Admission Requirements Research Articles

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Disease Characteristics, Care-Seeking Behavior, and Outcomes Associated With the Use of AYUSH-64 in COVID-19 Patients in Home Isolation in India: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Analysis.

BackgroundDuring the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India, the Ministry of Ayush conducted a community study to provide therapeutic care to patients with asymptomatic, mild, and moderate COVID-19 in home isolation based on the empirical evidence generated on the efficacy of AYUSH-64 in COVID-19.ObjectiveTo document disease characteristics, care-seeking behavior, and outcomes in patients with asymptomatic, mild, or moderate COVID-19 in home isolation who used AYUSH-64 for COVID-19.MethodsCross-sectional analysis of the data generated through a community study conducted in India from 08 May to 31 August 2021 was performed to study the disease characteristics, care-seeking behavior during home isolation, clinical outcomes, adverse events, and the association between various risk factors and clinical recovery during the study period. The data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires, available in electronic data collection format at the baseline, 7, 14, and 21 days. A logistic regression was performed to explore the relationship between relevant variables and clinical recovery.ResultsData from 64,642 participants were analyzed for baseline assessment, and final analysis was done for 49,770 participants. The mean age of the enrolled participants was 38.8 ± 11.7 years, and 8.4% had co-morbidities. AYUSH-64 was utilized as an add-on to the standard care by 58.3% of participants. Comparable clinical outcomes were observed in participants utilizing AYUSH-64 either as a standalone or as an add-on to standard care, in terms of clinical recovery, disease progression, the requirement for oxygen supplementation, hospitalization, ICU admission, and need for ventilator support. Younger age, having no co-morbidities or substance abuse, and having been vaccinated were associated with early clinical recovery than those who were older and not vaccinated.ConclusionsThe study findings suggest that AYUSH-64 use, either standalone or as an adjunct to standard care, in asymptomatic, mild, or moderate COVID-19 is associated with good clinical outcomes. Ayush services and interventions can be effectively integrated into the mainstream public health architecture to serve public health goals.

Preadmission testing for COVID-19 as a screening strategy: a retrospective chart review from a tertiary hospital in Kenya

BackgroundSince COVID-19 was declared a pandemic in March 2020, hospitals and patient care facilities have faced challenges in protecting healthcare workers and patients from being exposed to the infection. The main challenge has been how exposure to COVID-19 can be controlled when asymptomatic patientscan transmit the infection. This study aims to evaluate pre-admission testing of COVID-19 in patients at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi as a screening strategy for understanding, preventing and controlling exposure to COVID-19. MethodsThis was a descriptive retrospective chart review study that analysed the incidence of COVID-19, incidental detection of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and effects on plan of care in patients prior to admission at the Aga Khan University Hospital from April to December 31, 2020. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, COVID-19 test report and plan of care were retrieved from patients medical records review. ResultsA total of 8837 pre-admission tests were done between April 2020 and December 2020, with a COVID-19 prevalence rate of 10.9% (961/8837). Among the positive pre-admission tests, 14.3% were incidental positive results (138/961). Among the 138 incidental positive tests 21% (30) had their plan of care affected, 14.5% [20] had their care interventions delayed, 4.3% [6] had their hospital stay shortened, 1.4% [2] their hospital stay prolonged and 0.7% [1] had their care diagnostics delayed. ConclusionWhile community spread of COVID-19 fluctuated during this period; depending on the level of compliance to infection control measures, pre-admission prevalence rates were increasing as the year progressed. Mandatory testing of COVID-19 in hospital facilities remains an important admission requirement in controlling asymptomatic transmission of the virus. COVID-19 health burden justifies resource allocation for universal screening of all patients before hospital admission.

The Influence of University Principal Preparation Program Policies on the Program Internship

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of program admission requirements, university-district partnerships, and course content integration on the internship within principal preparation programs. University principal preparation programs have been a focus of recent attention, specifically since 2005 when the report Arthur Levine published his report, Educating School Leaders. Research identified the field-based internship as a valuable part of principal preparation programs. We developed the Principal Preparation Program Policy Survey (4Ps) to collect data from program chairs of public universities across the nation. We employed structural equation modeling to answer the research questions. The findings revealed that partnership policies have significant relationships with the principal internship and with admission requirements. Universities that develop strong district partnership policies are more likely to have strong internship and admission policies for their preparation programs. Similarly, admission policies have a significant relationship with program-course content integration, which means that the universities that produce strong admission policies are more likely to produce strong program course-content integration policies. Because this study provides empirical evidence that universitydistrict partnership policies and admissions policies have a significant relationship with internship policies, it is important for university principal preparation faculty to review their university-district partnership and admission policies and practices in relation to their internship policies and practices. The outcome based on the results implies that the stronger the university-district partnerships and admissions policies are, the stronger the internship will be.

The Impact of Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Virus on the Outcome of COVID-19 Disease.

BackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly spreading infection that is on the rise. New variants are continuously appearing with variable degrees of lethality and infectivity. The extensive work since the start of the pandemic has led to the evolution of COVID-19 vaccines with varying mechanisms. We aim to determine real-world data by looking at the different clinical outcomes associated with COVID-19 vaccination, focusing on the rate of hospitalization, severity, and mortality.MethodologyA retrospective observational study included 624 patients with COVID-19 infection who were hospitalized at King Fahad Hospital of the University and King Fahad Military Medical City between April and July 2021. The cohort was divided into 3 groups: unvaccinated, partially vaccinated (PV), and fully vaccinated (FV). The severity and outcome of COVID-19 disease were compared among the three groups. Among the vaccinated group, we studied the effect of vaccine type on the severity and outcome of COVID-19 disease.ResultsWe found that 70.4% of patients with COVID-19 disease who required hospitalization were unvaccinated. Un-vaccination was a significant predictor of critical COVID-19 disease (OR 2.31; P <0.001), whereas full vaccination was associated with significantly milder disease severity (OR 0.36; P 0.01). Moreover, un-vaccination status was an independent predictor of longer hospitalization (OR 3.0; P <0.001), a higher requirement for ICU admission (OR 4.7; P <0.001), mechanical ventilation (OR 3.6; P <0.001), and death (OR 4.8; P <0.001), whereas the FV group had a lower risk of ICU admission (OR 0.49; P 0.045). Unvaccinated patients with comorbidities had worse severity and outcome of COVID-19 infection (P<0.05). Both vaccine types (Pfizer and AstraZeneca) had similar protective effects against the worst outcomes of COVID-19 disease.ConclusionCOVID-19 vaccination has been shown to be effective in reducing hospitalization, the severity of COVID-19 infection, and improving outcomes, especially in high-risk group patients. COVID-19 vaccination programs should continue to improve the outcome of such a disease.

Civic and Uncivic Values in Poland: Value Transformation, Education, and Culture

Civic and Uncivic Values in Poland: Value Transformation, Education, and Culture

2022년 개정 국제사법에 따른 국제재판관할합의의 제문제

The Act on Private International Law (APIL), which came into effect in July 2001, provided for general principles on international jurisdiction in its Article 2, and for rules of international jurisdiction protective of socio-economically weaker parties, such as consumers and employees, in its Articles 27 and 28. Although the Supreme Court applied Article 2 of the APIL, it disregarded paragraph 2 and applied only paragraph 1 and drew the conclusion it desired through a ‘case-by-case analysis’, thereby undermining legal stability. To improve this situation, the Ministry of Justice promoted the revision of the APIL, and finally, on January 4, 2022, the Amended APIL (the “Amended APIL”) containing detailed rules of international jurisdiction was promulgated. Among various issues regarding the rules of international jurisdiction included in the Amended APIL, those surrounding the jurisdiction agreement (Article 8) are dealt with in the present article, focusing on the changes brought by the Amended APIL. The Amended APIL introduced Article 8 reflecting the contents of the Choice of Court Convention (especially Article 6) of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (the “Convention”), which came into effect on October 10, 2015. Article 8 of the Amended APIL sets out the admissibility requirements (paragraph 1), formal validity (paragraph 2), presumption of exclusiveness (paragraph 3), independence of jurisdiction clause (paragraph 4), and the effect of an exclusive jurisdiction agreement in favor of foreign courts (paragraph 5), and unlike other articles, it governs not only cases where Korea has international jurisdiction but also cases where a foreign court has jurisdiction (however, paragraph 5 applies only to agreements on exclusive jurisdiction in favor of foreign courts). In particular, the law governing the validity of the jurisdiction agreement is specified as “the law of the country having international jurisdiction according to the jurisdiction agreement (including the choice of law rules)”, which is also a reflection of the position taken by the Convention. The order of discussion is as follows: first, the importance of international jurisdiction agreements and an overview of jurisdiction conferred by agreement (Chapter II), Second, types of international jurisdiction agreements (Chapter III), Third, law applicable to jurisdiction agreements (Chapter IV), Fourth, admissibility requirements of the jurisdiction agreement (Chapter V), Fifth, formal validity of jurisdiction agreement (Chapter VI), Sixth, effect of jurisdiction agreement (Chapter VII), Seventh, violation of exclusive jurisdiction agreement and an anti-suit injunction (Chapter VIII), and Eighth, special issues on the international jurisdiction agreement based on contract terms and conditions in B2B transactions (Chapter IX). Since the Amended APIL has partly adopted the position of the Convention, Korea needs to consider whether to accede to the Convention. Particular attention will be needed to identify ways in which jurisdiction agreements excessively excluding Korea’s international jurisdiction can be controlled properly. In addition, following the Google case, which recently attracted the attention of Korean lawyers and where the choice of court was effected by a jurisdiction clause in the contract terms and conditions, it is necessary to further review the issues surrounding a jurisdiction agreement based on the contract terms and conditions, and in the same vein consider amending the General Terms and Conditions Act of Korea.

Impact of vaccination on the symptoms of hospitalised patients with SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.1) infection

ObjectivesThe diffusion of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant and the waning of immune response after primary Covid-19 vaccination favoured the breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in vaccinated subjects. To assess the impact of vaccination, we determined the severity of infection in hospitalised patients according to vaccine status. MethodsWe performed a retrospective observational study on patients hospitalised in 10 centres with a SARS-CoV-2 infection (Delta variant) from July to November 2021 by including all patients who had completed their primary vaccination at least 14 days before hospital admission and the same number of completely unvaccinated patients. We assessed the impact of vaccination and other risk factors through logistic regression. ResultsWe included 955 patients (474 vaccinated and 481 unvaccinated). Vaccinated patients were significantly older (75.0 [63.25-84.0] vs. 55.0 [38.0-73.0]; p < 0.001), more frequently males (55.1% (261/474) vs. 46.4% (223/481); p = 0.009), and had more comorbidities (2.0 [1.0-3.0] vs. 1.0 [0.0-2.0]; p < 0.001). Vaccinated patients were less often admitted for Covid-19 (59.3% (281/474) vs. 75.1% (361/481); p < 0.001), had less extended lung lesions (≤25%: 64.3% (117/182) vs. 38.4% (88/229); p < 0.001), required oxygen less frequently (57.5% (229/398) vs. 73.0% (270/370); p < 0.001), at a lower flow (3.0 [0.0-8.7] vs. 6.0 [2.0-50.0] L/min, p < 0.001), and for a shorter duration (3 [0.0-8.0] vs. 6 [2.0-12.0] days, p < 0.001)., and required less frequently intensive care unit admission (16.2% (60/370) vs. 36.0% (133/369); p < 0.001) but had comparable mortality in bivariate analysis (16.7% (74/443) vs. 12.2% (53/433); p = 0.075). Multivariate logistic regression showed that vaccination significantly decreased the risk of death (0.38 [0.20-0.70](p = 0.002), ICU admission (0.31 [0.21-0.47](p < 0.001) and oxygen requirement (0.16 [0.10-0.26](p < 0.001), even among older patients or with comorbidities. ConclusionsAmong patients hospitalised with a delta variant SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination was associated with less severe forms, even in the presence of comorbidities.

A Comparative Study of the Master's Program in Educational Administration in a Saudi University and Four Similar Programs in the United States

The current study aimed to compare the master's program in educational administration at King Saud University (KSU) and four master's programs in the same discipline at distinguished universities in the United States. This study compared the admission requirements for master's programs, study plans, curricula, and graduation requirements for a master's program in educational administration at KSU and master's programs in educational administration and leadership offered by the four American universities. The study attempted to discover the similarities and differences in the previously mentioned topics. The researcher found some likenesses between the master's program at KSU and the four American universities, such as the agreement on the efficiency and the qualification of students who plan to study in the master's programs and the significance of preparing students with the essential skills and school principals with the necessary knowledge, in addition to the similarity of many conditions for graduation and obtaining a master's degree. On the other hand, the research likewise found multiple dissimilarities between the master's program at KSU and those of the four American universities in many areas, including the following: There are many admission prerequisites for the master's program at KSU compared to the four American universities. Furthermore, there are differences in the number of units KSU students have to complete at KSU compared to the four American universities. It is also noted that students in the KSU educational administration program are obliged to complete scientific research to complete graduation requirements, while students in the four American universities enjoy other options that serve as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master.

P1569: COVID19 AND ITS IMPACT ON HEMATO-ONCOLOGICAL PATIENTS. DIFFERENCES IN OUTCOMES IN RELATION TO OMICRON CIRCULATION AND VACCINATION STATUS?

Background: COVID-19 has a pleomorphic presentation that goes from asymptomatic patients to critical disease with pneumonitis as the lead complication. Main risk factors for critical illness comprise age, cardiovascular disease and obesity. In Hemato-oncological patients, immune response is impaired due in part to their disease and also oncological treatment. Lethality rates reported for these patients are higher than general population and there is a trend towards a greater impact in patients diagnosed in the last 5 years. Our country has experienced two COVID-19 waves since the first cases in march 2020. There is national evidence of less Iethality and critical cases with omicron circulation Aims: To present an interinstitutional registry of COVID-19 patients with underlying hemato-oncological diseases. Methods: We included patients with hemato-oncological diseases assisted at Hospital de Clínicas and Hospital Maciel from Montevideo Uruguay, who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between march 2020 to February 2022. Risk factor presence was established as one of the following: age older than 60, cardiovascular disease and obesity. Full vaccination was defined as two doses and 14 days after last injection. Omicron circulation refers to the period between December 2021 and February 2022 when Omicron variant was responsible for more than 99% of cases in Uruguay. Results: 110 patients were included with a median age of 53 years. Diagnosis comprises 51.8% (n=57) chronic lymphoprolipherative diseases, 20% (n=22) monoclonal gammapaty, 14.5% (n=16) chronic myeloprolpherative diseases, and 13.6% (n=15) acute leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. A 34.5 % of the patients were fully vaccinated. Hospital admission was required in 23.6% and there was 14.5% of critical cases. Global lethality rate was 14.5% (n=16), higher than global lethality reported for Uruguay in the same period (0.84%, with a total of 815704 infections). Figure 1 shows data adjusted by disease, illness status, hospital admission, risk factors, vaccination status, and omicron circulation. Requirement of hospital admission, and presence of risk factors were associated with higher lethality (p=0.0001. and p=0.0022), whereas active disease was associated with more lethality but with no statistical difference (p=0.058). Lethality was inferior in full vaccinate state (5.3% vs.19.4%), but with no statistical difference (p=0.0504). Our data reveals a trend towards inferior lethality during omicron wave (9% vs 18%), however not statistical difference was shown. Image:Summary/Conclusion: We present an interinstitutional registry from the main hematologic public centers in Uruguay. Patients included present a broad spectrum of hemato-oncological diseases. The proportion of vaccinated patients is significantly inferior to general population in our country (34.5% vs. 77.1%). Admission requirement and presence of risk factors were associated with higher lethality. Although full vaccination and omicron circulation seem to be associated with inferior lethality, difference was not statistically significant. That may be in relation to the number of patients included and ought to be evaluated prospectively. COVID-19 outcomes in hemato-oncological patients are substantially inferior to general population and our data suggest that impact is greater in patients with active disease. We believe that hemato-oncological patients constitute a vulnerable population in regards to COVID-19 justifying solid directed actions such as booster vaccination.

Pattern and In-Hospital Mortality of Thoracoabdominal Injuries Associated with Motor Vehicle Accident-Related Head Injury: a Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Aim To determine the pattern and in-hospital mortality of thoracoabdominal injuries associated with head injuries (HI) due to motor vehicle accidents. Settings and Design. A single-center retrospective study in a tertiary care hospital, level 1 trauma center in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. Methods and Materials Descriptive analysis was conducted to evaluate sex, age, types of head injury, associated thoracoabdominal injuries, particular admission day, duration of hospital stay, and discharge category, and associations between different variables and outcomes were analyzed. Results The cohort had a mean age of 26.9 ± 15.8 years, with a predominance of men (86.9%). Thoracoabdominal injuries were present in 6.8% of MVA-related HI, and 14.3% of victims expired during their hospital stay, mostly within the first 10 days. All expired patients had posttraumatic brain lesions. Moreover, there was a significant association between intensive care unit (ICU) admission and poor prognosis. Conclusions Existence of posttraumatic brain lesions and requirement of ICU admission are significant variables affecting outcomes in patients with motor vehicle-associated HI with concomitant thoracoabdominal trauma in this study. Patients who survived the first 10 days after trauma seemed to have a better prognosis. More efforts are needed to reduce the health burden of this lethal injury.

Clinical Social Work Practice in Canada: A Critical Examination of Regulation

Purpose: The most common form of social work (SW) practice in Canada is clinical which requires specialized knowledge and advanced clinical skills. The SW profession is more than 100 years old, but regulation is new to Canada and presently most jurisdictions have regulatory bodies to advance safe, competent, and ethical practices. Regulatory bodies establish admission requirements, standards of practice, ethical guidelines, supervision, continuing education requirements, and measures for complaints and discipline. Methods: This article examines regulation of SW practice in Canada with a focus on registration requirements, clinical SW designation, use of controlled acts such as psychotherapy and diagnosis, supervision, continuing education, technology, private practice, and how regulatory bodies address diversity, equity, reconciliation, racism, and discrimination. Results: This critical examination of clinical SW practice found inconsistent standards across the country. Conclusions: It is important to harmonize the three pillars including education, association, and regulation to strengthen clinical SW practice in Canada.

Who supports MO private school choice? Evidence from likely voters in Missouri

In the first half of 2021, 33 states considered new private school choice legislation. Despite this legislative interest, public opinion on private school choice remains varied. In this paper, we examine voter support for private school choice in Missouri, a politically conservative state that lacked a private school choice program until 2021. We conduct a survey experiment to gauge support for the expansion of private school choice to religious schools, assess preferences for universal or targeted student access, and explore opinions regarding the regulation of participating private schools. We find voters are significantly less likely to support voucher expansion when primed to consider that vouchers could be used at religiously affiliated schools. Political ideology, racial identity, college exposure, and family income are significant predictors of voucher support. Regulation support varies widely, with the strongest support for adherence to state testing requirements and the lowest support for waiving admissions requirements for voucher students. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for Missouri’s recently passed private school choice program, particularly by considering ways in which political compromise may be reached to implement the program in a manner conscious of heterogeneous voter preferences.

Education and Training Research Policy in Pharmacy Practice

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2022,11,2,48-55.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.10Published:June 2022Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Amal Hassan Al-Najjar, Maha Hussein Almadany, and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, BSc.Pharm, MSc. Clin Pharm, BCPS, BCNSP, DiBA, CDE Critical Care Clinical Pharmacists, TPN Clinical Pharmacist, Freelancer Business Planner, Content Editor, and Data Analyst, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Amal Hassan Al-Najjar, BSc, MSc,Drug and Poison Information Center, Security Forces Hospitals, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Maha Hussein Almadany, BSc. Pharm. Health Care Quality Management Professional Diploma (HCQM), Pharmacy Quality Department, King Salman bin Abdulaziz Medical City, Al Madina Al Monwarah, SAUDI ARABIA. Abeer Hussin Almasoudi, BSc.Pharm Director, Administration of Research and Studies, Ministry of Health, Tabuk, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Objectives: This study explores the Research policy of Research Education and Training in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The current topic is a narrative review of education and training procedures in pharmacy research. Litterateur was searched in various databases. That includes PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and academic Microsoft. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompass narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search keyword includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Moreover, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in research in pharmacy practice. The committee of pharmacy research was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy’s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of Research Education and Training. Results: Pharmacy Research’s policy on Research Education and Training covered various topics, including the program objectives, admission requirements, teaching, educational methodology, and steps in pharmacy practice involving research, education, and training. Five models were used in research education and training. For instance, skills in searching for and reviewing the literature, research design and methodology, survey design, biostatistics, and research proposal writing. In addition, each model included a description of the module and Learning Objectives, Module Outlines, and Competency Items. Conclusion: The pharmacy research policy is a new initiative and a component of the pharmacy strategic plan. The Research Education and Training pharmacy policy aims to enhance pharmacists’ research abilities and encourage pharmacists to conduct various types of research in multiple settings within the public and healthcare sectors. Therefore, the Research Education and Training policy are critical for the pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Education, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia, TrainingView:PDF (152.94 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Education and Training Research Policy in Pharmacy Practice

Gastrointestinal manifestations and outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 disease

Background: COVID-19 infection usually presents with respiratory symptoms. Many hospitalised patients of COVID-19 present with gastrointestinal symptoms which can alter the clinical outcomes of patients. Objectives: To characterise the gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalisation and their correlation with disease severity and clinical outcomes. Methods: This was a single centre prospective, observational, cohort study done at Kathmandu Medical College, a tertiary health care centre after ethical clearance. All consecutive hospitalised patients with COVID-19 disease admitted during May and June 2021 were included in the study after ethical clearance. Diagnosis of COVID-19 infection was done by RT-PCR. Gastrointestinal symptoms of abdominal pain, aguesia, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhoea were recorded on hospital admission and outcomes accessed at discharge. Data were analysed using SPSS v.24. Results: A total of 196 consecutive adult patients with COVID-19 infection were included in study. Gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded in 48 (24.5%) patients. The most frequent symptom was nausea/vomiting (23, 11.7%) followed by aguesia (19, 9.7%), diarrhoea (14, 7.1%), and abdominal pain (8, 4.1%). There was no significant association between duration of hospital stay and presence of gastrointestinal symptoms (10.15 vs 10.95 days; p = 0.481). No significance was seen on association of gastrointestinal symptoms with ICU admission and mortality but requirement of mechanical ventilation was significantly higher in patients without symptoms (10.4 vs 23.6%; p = 0.048). Conclusion: Significant proportion of patients with COVID-19 infection can have gastrointestinal manifestations. Presences of these symptoms do not have any association with the final clinical outcome of the patient.