requirement for display devices is an accurate representation of color. For an emissive OLED display, it can be achieved by optimizing the device architecture with an engineered molecules to generate more saturated red, green and blue (RGB) primary colors, hence a wider color gamut display. Here, we demonstrate a wide color gamut, deep-blue OLED for the next generation high quality full-panel displays based on the lateral introduction of the cyano group on a local excited (LE) chromophoric axis, which significantly affects the nature of the excited state and leads to the optimal hybridization local and charge transfer states (HCLT) [7]. Most notably, OLED based on the HLCT molecule (C4) showed more than two-fold increment in the external quantum efficiency (EQE) and uncompromised color purity as compared to molecule (C1), which lacks cyano group and possesses LE state. The engineered molecular design features cross-conjugated localized and charge-transfer chromophores which result in a hybridized local charge transfer (HLCT) excited state. An OLED using this material presented high an external quantum efficiency (6.5%) with excellent color saturation (CIEy ~ 0.058) and small full-width at half maximum (48 nm). Moreover, the resultant deep blue emission achieved 99, 101, 101, 100, and 96 % color saturation, respectively, compared with the sRGB, NTSC, Adobe RGB, HDTV ITU-R BT.709-5, and Rec. 2020 standards. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of phenathroimidazole free HLCT-based deep-blue emitter exhibiting efficient performance comparable to the deep-blue emitting dopants known in the literature [8-9]. Furthermore, we anticipate that the proposed deep-blue emitter and OLED based on it could serve as a promising candidate in high-quality, wide color gamut, energy-saving, display and solid-state lighting panel fabrication, coupled with the cost-effective solution process. Reference [1] http://www.lg.com/sa_en/lgoled/sub/brandstory/brandstory.html [2] National Television system committee, Proceedings of the IRE, https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1954.274601 [3] Adobe Systems Inc., “Adobe RGB (1998) color image encoding,” 2005. [4] SMPTE RP 431–2, “D-cinema quality — reference projector and environment,” 2011. [5] ITU-R Recommendation BT.709–5, “Parameter values for the HDTV standards for production and internationalprogramme exchange,” 2002. [6] ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020, “Parameter values for ultra-high definition television systems for productionand international programme exchange,” 2012. [7] K. Konidena, K. R. J. Thomas, D. K. Dubey, S. Sahoo, and J. H. Jou, Chem. Commun., 2017, 53, 11802--11805 [8] C. Chen, X. Yuan, S. F. Ni, Q. X. Tong, F. L. Wong and C.S. Lee, Chem. Sci., 2017, 8, 3599. [9] Liu, Z. Yu, D. He, Z. Zhu, Zheng, Y. Yu, W. Xie, Q. X. Tong and C. S. Lee, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2017, 5, 5402. Figure 1. NTSC color saturation of the fabricated deep-blue OLEDs having device structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/CBP:Blue dye/TPBi/LiF/Al. (a) Neat film, (b) 1 wt. %, (c) 3 wt.%, (d) 5 wt.% blue dye having a cyano group on an its local excited chromophoric axis doped in CBP host. Figure 1

The Origins of PostScript

Introduced by Adobe Systems in 1984, PostScript was a unique device-independent approach to describing the appearance of a printed page, for the first time allowing pages to be printed on a range of devices of different resolutions. From 1984 to 1987, the use of PostScript by printer manufacturers grew to the point that it became the de facto standard.

Evaluation of accuracy of human bite marks on skin and an inanimate object: A forensic-based cross-sectional study

Introduction: Bite marks are often observed at crime scenes on various parts of the human body. Bite marks have also been observed on various edible leftovers at the crime scenes which were used as evidence for identifying the criminals. Objective: The objective of the study is to compare the accuracy of bite marks on an inanimate substance (fruit) and a living tissue (skin) using digital analysis. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 25 volunteers. The registered bites of individuals on inanimate object (fruit) and living tissue (skin of forearm) were photographed with the American Board of Forensic Odontology scale No. 2 in the view field immediately after the production of bite marks. Dental casts of the individuals were obtained and photographed out of which computer-assisted overlays were generated, and analysis was carried out digitally using Adobe Photoshop version developed by Adobe Systems. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software, version 22 and Chi-square test. Results: Skin had a comparable accuracy to that of an inanimate object which is statistically attested. Conclusion: The source of bite marks, the substrate onto which they are generated and the technique of lifting the bite imprints serve as important tools in analysis.

Assessment of reliability of cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy in human identification by digital method: A cross-sectional study

Background and Objectives: Identification is of paramount importance in medicolegal investigations. Identification means the determination of the individuality of a person. This study involved the recording of lip and fingerprints of 50 males and 50 females in the age group of 18–24 years to assess their distribution in the gender groups and to evaluate the reliability of lip and fingerprint patterns in gender determination.Materials and Methods: The individuals were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The procured prints were scanned and analyzed for uniqueness and gender determination using Adobe Photoshop CS5 software (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, California, USA). Statistical analysis was done using statistical mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, Student's unpaired t-test (P < 0.05), and Cohen's Kappa test.Results: The most frequent lip print pattern was Type IV in males and Type I' in females. The most frequent fingerprint pattern was ulnar loop in the total population, as well as in the sex-wise distribution. Individuals with mean fingerprint ridge densities in the range of 10–12/25 mm2 were predominantly males whereas those >14/25 mm2 were predominantly females. Conclusion: Fingerprint ridge density was found to be a more reliable tool in estimating the gender of an unknown individual than lip print.

35 Interspecies Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos that Form Nucleoli do not Always Activate Mitochondrial Functional Differentiation at the Time of Embryonic Genome Activation

Embryonic genome activation (EGA) is a complex process that needs a good orchestration of all biochemical processes at the time of maternal-to-embryonic transition. Mitochondria are strictly dependent on the nucleus for their correct activity as ~1500 mitochondrial genes have nuclear localisation. The finding of transcriptional activation and accumulation of mRNAs related to mitochondrial biogenesis (Mtango et al. 2008 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 20, 846-859) around the time of EGA confirmed the role of nucleus in this process. Studying mitochondria behaviour in interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) embryos (Lagutina et al. 2010 Reproduction 140, 273-285), we have found that at the time of EGA, mitochondria activation could be demonstrated by JC-1 accumulation. We suggested that comparison of the mean green fluorescence intensity (FI) that corresponds to the fluorescence of the monomeric form of the dye and correlates to relative mitochondrial mass (Mancini et al. 1997) in iSCNT and control nuclear transfer (NT) could serve as a test to assess EGA in iSCNT embryos. The aim of this study was to estimate nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction in iSCNT embryos that formed nucleoli at the time of EGA (Lagutina et al. 2011 Reproduction 141, 453-465) such as embryos derived from bovine oocytes and bovine (control), buffalo or ovine donor nuclei, and from porcine oocytes and porcine (control), horse, or rabbit nuclei. Embryos 72 h after activation were stained with 2 μM JC-1 in SOF-HEPES with 10% FCS at 37°C for 1 h. Images were collected using a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) filter and analysed with Adobe Photoshop Elements 2 (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA, USA). The data are presented as mean FI of the embryo. To demonstrate the effect of EGA inhibition on mitochondria, bovine and porcine NT embryos were cultured in medium supplemented with 25 μg/mL α-amanitin (AA) from 48 to 72 h after activation. The analyses of mean FI of the embryos showed that ovine and buffalo nuclei were able to support mitochondrial mass accumulation in iSCNT embryos with bovine oocytes equal to control bovine NT embryos (35 ± 11.2; 41.9 ± 14.8; 36.2 ± 7.6, respectively) that was significantly higher than in bovine embryos treated with AA (15.4 ± 4.9; P &lt; 0.05). In the iSCNT embryos composed of porcine oocytes and equine or rabbit nuclei, mean FI values (20 ± 13.4; 18.3 ± 5.5, respectively) were comparable with those in porcine NT embryos treated with AA (16.2 ± 6.2), and were significantly lower than in porcine control (91 ± 47.7; P &lt; 0.05) NT embryos, demonstrating the inability of equine and rabbit nuclei to properly govern the porcine mitochondria mass growth at the time of EGA. In conclusion, nucleolus formation and activation of nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes at the time of EGA cannot serve, per se, as a marker of correct embryonic genome activation in iSCNT embryos, because, in our conditions, no iSCNT embryos developed to blastocyst (Lagutina et al. 2010 Reproduction 140, 273-285). This knowledge about behaviour of different embryo compartments at the time of EGA could extend our understanding of the whole process. This work was funded by Translink (EU FP7 no. 603049) and Xenoislet projects (EU FP7 no. 601827).

Regulating Cybersecurity in Corporate America. Specific Reference to Corporate Espionage.

In the wake of cyberattacks against corporations, directors are expected to have become well aware of the fact that cybersecurity is a critical part of the corporate framework. Cybersecurity may be defined as the processes and technologies construed to protect computers, computer hardware, networks and data from unauthorized access by cyber criminals and hackers. With recent attacks such as the Target Corporation in December 2013, Adobe Systems, Inc. in 2013, and Snapchat in January 2014, boards of directors ought to cite cybersecurity as their most imperative risk related concern. Generally speaking, those who manage a corporation must answer to the shareholders, the true owners of the corporation. When a data breach occurs, the board of directors is faced with regulatory and litigation risks on the basis that the directors have violated their fiduciary duties, such as the duty of oversight, by failing to place adequate safeguards in place to protect valuable information belonging to the corporation, whether financial information or customer information. Thus, directors are named as individual defendants. With the continuous and rapid growth of sophisticated cyberattacks on American corporations, quick attempts by corporations should be taken to secure sensitive and confidential data relating to the corporation itself and its customers. By having a well-informed, involved, and focused board of directors, corporate governance can be performed properly, and as a result the corporation and its shareholders’ assets will be protected. The Board’s duty of oversight over cyber risk management is vital in ensuring that corporations are adopting adequate steps to prepare and prevent the various harms that could result from a cyberattack. Ultimately, given the rapid evolvement of cyberattacks and the conduct of corporate espionage, directors should understand that there is no other substitute but to be well prepared and engaged with cybersecurity risk management, as well as their supervision of the corporation’s measures in addressing and mitigating these risks.

Extraction of maxillary canines: Esthetic perceptions of patient smiles among dental professionals and laypeople.

Maxillary canines are generally considered important both cosmetically and functionally. Most claims on the importance of maxillary canines, however, have been based on expert opinions and clinician-based studies. There are no scientific studies in the literature reporting on their cosmetic importance or how laypeople perceive a smile treated by maxillary canine extractions. Our objective was to investigate whether there is any difference in the perceptions of patients' smiles treated by extracting either maxillary canines or first premolars, as judged by orthodontists, dentists, and laypeople. This retrospective study included 24 participants who had unilateral or bilateral extraction of maxillary permanent canines and fixed appliances in the maxillary and mandibular arches to comprehensively correct the malocclusion, selected from orthodontic patients treated at Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS trust in the United Kingdom over the last 20years. The control group of patients had extraction of maxillary first premolars followed by fixed appliances and finished to an extremely high standard judged by the requirement that they had been submitted for the Membership in Orthodontics examination. The finished Peer Assessment Rating scores for this group were less than 5. The end-of-treatment frontal extraoral smiling and frontal intraoral views were presented for both groups. The photographs were blinded for extraction choice and standardized for size and brightness using computer software (Adobe Photoshop CC version 14.0; Adobe Systems, San Jose, Calif). The work file was converted to an editable pdf file and e-mailed to the assessors. The assessor panel consisted of 30 members (10 orthodontists, 10 dentists, and 10 laypeople), who were purposely selected. The measures were rated on a 10-point Likert scale. The attractiveness ratings were not statistically significantly different between the canine extraction and premolar extraction groups, with a mean difference of 0.33 (SD, 0.29) points. A 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance to test the difference in scores among the laypeople, orthodontists, and dentists (n=30) showed no statistically significant difference (Wilks lambda=0.835; P=0.138), and the Bonferroni test indicated that no pair-wise difference was statistically significant. No statistically significant difference was found in the smile attractiveness between canine extraction and premolar extraction patients as assessed by general dentists, laypeople, and orthodontists. Further high-quality studies are required to evaluate the effect of canine extraction and premolar substitution on functional occlusion.

CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency in a patient with an autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorder

CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency in a patient with an autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorder

Coronal and Intraradicular Appearances Affect Radiographic Perception of the Periapical Region

IntroductionThe influence of the radiographic appearances of the coronal and intraradicular areas on periapical radiographic interpretation has been minimally evaluated in dentistry and endodontics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects that the coronal and intraradicular radiographic appearance has on endodontists' radiographic interpretations of periapical areas. MethodsIn a split-group study design using an online survey format, 2 pairs of digital periapical radiographic images were evaluated by 2 groups (A and B) of endodontist readers for the presence of a periapical finding. The images in each pair were identical except that 1 image of each image pairs had coronal restorations and/or root canal fillings altered using Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA). The periapical areas were not altered. Using a 5-point Likert scale, the endodontist readers were asked to “Please evaluate the periapical area(s).” A Mann-Whitney U test was used to statistically evaluate the difference between the groups. Significance was set at P < .01. ResultsThere were 417 readers in group A and 442 readers in group B. The Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant difference in the responses between the groups for both image pairs (P < .01). ConclusionsBecause the periapical areas of the image pairs were unaltered, the differing coronal and intraradicular areas of the radiographs appear to have influenced endodontists' interpretations of the periapical areas. This finding has implications for all radiographic outcome assessments.

Clinical Decision Support Model to Predict Occlusal Force in Bruxism Patients.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to develop a decision support model for the prediction of occlusal force from the size and color of articulating paper markings in bruxism patients.MethodsWe used the information from the datasets of 30 bruxism patients in which digital measurements of the size and color of articulating paper markings (12-µm Hanel; Coltene/Whaledent GmbH, Langenau, Germany) on canine protected hard stabilization splints were measured in pixels (P) and in red (R), green (G), and blue (B) values using Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA, USA). The occlusal force (F) was measured using T-Scan III (Tekscan Inc., South Boston, MA, USA). The multiple regression equation was applied to predict F from the P and RGB. Model evaluation was performed using the datasets from 10 new patients. The patient's occlusal force measured by T-Scan III was used as a ‘gold standard’ to compare with the occlusal force predicted by the multiple regression model.ResultsThe results demonstrate that the correlation between the occlusal force and the pixels and RGB of the articulating paper markings was positive (F = 1.62×P + 0.07×R –0.08×G + 0.08×B + 4.74; R2 = 0.34). There was a high degree of agreement between the occlusal force of the patient measured using T-Scan III and the occlusal force predicted by the model (kappa value = 0.82).ConclusionsThe results obtained demonstrate that the multiple regression model can predict the occlusal force using the digital values for the size and color of the articulating paper markings in bruxism patients.

Color Editing and 3D Volume Rendering of OCT-angiography Images

Purpose To describe an innovative imaging technique of color editing and 3D volume rendering of optical coherence tomography-angiography (OCT-A) images. Methods Each vascular layer acquired by OCT-A (AngioVue, Optovue) is colored and edited with the GNU Image Manipulation Program. Then a 3D volume rendering of the assessed retinal area is possible, using Adobe After Effect software (Adobe Systems). Results The combined color editing and 3D volume rendering of optical coherence tomography angiography images allow the creation of a short movie displaying the 3D image from chosen angles. Conclusions Image editing and 3D volume rendering is a rather simple technique, which, besides its aesthetic prerequisites, also facilitates simultaneous, distinct visualization of the segmented retinal layers.

A novel computer algorithm for modeling and treating mandibular fractures: A pilot study.

To describe a novel computer algorithm that can model mandibular fracture repair. To evaluate the algorithm as a tool to model mandibular fracture reduction and hardware selection. Retrospective pilot study combined with cross-sectional survey. A computer algorithm utilizing Aquarius Net (TeraRecon, Inc, Foster City, CA) and Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Adobe Systems, Inc, San Jose, CA) was developed to model mandibular fracture repair. Ten different fracture patterns were selected from nine patients who had already undergone mandibular fracture repair. The preoperative computed tomography (CT) images were processed with the computer algorithm to create virtual images that matched the actual postoperative three-dimensional CT images. A survey comparing the true postoperative image with the virtual postoperative images was created and administered to otolaryngology resident and attending physicians. They were asked to rate on a scale from 0 to 10 (0 = completely different; 10 = identical) the similarity between the two images in terms of the fracture reduction and fixation hardware. Ten mandible fracture cases were analyzed and processed. There were 15 survey respondents. The mean score for overall similarity between the images was 8.41 ± 0.91; the mean score for similarity of fracture reduction was 8.61 ± 0.98; and the mean score for hardware appearance was 8.27 ± 0.97. There were no significant differences between attending and resident responses. There were no significant differences based on fracture location. This computer algorithm can accurately model mandibular fracture repair. Images created by the algorithm are highly similar to true postoperative images. The algorithm can potentially assist a surgeon planning mandibular fracture repair. 4. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:331-336, 2017.

Building Across –Platform Mobile Apps Using Phone Gap

Phone Gap is a mobile development framework produced by Nitobi, purchased by Adobe Systems. It enables software programmers to build applications for mobile devices using JavaScript, HTML5 and CSS3, instead of device-specific languages such as Objective-C or Java. The resulting applications are hybrid, meaning that they are neither truly native nor purely web-based. The software underlying PhoneGap is Apache Cordova. The software was previously called just “PhoneGap”, then “Apache Callback”. Apache Cordova is open source software.