Admission Price Research Articles

Analysis of The Willingness to Pay Of Travelers at The Jungsemi Marine Tourism Village, Kendal Regency

The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries oversees Marine Tourism Village, an initiative for the growth of marine tourism. One of the Maritime Tourism Villages in Kendal Regency is Jungsemi Village, which has a beach run by Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) as its main draw. This study aims to estimate the Willingness to Pay (WTP) value of beach tourism entrance tickets at Jungsemi Maritime Tourism Village so that the optimum entrance ticket price will be obtained. A dichotomous choice questionnaire was employed to collect data on the socio-economic characteristics of 79 respondents who visited the beach, with the aim of determining the average WTP value. The WTP estimation results show that respondents are willing to pay a beach entrance ticket of IDR6,700 to maintain cleanliness and natural beauty, as well as the addition of comfortable tourist facilities. This is higher than the current admission price of IDR5,000 per person. Based on a simple linear regression model, it has been demonstrated that an increase in the admission fee by IDR1,000 per individual results in a decrease of 426 visitors to the tourist destination. With current conditions, this means that an extra 20% in entry ticket prices only reduces the number of visitors by 0.56%, showing that visitor demand is relatively inelastic and hence there is still room to increase entrance ticket prices.

Effects of Chain Affiliation in the Movie Theater Industry

In this paper, I empirically study the effect of chain affiliation on product variety and price in the movie theater industry. Using longitudinal data on Korean movie theaters, I find that movie variety in a theater increases by 3.2–5.5% after the theater joins a chain. Admission price, however, does not change after chain affiliation. These findings imply that consumers may benefit from the growing dominance of chain-affiliated theaters in recent decades. The results also suggest that the regulatory authorities should carefully examine the trade-off between the increase in market power and efficiency gains when evaluating the implications of chain affiliation.

Invention a Paradigm to Discovery the Network Navigation Using Poisson Distribution

Due to increasing the act of Applied science College in Tamil Nadu, the level of competition for admission price is also increased. By implementing some dynamic strategies only the academic introduction s can meet their own competition. One survey clearly commonwealth that more than 75% of the Engineering Colleges their forcefulness is less than thirty % of their actual intake. Hence the surveillance is the job for the insane asylum s. One more survey shows that every year 10% of the applied science college’ windup their affiliation and blessing due to lack of admittance, and 5% of the engineering college have decided to sell due to lack of strength. With the strong effort and dynamic strategy framed by the institution, the nominee finds admission in an institution only when their own orientation matches exactly, otherwise the candidate continues to go by the next alternate in the list of preference [1]. This paper clearly emphasis some factors influenced to identify the pattern for getting the potency of the bookman to meet at least the breakeven point. In plus to the above, the Populace Wide Web in cyberspace plays an important role to store, part and distribute data about the academic innovation. A social survey states that more than 65% of the admissions gained by their effective network pages. The exponential ontogeny of the World Wide Web has provided an excessive prospect to study the potency student and their deportment by using www accession logs. If the institution’s web sphere clearly contains the information required for the potential educate, surely they can attract the above by which they can get more number of admissions even beyond our jurisdiction.[2] Some of the attractions from the potential students while accessing the web site for getting the admission are: get the required information by clicking minimum act of hits from the vane Page, no network traffic occurred while accessing and navigating the college World Wide Web website. Search interrogation will be rectified within a short period of answer time by implementing the practice of search railway locomotive optimization, search engine spiders. Always use fastest and latest browsers and operating systems in their WWW and not to display much more web server erroneousness while navigating the college web site. For attracting the counseling class and other state students, this network Thomas Nelson Page swordplay an important part. World Wide Web usage Mine lying is the practical application of data excavation techniques to very large data deposit to selection pattern radiation diagram. In general every World Wide Web server keeps a record book of all Synonyms/Hyponyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun transaction needed for the potential students and act as a bridge between the potential students and introduction. The record contains full phase of the moon contingent about every user click to the entanglement documents of the entanglement site. The useful record 5 senses of detail needs to be scrutinized and inferred to gather knowledge about actual potential student and their parent preferences in accessing www pages. In recent years several method acting s have been proposed for mining web logarithm data. This theme its main intention is to use the statistical method of Poisson statistical distribution analysis to breakthrough out the higher probability session episode and also comparability the efficiency of our developed algorithm with Poisson value. The subject field of large volumes of click stream data demands the employment of data mining method. Conducting data mining on records of web host contains the determination of frequently occurring access sequences. A statistical method of toxicant distribution clearly shows the probability of oftenest of specific consequence when the norm probability of a single natural event is known. Here the probability of poison value is compared with the efficiency of our developed algorithm. For more bit of transactions, our developed algorithm its performance is better than poison value[3].Because our algorithms excerpt the authority tier as dependent rather independent. The Poisson distribution is used in this paper to find out the probability frequency of particular page is visited by the user as independent, but the result of the developed algorithm is dependent

Revenue maximization in service systems with heterogeneous customers

In this paper, we consider revenue maximization problems for service systems with heterogeneous customers. To extract meaningful insights, we consider a simplified two queue system where each server charges an admission price to its customers. The customers differ in their cost for unit delay and this customer heterogeneity is modeled as a random variable with distribution F. On arrival, the customers must choose a server that offers the lowest sum of admission price and the expected delay cost.Given the admission prices at the two servers and the explicit knowledge of the distribution F, we first characterize the Wardrop equilibrium routing for the heterogeneous customers. We then consider a monopoly system where both the servers belong to a single operator. For this system we characterize the revenue maximizing program for the monopoly operator and outline its properties. We then consider the duopoly problem where each server competes with the other server to maximize its revenue rate. For the special case when the servers have identical service capacity, we obtain the necessary condition for existence of symmetric Nash equilibrium prices.For the analysis of the monopoly and the duopoly problem, the heterogeneity distribution F is assumed to be explicitly known. However, for most practical scenarios, the functional form of F may not be known to the system operator and in such cases, the revenue maximizing prices cannot be determined. In the last part of the paper, we provide an elementary method to estimate the distribution F. This method relies on suitably varying the admission prices based on the properties of the Wardrop equilibrium. We also illustrate this method with some suitable numerical examples.

Joint Pricing and Decision-Making for Heterogeneous User Demand in Cognitive Radio Networks.

The cognitive radio technique allows secondary users (SUs) to share the spectrum with primary users (PUs) in an exclusive or opportunistic manner. This paper studies spectrum pricing conducted by spectrum owners, that is, primary operators (POs), and SU decision-making strategies for three kinds of duopoly markets. The single-band exclusive use market considers two POs with each providing a single band dedicated to SUs. A pre-emptive resume priority (PRP) M/M/1 queueing model is presented, based on which SUs decide to join which PO and which queue. We prove the existence of a unique Wardrop equilibrium for the decision-making process, and a unique Nash equilibrium for the proposed parallel pricing strategy. In a single-band mixed use market, the competition of two POs is represented by a Stackelberg game. We formulate the spectrum sharing among PU and SUs with a 3-level PRP M/M/1 queueing structure, and derive the close form expressions of SUs' queueing delay. In a multiband exclusive use market, where POs have to determine how many bands they will rent as well as the admission price, we define the problem as a mixed integer linear programming problem and propose a global particle swarm optimization algorithm to find the global optimum. Finally, we study a generalized scenario with multiple POs and multiple priority queues.

Determinants of the spending of sporting tourists: The case of attendees at professional basketball

This article analyses the determinants of attendees’ tourism spending at professional basketball matches during the 2012/2013 season. For this purpose, it applies a linear quantile regression and considers the effect of specific sports event variables which have rarely been assessed in this type of study. Empirical results confirm that the determinants of expenditure have a different influence depending on the spending level. Individual spending is principally influenced by the origin of the attendees as well as by several other sports factors such as the time the match takes place, the admission price, or the sporting level of the rival team. The study establishes two levels of spending to identify the different behaviors that correspond to each of the factors under study. The findings could provide a useful input into tourism strategies related to the hosting of sport events.

Modeling the migration of cultural goods: a macro-economic study of domestic Chinese cinema

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the migration of cultural goods such as movies in the burgeoning commercial exhibition marketplace of China. Based on prior research on the movie industry and theatrical releases, this empirical study models the dynamic relationships between cinema attendance and the number of cinema screens in response to consumer mindset shifts in terms of predetermined and exogenous variables. These relationships are established and estimated by applying the Vector Auto-Regression (VAR) and Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) techniques. The regression analyses are executed over 96 observations spanning from May 2005 to April 2013. A key empirical finding is that cultural goods such as movies are affected by a variety of market and economic factors. Another significant finding is that income and admission price will not significantly affect the Chinese cinema-goers’ consumption behaviors, whereas they may alter the market expectation of the exhibitors. In recent years, the prevalence of Internet options has further promoted a more competitive market of choice, quality, and prices. This is an area worthy of further scholarly investigation.

Effects of Chain Affiliation in the Movie Theater Industry

In this paper, I empirically study the effect of chain affiliation on product variety and price in the movie theater industry. Using longitudinal data on Korean movie theaters, I find that movie variety in a theater increases by 3.2-5.5 percent after the theater joins a chain. Admission price, however, does not change after chain affiliation, implying that consumers benefit from the organizational form change. These results are consistent with the growing dominance of chain-affiliated theaters in recent decades. The results also suggest that the regulatory authorities should carefully examine the trade-off between increase in market power and efficiency gains when evaluating the implications of chain affiliation.

Energy Efficiency of Access Control With Rate Constraints in Cognitive Radio Networks

In the next-generation cognitive radio networks, numerous secondary users will share the spectrum resource with the primary users. As it may not be possible to support all the communication rate requirements, there are many supporting sets for the secondary users as long as the communication rates of the primary users are guaranteed. In this paper, we study the maximum feasible set problem to access as many secondary users as possible, under the constraints of power budgets and communication rates in cognitive radio networks. In this interesting issue, the existing literature generally removes a subset of the secondary users so that the remaining users achieve the thresholds with communication rates and power budgets. However, the removal algorithms cause more interference when there are plenty of unsupported secondary users. We leverage the spectral radius of the network characteristic matrix as the admission price to access the new secondary user. Then, we design a hybrid access control algorithm to reduce the interference time and approximate the maximum network capacity. Moreover, different supported sets produce the different energy efficiency, even having the same network capacity, while all users require the high communication rates. Numerical results demonstrate that our algorithms provide the decent energy efficiency under the communication rate constraints.

Referral Priority Program: Leveraging Social Ties via Operational Incentives

The referral priority program --- an emerging business practice adopted by a growing number of technology companies that manage a waitlist of customers --- enables existing customers on the waitlist to gain priority access if they successfully refer new customers to the waitlist. Unlike more commonly used referral reward programs, this novel mechanism does not offer monetary compensation to referring customers, but leverages customers' own disutility of delays to create referral incentives. Despite this appealing feature, our queueing-game-theoretic analysis finds the effectiveness of such a scheme as a marketing tool for customer acquisition and an operational approach for waitlist management depends crucially on the underlying market conditions, particularly the base market size of spontaneous customers. The referral priority program might not generate referrals when the base market size is either too large or too small. When customers do refer, the program could actually backfire, namely, by reducing the system throughput and customer welfare, if the base market size is intermediately large. This phenomenon occurs because the presence of referred customers severely cannibalizes the demand of spontaneous customers. We also compare the referral priority program with the referral reward program when the service provider optimally sets the admission price. We find that under a small base market size, the referral reward program would encourage referrals using monetary incentives. Numerical study suggests the referral priority program is more profitable than the referral reward program when the base market size is intermediately small.

On threshold routing in a service system with highest-bidder-first and FIFO services

In this paper, we consider a two server system serving heterogeneous customers. One of the server has a FIFO scheduling policy and charges a fixed admission price to each customer. The second queue follows the highest-bidder-first (HBF) policy where an arriving customer bids for its position in the queue. Customers make an individually optimal choice of the server and for such system, we characterize the equilibrium routing of customers. We specifically show that this routing is characterized by two thresholds.

Determination of preferred performing arts tourism products using conjoint analysis

The performing arts are an integral part of the economies of many communities and often highlight the cultures of places visited. Because of this, studies on performing arts have been actively conducted in the arts management and marketing fields. Yet, little research has examined the benefits of the performing arts from a tourism perspective. Thus, the current study employed conjoint analysis in an attempt to identify the most preferred performing arts tourism products as perceived by Japanese tourists. Results revealed the most important determinant attributes Japanese tourists consider in purchasing a Korean performing arts product were ‘admission price’, followed by ‘type of theater’, ‘genre’, and ‘location of theater’. The most preferred performing arts tourism product was found to be the following: 5.517 (overall utility) = 1.081 (Korean pop music concert) + 2.233 (less than 5000 Yen) + 0.775 (downtown Seoul) + 1.428 (exclusive theater).

The Role of Emotions in a Model of Behavioral Intentions of Visitors to the Gaudí Historic House Museums in Barcelona, Spain

ABSTRACTThis study examined an integrated model of behavioral intentions toward historic house museums, through the simultaneous relationships among visitors' perceptions of the historic house museum, crowding, interactions with employees, emotions about their visit, intention to revisit the museum and recommend it to others, and the moderator effect of price fairness. Seven hundred thirty-six visitors were surveyed after visiting La Pedrera and Casa Batlló, the historic house museums of the architect Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona. The results from a structural equation model indicate that visitors' perception of the historic house museum (i.e., their appreciation of the houses' architecture, aesthetic quality, artistic work, and accessibility), visitors' positive interactions with employees, and low levels of crowding are antecedents of positive emotions, and visitors' positive emotions about their visit are a predictor of intentions to revisit and recommend the museum to others. In addition, price fairness was tested as a moderator effect using multigroup analysis. This analysis consists of comparing two subsamples of visitors, which were selected according to whether they believe the admission price is fair or unfair. The effect between perceptions of the historic house museum and positive emotions, and the effect of positive emotions on behavioral intentions is greater for visitors who found the price fair than for those who found the price unfair. The results lead to recommendations for cultural heritage managers.

Two Backorder Compensation Mechanisms in Inventory Systems with Impatient Customers

We study a compensation mechanism design problem with customer‐choice behavior in a continuous review setting where the production and demand processes are stochastic. When a stockout occurs, the firm controls backorders on the basis of certain compensation policies. Customers make decisions to maximize their utility, which is decreasing in the price, the waiting time, and the customer's impatience factor. We assume that the impatience factor is private information held by the customer only. Two compensation mechanisms are designed to control backorders, namely uniform compensation and priority auction with an admission price. Under uniform compensation, the firm offers the same discount to all customers, whereas under auction compensation, priority is granted according to the customers' bid prices. We obtain the optimal stockout price and base stock level under each mechanism, and analyze the properties of the respective optimal policies. Assuming linear waiting costs with uniformly distributed impatience factor, we find that the auction mechanism (1) maintains a lower base stock level and results in greater profit and (2) benefits customers with relatively lower or higher impatience factors, but customers with a medium impatience factor may be rendered worse off. We further show that both compensation mechanisms are suitable for products with a high unit profit, a high lost sales penalty cost, and a high holding cost.

Energy-Infeasibility Tradeoff in Cognitive Radio Networks: Price-Driven Spectrum Access Algorithms

We study the feasibility of the total power minimization problem subject to power budget and Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) constraints in cognitive radio networks. As both the primary and the secondary users are allowed to transmit simultaneously on a shared spectrum, uncontrolled access of secondary users degrades the performance of primary users and can even lead to system infeasibility. To find the largest feasible set of secondary users (i.e., the system capacity) that can be supported in the network, we formulate a vector-cardinality optimization problem. This nonconvex problem is however hard to solve, and we propose a convex relaxation heuristic based on the sum-of-infeasibilities in optimization theory. Our methodology leads to the notion of admission price for spectrum access that can characterize the tradeoff between the total energy consumption and the system capacity. Price-driven algorithms for joint power and admission control are then proposed that quantify the benefits of energy-infeasibility balance. Numerical results are presented to show that our algorithms are theoretically sound and practically implementable.

““The double feature evil””: efforts to eliminate the American dual bill

The essay discusses the actions and motivations of various groups that tried to end the practice of double feature film exhibition in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s. Used as a price-cutting strategy, double features were embraced by marginal exhibitors and low-budget producers, but attacked by most major studios and established theatre chains. Methods employed to control the double feature included voluntary bans, governmental legislation, and legal action. During the depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal opposed the double feature as a strategy likely to undermine established admission price levels. But the double feature proved resilient and survived all these efforts, as well as an additional series of assaults, based on conservation of energy and materiel, mounted during the Second World War.

De-sacredizing of the Barong Dance Social Life in the Community Culture Bali


 
 
 This article is the result of a research work in the village of Batubulan in 1998. In Batubulan there are two kinds of sacred barong which are given the title of Queen Gde Sakti and non-sacred Barong Tetamon for tourists’ performance. The two barong have the same shapes but have different functions. The sacred Barong (Ratu Gde Sakti) serves to drive out or neutralize all the diseases that are unseen, while the barong tetamon’s goal is to earn money. The sacred barong is housed at a place considered holy and sacred, being sacred on a particular day. While barong tetamon performs every day in the local stage without considering the good day, whether sacred or not. Tourists can watch the barong tetamon dance every day by paying the appropriate admission price that has been fixed by the owner of the stage. As a result of staging the many symbols and others, the sacred barong dance functions have changed their meaning when performed in the form of Barong Tetamon. De-sacralization processes have happened on various forms, e.g. the making, ceremonies, plays, the staging, staging time, and others. These changes are related to degrading the sacredness where there have been changes to the social meaning of barong dance. Due to changes in the meaning of it, it will slowly bring the cultural change of the society into a cultural market, particularly that of religion. 
 
 

Pricing surplus server capacity for mean waiting time sensitive customers

We consider a queueing model wherein the resource is shared by two different classes of customers, primary (existing) and secondary (new), under a service level based pricing contract. This contract between secondary class customers and resource manager specifies unit admission price and quality of service (QoS) offered. We assume that the secondary customers’ Poisson arrival rate depends linearly on unit price and service level offered while the server uses a delay dependent priority queue management scheme. We analyze the joint problem of optimal pricing and operation of the resource with the inclusion of secondary class customers, while continuing to offer a pre-specified QoS to primary class customers. Our analysis leads to an algorithm that finds, in closed form expressions, the optimal points of the resulting non-convex constrained optimization problem. We also study in detail the structure and the non-linear nature of these optimal pricing and operating decisions.

The Optimality of Two Prices: Maximizing Revenue in a Stochastic Communication System

This paper considers the problem of pricing and transmission scheduling for an access point (AP) in a wireless network, where the AP provides service to a set of mobile users. The goal of the AP is to maximize its own time-average profit. We first obtain the optimum time-average profit of the AP and prove the Optimality of Two Prices theorem. We then develop an online scheme that jointly solves the pricing and transmission scheduling problem in a dynamic environment. The scheme uses an admission price and a business decision as tools to regulate the incoming traffic and to maximize revenue. We show the scheme can achieve any average profit that is arbitrarily close to the optimum, with a tradeoff in average delay. This holds for general Markovian dynamics for channel and user state variation, and does not require a priori knowledge of the Markov model. The model and methodology developed in this paper are general and apply to other stochastic settings where a single party tries to maximize its time-average profit.

Vertical Integration in the Japanese Movie Industry

This study examines vertical integration in the Japanese movie industry. I estimate an admission price equation, and a moviegoing demand equation derived from a discrete choice model of product differentiation. In order to overcome identification problems, this study exploits a panel structure dataset. My results show that the price of vertically integrated theaters tends to be higher than nonintegrated theaters, but it appears to be due to the inherent high quality of vertically integrated theaters. On the other hand, vertically integrated theaters are more popular among consumers and have higher attendance than nonintegrated theaters. Even after controlling the theater fixed effects, attendance for vertically integrated theaters is still larger than nonintegrated theaters. That is, the integration of producers/distributors and theaters is likely to be a source of economic efficiency. Policy implications are also proposed.