Admission Decisions Research Articles

Racial Classifications in Higher Education Admissions Before and After SFFA

Hundreds of law review articles have discussed the legality of affirmative action programs. Virtually all of them begin with the implicit assumption that the racial classifications used in these programs are legitimate and uncontroversial (an assumption I challenge in my 2022 book, Classified: The Untold Story of Racial Classifications In America). That assumption has been undermined by Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College (“SFFA”). Chief Justice Roberts, writing for a 6–3 majority, asserted that the underlying classifications are “imprecise in many ways” and “opaque.” He quoted Justice Gorsuch’s concurring opinion, which criticized the classifications for relying on “incoherent” and “irrational” stereotypes. Using these classifications in admissions decisions, Chief Justice Roberts concluded, is inherently illegal because they are so arbitrary that using them could not be a narrowly tailored means to serve the universities’ asserted compelling interest in educational diversity. This Article focuses on the evolution of, and judicial reaction to, racial classifications in cases involving university affirmative action programs. The classifications initially included preferences for African-Americans plus an idiosyncratic collection of other groups. For example, in the DeFunis case, preferences were given to Mexican-Americans and Filipinos, but not to other Hispanic or Asian-Americans. By the early 2000s, however, all universities were using the racial and ethnic classifications established by the federal government in 1978 via Statistical Directive No. 15. Meanwhile, while lower courts sometimes raised important issues with regard to the scope and definition of the classifications used by universities, this issue played only a tangential role in relevant Supreme Court decisions until SFFA. Following SFFA, institutions seeking to classify people by race and ethnicity are going to need to show a much closer match between the classifications and the “compelling” interests they are pursuing than they needed to before SFFA. Without good reason that they can defend in court, they will not be able to utilize broad Directive 15 classifications such as “Asian-American” or “Hispanic” to combine people of wildly varied physiognomies, national origins, and cultural backgrounds.

Short-stay urgent hospital admissions of children with convulsions: A mixed methods exploratory study to inform out of hospital care pathways.

To inform interventions focused on safely reducing urgent paediatric short stay admissions (SSAs) for convulsions. Routinely acquired administrative data from hospital admissions in Scotland between 2015-2017 investigated characteristics of unscheduled SSAs (an urgent admission where admission and discharge occur on the same day) for a diagnosis of febrile and/or afebrile convulsions. Semi-structured interviews to explore perspectives of health professionals (n = 19) making referral or admission decisions about convulsions were undertaken. Interpretation of mixed methods findings was complemented by interviews with four parents with experience of unscheduled SSAs of children with convulsion. Most SSAs for convulsions present initially at hospital emergency departments (ED). In a subset of 10,588 (11%) of all cause SSAs with linked general practice data available, 72 (37%) children with a convulsion contacted both the GP and ED pre-admission. Within 30 days of discharge, 10% (n = 141) of children admitted with afebrile convulsions had been readmitted to hospital with a further convulsion. Interview data suggest that panic and anxiety, through fear that the situation is life threatening, was a primary factor driving hospital attendance and admission. Lengthy waits to speak to appropriate professionals exacerbate parental anxiety and can trigger direct attendance at ED, whereas some children with complex needs had direct access to convulsion professionals. SSAs for convulsions are different to SSAs for other conditions and our findings could inform new efficient convulsion-specific pre and post hospital pathways designed to improve family experiences and reduce admissions and readmissions.

2015 개정 교육과정의 통합과학 교과에 대한 학생들의 인식 비교 분석

The purpose of this study was to confirm whether high school students' perceptions of integrated science meet the goal and nature of the 2015 revised science curriculum. The subject of this study was collected from 231 high school students in G-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The results are as follows. First, high school students perceived integrated science subject as difficult and uninteresting. However, it was confirmed that students thought the subject was important for university admission and future career decisions. Additionally, students recognized that integrated science is helpful in understanding various scientific contents because it combines various areas of science. However, students thought that the content of Integrated science was complex and did not think that all students must know it. Second, in terms of the need for integrated science, students recognized that it was more necessary to separate each field of science and study by area rather than learning integrated. In addition, students believed that it was necessary to learn scientific content by integrating with areas other than science, such as AI, engineering, and art. Third, in terms of the effectiveness of integrated science classes, students perceived that their attitude toward scientifically solving individual and social problems needed to be developed through integrated science classes. On the other hand, students thought that their scientific knowledge increased through integrated science classes. Based on the results of this study, the application of the 2022 revised curriculum can be applied effectively.

Predicting ranger attrition

ABSTRACT Elite military programs such as the 75th Ranger Regiment’s Ranger Assessment and Selection Program (RASP) see rates of attrition often in excess of 50%, and amplify the need to identify and screen candidates based on their probability of successful matriculation. Models were developed (and cross-validated) to predict attrition from RASP using the physical abilities, cognitive abilities, and personality scores collected during candidate admissions screening. We report both regression weights and standardized odds ratios for optimum models of candidate success over three program timeframes to enable an understanding of the relative importance of each predictor. In spite of physical abilities scores being used to select RASP candidates, they were the strongest predictors of RASP attrition. Personality scores accounted for more variance in predicting candidate success than cognitive ability scores. Personality predictors, especially dimensions related to Openness, were better at predicting week one attrition than attrition in later weeks. The use of a single, aggregated candidate probability score for making admissions decisions is discussed, along with additional practical and scientific implications.

U.S. UNIVERSITY WEBSITES AS SPECIFIC MULTIMODAL TEXTS

The aim of the article was to study the specifics of the interfaces of the U.S. university websites as multimodal heterogeneous texts that synthesize elements of educational, scientific and advertising discourses. The overall objectives to achieve the established goal were as follows: to identify and distinguish the types of multimodal means on the U.S. university website, which contribute to its genre mixing and genre embedding; to establish the nature of the interaction of verbal, non-verbal and para-verbal components of the U.S. university websites, and to determine their pragmatic features. The methodological basis of the research was a complex of the following methods: analysis (to study multimodal components of the university website as a specific multimodal text), synthesis (to identify the features of the integration of multimodal means of the websites of American universities), observation (for the selection of fragments with verbal means that actualize the visual content and the selection of visual fragments to actualize the verbal content), the method of discourse analysis (to highlight specific fragments of websites that arouse the interest of the authors of this articleб and have a meaningful content), structural method (to analyze the university website as a whole structure, which is provided by separate means of cohesion), functional method (to clarify the pragmatic potential of multimodal elements of the university website, which are means of communication between the university and the reader of its website). It also employed the system functional (drawing on the provisions of linguistic metafunctions, and focusing on the categories of the grammar of visual design) and the socio-semiotic (grounding on the interrelationship of modes, their compatibility and social needs for which they serve, making meanings) approaches. The chosen methodology made it possible to conduct a study of the multimodality of the websites of the U.S. universities, realized as a symbiosis of verbal, non-verbal and paraverbal resources. The multimedia corpus of the research consists of the websites of five American universities (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, University of Pennsylvania, Yale University and Рrinceton University). The main conclusion that can be drawn is that the complex discursive nature of the websites under study is determined by the features inherent in advertising (the benefits of services to influence the choice of the recipient), educational (the talk about the educational process and educational services) and scientific (information of a scientific nature is provided) discourses. All universities under study employ semiotic landscapes at their disposal to portray attractive brands on their websites. Being the most important way to ensure fast and effective communication of educational institutions with their target audience, the discourse of university websites has a pronounced pragmatic orientation. The purpose of the analyzed type of heterogeneous discourse is to create an image of an “ideal” educational institution, attract potential students, researchers, sponsors, and disseminate the latest achievements in the field of science and education. The concept of multimodality of the websites of the analyzed U.S. universities as specific multimodal texts is manifested in visual content through a number of paragraphemic and infographic elements, the synthesis of which is due to the combination of language tools, visual content and web technologies of modern website construction. The most common visual content exploited on the U.S. university websites embraces: unique photographs and “color” mode (photos of the university and its students, classrooms, laboratories, events, etc.), which helps to clearly illustrate the educational services offered, and give the desired emotional mood; infographics and data visualization, which is an effective way to combine text, pictures and design to present complex information (infographics do not always completely replace the text, more often it is its addition or retelling); video interviews with students, graduates, videos about studying at a university are one of the means to convince potential students to make an admission decision. Using video is a fairly popular form of visual content. With the help of video, the universities can not only diversify the content of their websites, but also satisfy the needs of those users who prefer visual content. Placing various videos on website pages allows solving the problems of reinforcing textual content, strengthening the arguments “for” admission and attracting applicants to university educational programs. In such a way, on the basis of the interaction of different discourses (advertising, educational and scientific) and various semiotic systems, a single visual-structural and functionally complete image of an attractive and popular university is achieved among readers of its website.

Clinical and sociodemographic predictors of inpatient admission after presentation in a psychiatric emergency room: an observational study

BackgroundThe admission decision after presentation in the psychiatric emergency room (PER) has potentially far-reaching consequences for the patient and the community. In a short amount of time, information must be collected and evaluated for a well-founded admission decision. The present study aimed to identify risk factors associated with inpatient psychiatric admission (IPA) after previous emergency presentation to the PER.MethodsElectronic patient records for all patients presenting in the PER of Hannover Medical School (MHH) in the year 2022 were retrospectively examined (n = 2580). Out of these, 2387 were included in this study. Two multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for IPA within sociodemographic, circumstantial and clinical variables.Results1300 (54.5%) consultations resulted in IPA. The most significant sociodemographic and circumstantial risk factors for IPA were found to be suicide attempt (depending on method: OR 9.1–17.4), aggressive behavior towards people prior to presentation (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.7–4.8), previous psychiatric treatment (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4–2.3) and transfer from another hospital or medical discipline of MHH as means of presentation (OR 6.3, 95% CI 3.0–13.0). Among psychopathological aspects, suicidal ideation (OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.9–4.9), suicidal intent (OR 116.0, 95% CI 15.9–844.8), disturbance of orientation (OR 3.7, 95% CI 2.5–5.3), delusions (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.6–3.1), visual hallucinations (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6–5.1), hopelessness/despair (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.7–3.2) and inhibition of drive (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3–2.1) were significantly associated with IPA.ConclusionsThe admission decision is a complex process influenced by a multitude of sociodemographic, circumstantial and clinical factors. A deeper understanding of the decision-making process can be used to improve patient care and facilitate the evaluation process in the PER.

Clustering of students admission data using k-means, hierarchical, and DBSCAN algorithms

Admissions in the university undergo procedures and requirements before a student can be officially enrolled. The senior high school grades remain the most significant in college admission decisions. This paper presents the use of data mining to cluster students based on admission datasets. The admission dataset for 2019-2020 was obtained from the office of student affairs and services. This dataset contains 2,114 observations with 11 attributes. Data preparation and data standardization were performed to ensure that the dataset is ready for processing and implemented in R programming language. The optimal number of clusters (k) was identified using the silhouette method. This method gave an optimal number of k=2 which was used in the actual clustering using the k-means and hierarchical clustering algorithms. Both algorithms were able to cluster students into two: cluster 1-social sciences or board courses and cluster 2-management or non-board courses. Further, density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) clustering algorithm was also used on the same dataset and it yielded a single cluster. This study can be replicated by using at least a 5-year dataset of students’ admission data employing other algorithms that would suggest students’ retention and turn over to board examinations.

Scheduling Slice Requests in 5G Networks

Network slicing is a 5G paradigm that enables the creation of on-demand logical networks over shared physical infrastructure. In this paper, we present a framework that allows users to make advance slice reservations with the End-to-End Orchestrator (EEO). Our reservation mechanism enables the EEO to make admission decisions instantly upon request arrival, providing guarantees as to when the request can be enabled. We then proceed to address a relevant revenue maximization problem through an optimal solution, which has factorial time complexity. We also propose a low-complexity algorithm that can efficiently allocate resources for the online version of the problem. We conduct evaluations that demonstrate how the reservation mechanism can potentially improve EEO’s revenue. Additionally, we conduct a study on scenarios where the arrival rates of slice requests exhibit a positive correlation with reservation discounts provided by EEO.

A Systematic Review of Variables Used in Physical Therapist Education Program Admissions Part 1: Cognitive Variables

Background and Purpose. Physical therapist (PT) education programs seek to identify applicants who will be academically successful in the program and pass the licensure examination. Part one of this systematic literature review aimed to understand the value of cognitive variables in PT education admissions. Methods. The initial literature search identified 1,592 articles in databases and relevant journals. Of the 39 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, 31 reported on cognitive measures. Results. Seven studies identified one or more sections of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) as significant predictors of students' academic performance in PT programs. Ten studies reported that one or more sections of the GRE predicted National Physical Therapy Exam (NPTE) performance, wheres 4 studies found no significant relationship. Undergraduate grade point average (GPA) predicted academic performance in the PT program and on the NPTE in more than 10 studies, whereas 4 found no significant relationship. Other components of the academic record, such as prerequisite course grades, undergraduate institution quality, undergraduate degree, and retaking prerequisite courses, had varying relationships with academic and NPTE performance. Discussion and Conclusion. These outcomes appear to inform the policies and processes for admissions into PT education programs, evidenced by customary use of applicants' GRE scores and GPAs in admission decisions. The inclusion of both cognitive measures in admission decisions may help ensure that admitted students successfully manage the academic rigor of doctoral education and pass the NPTE.

Perceptions of intensive care triage in Australia and New Zealand in 2009 and 2023

ObjectiveIntensive care (ICU) beds are scarce and decision-making regarding admission is complex and multi-factorial. This study aimed to characterise differences in admission decision making between Australia and New Zealand and compare to previous data to establish changes over time. DesignOnline Survey. Setting and ParticipantsAn online survey was distributed to Australian and New Zealand intensive care doctors measuring triage behaviours in the last week and responses to ICU triage scenarios. Main Outcome MeasuresPerceived ICU admission behaviours. Results103 responses were obtained, 83(80.6%) from Australia and 97 (94.2%) from specialist intensivists. The median number of triage decisions and patients declined were 6-10 and 1-5 respectively. No difference was noted in the role of ICU bed capacity in decision making between Australia and New Zealand. Compared to Australian intensivists, New Zealand intensivists were less likely to admit a patient: with relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)(p=0.03), with persistent vegetative state and community acquired (p=0.02) or iatrogenic (p=0.03) pneumonia. Compared to respondents in 2009 (n=238), 2023 respondents were more likely to admit a patient: with a severe intracranial bleed who may become braindead (p=0.005), with relapsed AML and ARDS (p=0.02), with stroke for palliative care (p<0.001); and less likely to admit a patient with persistent vegetative state and iatrogenic pneumonia (p=0.03). In a multivariable analysis, respondents from Australian compared to New Zealand and from 2023 compared to 2009 were more likely to indicate they would admit patients to the ICU in the scenarios described (p<0.001 for both comparisons). ConclusionsOur study suggests that New Zealand intensivists may apply more restrictive ICU admission criteria than Australian intensivists. Changes in attitudes to admission since 2009 may reflect increased awareness of the importance of facilitating organ donation and the role of ICU as providers of palliative care.

Faculty perspectives and values toward mathematics and science content information used in teacher preparation admissions processes

AbstractThis qualitative study examines the information collected about applicants to mathematics or science teacher preparation programs (MSTPPs) and how university faculty perceive and value this information in admissions decisions. Based on document review and interviews with MSTPP faculty and admissions directors, we found that broad measures of mathematics and science content background (e.g., achievement test scores, past mathematics and science courses taken) were used more frequently than information on applicants‐specific mathematics and science content knowledge and dispositions. In many cases, application components (such as interviews and personal essay statements) were perceived by faculty to be conducive to surfacing applicants‐content knowledge and dispositions; however, they were not constructed or employed in a way that afforded the obtainment of this information. We highlight salient examples of MSTPPs‐collection and use of information related to mathematics and science and discuss implications for TPP admissions processes.

Undue Burden the Medical School Application Process Places on Low-Income Latinos

Undue Burden the Medical School Application Process Places on Low-Income Latinos

Clinical profiles and predictors of survival in severe dengue cases.

Dengue is endemic in tropical countries. Severe dengue has a high risk of morbidity and mortality. We aimed to identify factors associated with dengue survival among our intensive care unit (ICU) patients. A retrospective study was conducted among dengue cases admitted to the ICU of Hospital Sultan Abdul Halim, Kedah, Malaysia from 2016 to 2019. Out of 1,852 dengue cases admitted to the hospital, 7.2% of patients required ICU admission. Survival rate was 88.6% among severe dengue cases. The majority of severe dengue patients were obese, while other notable comorbidities included hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Also, 73% of patients presented in the critical phase, at a median of Day 4 of illness. All patients admitted to the ICU had a history of fever. The predominant warning signs were lethargy, fluid accumulation and haemoconcentration with rapid platelet reduction. Among nonsurvivors, 69.2% had fulminant hepatitis, 53.8% had massive bleeding or disseminated intravascular coagulation, 38.5% had haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and 30.8% had myocarditis. The predominant serotypes were DENV-3 and DENV-1. The least number of cases was seen in 2017, when all serotypes were equally presented. Multiple logistic regression showed that Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, peak international normalised ratio, peak partial thromboplastin time and aspartate aminotransferase on admission were independent risk factors for survival. This model had an area under the curve of 0.98, giving an overall 98.2% accuracy. Specific warning signs and blood investigations in dengue patients may aid in early decision for ICU admission. Monitoring of SOFA scores plus coagulation and liver enzyme profiles could improve dengue survival rates.

Supplemental Material for Reputable and Affordable Programs With a Strong Commitment to Diversity: Factors Influencing School Psychology Student Admission Decisions

Supplemental Material for Reputable and Affordable Programs With a Strong Commitment to Diversity: Factors Influencing School Psychology Student Admission Decisions

Reputable and affordable programs with a strong commitment to diversity: Factors influencing school psychology student admission decisions.

A current issue in the field of school psychology is the extreme shortage of school psychologists, and this is likely to persist in the future. Effective recruitment into school psychology programs is one of the most important strategies to increase the number of school psychologists. Within the present study, researchers created the Graduate Enrollment Admissions Rating Scale (GEARS), a survey measuring several different factors that school psychology students consider when applying to graduate programs, to determine what factors contributed to school psychology students' choice of program. The GEARS was sent via email to current school psychology graduate students. Overall, current students rated program quality, including faculty friendliness, as the most important factor influencing their decision. Second, considerations reflecting the program cost were influential. Diversity issues were the third most important factor in students choosing their school psychology programs. Costs and research/teaching opportunities were more important in the recruitment of doctoral students than specialist students, but specialist students valued convenience of a program more than doctoral students. Results of this study suggest that faculty members in charge of recruiting need to consider ways to manage tuition costs, develop relationships with future students, and strive toward high-quality programs as the best ways to increase the likelihood that students will attend their university. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

A machine learning approach to graduate admissions and the role of letters of recommendation.

The graduate admissions process is time-consuming, subjective, and complicated by the need to combine information from diverse data sources. Letters of recommendation (LORs) are particularly difficult to evaluate and it is unclear how much impact they have on admissions decisions. This study addresses these concerns by building machine learning models to predict admissions decisions for two STEM graduate programs, with a focus on examining the contribution of LORs in the decision-making process. We train our predictive models leveraging information extracted from structured application forms (e.g., undergraduate GPA, standardized test scores, etc.), applicants' resumes, and LORs. A particular challenge in our study is the different modalities of application data (i.e., text vs. structured forms). To address this issue, we converted the textual LORs into features using a commercial natural language processing product and a manual rating process that we developed. By analyzing the predictive performance of the models using different subsets of features, we show that LORs alone provide only modest, but useful, predictive signals to admission decisions; the best model for predicting admissions decisions utilized both LOR and non-LOR data and achieved 89% accuracy. Our experiments demonstrate promising results in the utility of automated systems for assisting with graduate admission decisions. The findings confirm the value of LORs and the effectiveness of our feature engineering methods from LOR text. This study also assesses the significance of individual features using the SHAP method, thereby providing insight into key factors affecting graduate admission decisions.

The claim-right to exclude and the right to do wrong

ABSTRACT Most challenges to immigration restrictions have not shown that states lack a claim-right to exclude, or a moral right against outside interference to make membership decisions. And an important, unexamined aspect of the claim-right is that states have the right against interference to wrongfully exclude, or the right to do wrong when making admission decisions. A major implication of this right is that even political or economic measures to affect states’ immigration policies are off the table – significantly compromising the prospect of meaningfully addressing the world’s growing refugee crisis. In the form of a reductio argument, I provide reason to reject this position. Specifically, I try to demonstrate that, in the relevant cases, a plausible moral defense for the right to wrongfully exclude can only be given for states with objectionable character – protecting the very states whose immigration policies we should be most concerned with, which is surely morally counterintuitive.

A Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator-Derived Predictive Model for Postoperative Respiratory Failure in a Heterogeneous Adult Elective Surgery Patient Population

Postoperative respiratory failure (PRF) is associated with increased hospital charges and worse patient outcomes. Reliable prediction models can help to guide postoperative planning to optimize care, to guide resource allocation, and to foster shared decision-making with patients. Can a predictive model be developed to accurately identify patients at high risk of PRF? In this single-site proof-of-concept study, we used structured query language to extract, transform, and load electronic health record data from 23,999 consecutive adult patients admitted for elective surgery (2014-2021). Our primary outcome was PRF, defined as mechanical ventilation after surgery of > 48 h. Predictors of interest included demographics, comorbidities, and intraoperative factors. We used logistic regression to build a predictive model and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator procedure to select variables and to estimate model coefficients. We evaluated model performance using optimism-corrected area under the receiver operating curve and area under the precision-recall curve and calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and Brier scores. Two hundred twenty-five patients (0.94%) demonstrated PRF. The 18-variable predictive model included: operations on the cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, urinary, or musculoskeletal system; surgical specialty orthopedic (nonspine); Medicare or Medicaid (as the primary payer); race unknown; American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥ III; BMI of 30 to 34.9 kg/m2; anesthesia duration (per hour); net fluid at end of the operation (per liter); median intraoperative FIO2, end title CO2, heart rate, and tidal volume; and intraoperative vasopressor medications. The optimism-corrected area under the receiver operating curve was 0.835 (95% CI,0.808-0.862) and the area under the precision-recall curve was 0.156 (95% CI, 0.105-0.203). This single-center proof-of-concept study demonstrated that a structured query language extract, transform, and load process, based on readily available patient and intraoperative variables, can be used to develop a prediction model for PRF. This PRF prediction model is scalable for multicenter research. Clinical applications include decision support to guide postoperative level of care admission and treatment decisions.

The Effects of Intensive Care Unit Admission Time on Mortality

In recent years, there have been notable advancements in the critical care, including significant progress in medical knowledge, technological innovations, and the development of clinical expertise crucial for effectively treating patients. Numerous factors play a role in shaping the admission and discharge decisions made in the context of intensive care units. In this research we aimed to evaluate the effect of the time of the intensive care unit admissions, categorized as either "off hours" or "business hours," on the subsequent death rates among patients. We performed a retrospective investigation of the mortality rates of 1605 patients in intensive care unit between 2007 and 2010. We included all admissions to the intensive care unit without applying any exclusion criteria. The primary outcome measures in our study were the timing of admission, as well as the rates of discharge and mortality. "Business hours" denoted the time frame from 8:00 to 16:59 on weekdays, while "off hours" encompassed the period from 17:00 to 07:59 on weekdays and throughout the weekends. Significantly reduced mortality rates were evident among patients admitted on Mondays and Wednesdays in comparison to those admitted on other days (p=0.037 and p=0.045, respectively). Furthermore, the study revealed an elevated risk of mortality for admissions during weekends when compared with those admission on weekdays (p=0.005). The results found that a significant association was present between admission timing and mortality. Patients admitted on weekends and during off-hours exhibit an increased risk of mortality when compared to those admitted on weekdays during business hours. Keywords: Intensive care unit, Mortality rate, Time of admission

Admission and routing control of multiple queues with multiple types of customers

We study the routing and admission control problem in a parallel queueing system with heterogeneous servers serving multiple types of customers. The system makes admission decision regarding whether to admit a customer upon arrival as well as routing decision of the queue to which the admitted customer is assigned. The objective is to maximize the expected profit, which includes customer-dependent revenues and holding cost and server-dependent cost. We first characterize the structure of the optimal policy for the case with two servers and two types of customers that have the same holding cost. We show that the optimal admission and routing policy has a complex non-monotone structure; however, we show that this non-monotone structure is the result of overlapping of three pairwise dominant policies that have a monotone structure. Utilizing the above structure, we propose three heuristics for the general case of multiple servers and multiple types of customers. Through a numerical study, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our heuristics, and provide conditions under which each heuristic performs well. Lastly, we provide insights on the effect of holding cost on customer rejection and the effect of fixed production cost on capacity allocation.