Chance Of Admission Research Articles

Social inequality in admission chances for prestigious higher education programs in Germany: do application patterns matter?

Abstract Research has shown that admission to prestigious higher education programs varies by students' socio-economic status (SES). Access to these programs is characterized by high competition and often rather complex admission procedures. Thus, access may depend not only on students’ performance and decisions to apply but also on their application patterns: Where and how they apply, which may vary by social background due to differences in educational achievement, aspirations, and constraints. Using applications to highly prestigious medical programs in Germany, we examine whether admission chances are socially selective even among the positively selected group of applicants, and whether this is due to SES differences in application patterns or performance. Based on complete application register data, we identify application patterns through cluster analysis. We then used the resulting cluster model to predict cluster membership in the 2018 applicant cohort, for which we collected survey data with information on applicants’ SES, preferences, and motivations. We find that application patterns vary primarily by applicants’ performance (grades and test scores) and SES-specific geographic constraints. However, our multivariate analyses on admission chances show that application patterns do not mediate SES differences in admission chances. Instead, these differences are entirely due to SES differences in applicants’ performance.

Admission Fortune Using Machine Learning & Designing an Interactive Chatbot for Educational Assistance

Abstract: The proposed system is a Student Admission Rank-Based College Selection Prediction platform that aims to assist students in making well-informed decisions about their college applications. It is a predictive model that uses machine learning algorithms to estimate the likelihood of a student's admission to different colleges based on their academic performance and the admission criteria of those colleges. The proposed system is expected to empower students by providing them with valuable insights into their chances of admission to different colleges. Students can use this information to strategize their college applications and increase their likelihood of acceptance to colleges that align with their academic aspirations and preferences.

Availability and Perceived Importance of High-Impact Practices for Psychology Graduate Program Admission

Background: Participation in high-impact practices (HIPs) is related to student success and development. Less is known about whether HIPs can increase students’ chances of getting into graduate school in psychology. High-impact practice participation might be one strategy for students to stand out in the competitive graduate school admission process. Objective: We examined (a) the perceived availability of HIPs and (b) the perceived role that HIP participation plays in psychology graduate program admission success. Method: A total of 81 U.S. psychology professors who are involved in graduate program admission decisions rated the availability, importance, and influence of HIPs and non-HIPs (e.g., GPA) on psychology graduate program admission success. Results: Many HIPs are widely available. Of all HIPs, only undergraduate research was rated as very important and strongly increases admission chances. Participation in honors, writing-intensive courses, and applied experiences slightly increased admission chances. Conclusion: Research continues to be the most beneficial HIP when applying to graduate programs in psychology. Non-HIPs (e.g., grades, letters of recommendation) are more important in graduate program admission than most HIPs. Teaching Implications: Students, academic advisors, and faculty mentors can use the results of this study to align students’ HIP participation with postgraduation goals.

Analysis of factors associated with admission to the intensive care unit of children and adolescents with COVID-19: application of a multilevel model.

To identify factors associated with hospitalization in the intensive care unit in children and adolescents with COVID-19. This was a retrospective cohort study using secondary data of hospitalized children and adolescents (zero to 18 years old) with COVID-19 reported in Paraíba from April 2020 to July 2021, totaling 486 records. Descriptive analysis, logistic regression and multilevel regression were performed, utilizing a significance level of 5%. According to logistic regression without hierarchical levels, there was an increased chance of admission to the intensive care unit for male patients (OR = 1.98; 95%CI 1.18 - 3.32), patients with respiratory distress (OR = 2.43; 95%CI 1.29 - 4.56), patients with dyspnea (OR = 3.57; 95%CI 1.77 - 7.18) and patients living in large cities (OR = 2.70; 95%CI 1.07 - 6.77). The likelihood of requiring intensive care was observed to decrease with increasing age (OR = 0.94; 95%CI = 0.90 - 0.97), the presence of cough (OR = 0.32; 95%CI 0.18 - 0.59) or fever (OR = 0.42; 95%CI 0.23 - 0.74) and increasing Gini index (OR = 0.003; 95%CI 0.000 - 0.243). According to the multilevel analysis, the odds of admission to the intensive care unit increased in male patients (OR = 1.70; 95%CI = 1.68-1.71) and with increasing population size of the municipality per 100,000 inhabitants (OR = 1.01; 95%CI 1.01-1.03); additionally, the odds of admission to the intensive care unit decreased for mixed-race versus non-brown-skinned patients (OR = 0.981; 95%CI 0.97 - 0.99) and increasing Gini index (OR = 0.02; 95%CI 0.02 - 0.02). The effects of patient characteristics and social context on the need for intensive care in children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection were better estimated with the inclusion of a multilevel regression model.

Hospitalization of elderly people due to COVID-19 in the State of Paraná, Brazil: analysis of associated factors

Abstract Objective To analyze the prevalence and factors associated with hospitalization of elderly people with COVID-19 in the State of Paraná, PR, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study linked to the cohort “Longitudinal Monitoring of adults and elderly people who were discharged from hospital admission due to COVID-19”, was carried out using information contained in the compulsory notification forms of the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Analyzes were carried out using relative and absolute frequencies, applying the chi-square test adopted in the logistic regression model. The study population included people aged 60 years or over and residing in the State of Paraná, who were hospitalized for COVID-19 from March 2020 to September 2021. Results A higher hospitalization prevalence was identified among elderly people with eight years of education or more. Individuals not vaccinated against COVID-19 had a greater chance of hospitalization. Males had a greater chance of admission to the Intensive Care Unit compared to females. Cardiovascular diseases, lung disease, and obesity have increased the prevalence of the severe form of the disease. Conclusion Factors such as education and non-adherence to vaccination against COVID-19 can increase the risk of hospitalization due to the disease. Elderly people of the male sex have a greater chance of hospitalization in the ICU compared to the female sex. Furthermore, not using antivirals can contribute to worsening health status.

Is Affirmative Action Justified in School Admission Processes?

From 1961 onwards, affirmative action has been a critical part of American legislation to combat societal discrimination and inequality. The recent Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard case has brought the discussion of the justification of affirmative action back to the public eye. Giving college admission chances to students with lower academic achievement across the board only because of the social identification they behold should not be considered just. This article argues against the common ideas withheld by supporters of affirmative action. The old ideas of repayment for past evil deeds could not stand as a fair argument, and the long-term social benefit of affirmative action signifies it could not stand from a practical standpoint. Most importantly, the strengthening awareness of social identities would lead to more profound discrimination and a chaotic society.

Test Participation or Test Performance: Why Do Men Benefit from Test-Based Admission to Higher Education?

This study illuminates the male advantage in test-based admissions to higher education. In contrast to many other countries, admission tests in Germany are optional, and test-free programs are available. This context offers a unique opportunity to investigate whether the male advantage in test-based admissions is caused by gender differences in test performance or in test participation. We use novel register data for the whole population of 300,000 applicants to highly selective and prestigious medical programs in Germany. We find that men perform better in tests and that female applicants are more likely to withdraw from admission tests. Both differences, however, depend on high school grade point average (GPA): The male advantage in test performance emerges only among test-takers with a lower GPA, and female applicants’ stronger test avoidance appears only among women with a medium GPA. Ultimately, both mechanisms contribute to a male advantage in test-based admissions (ceteris paribus of GPA), with better test performance being the major source for male applicants’ higher admission chances. As a consequence, we find the female advantage in school performance and the male advantage in test-based admissions almost neutralize each other.

Post Graduate Admission Prediction Using ANN

Abstract: Nowadays, we see many students showing interest in higher studies away from their home countries. Generally, students often lack sufficient knowledge about the requirements, procedures, specific details of universities in countries like the USA, UK, Canada, etc. As a result, they often turn to education consultancy firms for assistance in securing admission to universities that best align with their profiles. However, this process typically requires significant financial investment in consultancy fees. The objective of this project is to create a system using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) which helps to predict the percentage of chance of admittance of students by utilizing the various test attributes like GRE, TOEFL, Research papers etc., that will assist students in assessing the likelihood of their university applications being accepted i.e., it helps them to know about what is the chance of getting admission in reputed Foreign Universities. An intuitive user-friendly interface will be developed for the users to determine their chances of admission to a university by entering their various scores.

Study EDEN-12: Analysis of access to intensive care units of patients older than 65 years requiring emergency hospitalization

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between the age of an urgently hospitalized patient and his or her probability of admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). DesignObservational, retrospective, multicenter study. Setting42 Emergency Departments from Spain. Time-periodApril 1–7, 2019. PatientsPatients aged ≥65 years hospitalized from Spanish emergency departments. InterventionsNone. Main variables of interestICU admission, age sex, comorbidity, functional dependence and cognitive impairment. Results6120 patients were analyzed (median age: 76 years; males: 52%. 309 (5%) were admitted to ICU (186 from ED, 123 from hospitalization). Patients admitted to the ICU were younger, male, and with less comorbidity, dependence and cognitive impairment, but there were no differences between those admitted from the ED and from hospitalization. The OR for ICU-admission adjusted by sex, comorbidity, dependence and dementia reached statistical significance >83 years (OR: 0.67; 95%CI: 0.45−0.49). In patients admitted to the ICU from ED, the OR did not begin to decrease until 79 years, and was significant >85 years (OR: 0.56, 95%CI: 0.34−0.92); while in those admitted to ICU from hospitalization, the decrease began 65 years of age, and were significant from 85 years (OR: 0.55, 95%CI: 0.30−0.99). Sex, comorbidity, dependency and cognitive deterioration of the patient did not modify the association between age and ICU-admission (overall, from the ED or hospitalization). ConclusionsAfter taking into account other factors that influence admission to the ICU (comorbidity, dependence, dementia), the chances of admission to the ICU of older patients hospitalized on an emergency basis begin to decrease significantly after 83 years of age. There may be differences in the probability of admission to the ICU from the ED or from hospitalization according to age.

Two-Stage PNN–SVM Ensemble for Higher Education Admission Prediction

In this paper, we investigate the methods used to evaluate the admission chances of higher education institutions’ (HEI) entrants as a crucial factor that directly influences the admission efficiency, quality of education results, and future students’ life-long trajectories. Due to the conditions of uncertainty surrounding the decision-making process that determines the admission of entrants and the inability to independently assess the probability of potential outcomes, we propose the application of the machine learning (ML) model as an algorithm that provides decision-making support. The proposed model includes the support vector machine (SVM) stacking ensemble, which expands the input data set obtained using the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN). The basic algorithms include four SVM ensemble methods with different kernel functions and Logistic Regression (LR) as a meta-algorithm. We evaluate the accuracy of the developed model in three stages: comparison with existing ML methods; comparison with a single-based model that comprises it; and comparison with a similar stacking model and with other types of ensembles (boosting, begging). The results of the designed two-stage PNN–SVM ensemble model provided an accuracy of 94% and possessed acquired superiority in the comparison stages. The obtained results enable the use of the presented model in the subsequent stages of the development of an intellectual support system for decision making regarding entrants’ admission.

Reversing Reserves

Affirmative action policies are often implemented through reserve systems. In this study, we demonstrate that reserve systems face widespread misunderstanding by the public. This misunderstanding can lead individuals to support policies that ineffectively pursue their interests. To establish these claims, we present 1,013 participants in the Understanding America Study with choices between pairs of reserve systems. Participants are members of the group receiving affirmative action and are financially incentivized to choose the system that maximizes their chance of admission. Using this data, we apply a novel approach to identifying the rate of uptake of different decision rules used by participants. We find that participants rarely use a fully optimal decision rule. In contrast, we find that many choices—40% in our primary estimates—are rationalized by a nearly correct decision rule, with errors driven solely by failing to appreciate the importance of processing order. Failing to account for processing order causes individuals to fail to distinguish between two policies that achieve different degrees of affirmative action: policies that provide nonbinding minimum guarantees of the number of spaces allocated and policies that provide spaces over-and-above what would be allocated absent a reserve. Confusion about the importance of processing order helps to explain otherwise surprising decisions made in field applications of reserve systems. We discuss implications for managers and policy makers who are trying to implement reserve systems and who are accountable to the public. This paper was accepted by Axel Ockenfels, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: The authors thank the National Science Foundation and the Wharton Behavioral Laboratory for financial support. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4669 .

Advanced Processes for Clinical Pharmacology Evaluation in Board Exams

As a medical educator for over 30 years, and a member of the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners (NBOME) for 20 of this time, I am concerned about the burden placed on those taking boards. In the USA, an increase in Biologic License Applications (BLAs) plus New Molecular Entities (NMEs) over these past two decades is extensive. Considering that there was not an equivalent number of agents withdrawn from the market leaves a large net amount of new medicines to be learned in additional to what we are already teaching. In my opinion, this is an overload and one of the causes contributing to increased burnout among young physicians-to-be. As recently concluded, “Advances in medicine and technology mean that medical students are expected to learn significantly more information than their predecessors in the same amount of time1.” Other contributory factors cited in this article include participation in extracurricular, research and leadership activities, all designed to improve chances for admission into targeted residencies.

Analysis of Relative Importance of Factors Affecting the Chance of Admission of Applying to Graduate Students

The conceptualization of statistical model: the initial characteristic of linear regression revealed by Karl Pearson lay the foundation for the exploration of Sir Francis Galton. The article discusses the concept of the linear regression model and R-square and focuses on the relationship between the chance of admission and GRE/TOFEL score by the simple linear regression between independent variables and dependent variables. The collected statistical data from Kaggle about 386 students ’ scores in an American university is fitting the linear regression. This concentrates on the evaluation of the simple linear regression and the discovery of coverage for drawbacks or solutions for the promotion of the accuracy of the relationship. In the demonstrating experiments, collected TOFEL/ GRE scores of 375 graduate students in college indicated new observation that the existence of positively related between two items by R-square while testifying model possess drawbacks and limitations in a degree. The exploration of solutions to offset the impact of these errors and omissions will be concentrated in the following.

Alcohol Use Disorder Admissions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From a Tertiary Community Hospital.

The first case of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in the United States was confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in January 2020. The presence of COVID-19 and the subsequent spread of this disease led to stress, anxiety, grief, and worry. We aimed to study the rate of hospital admission for alcohol use disorder (AUD) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary community hospital in Michigan. Two subsets of hospital data were collected for comparison between hospitalized patients before and during the pandemic in a tertiary community hospital. Logistic regression was used to identify the odds ratio of AUD admission rates among all patients in 2020 compared with 2019 while controlling for covariates. Our data showed a statistically significant increase in AUD patients in 2020 compared to 2019 (3.26% versus 2.50%, adjusted OR=1.44 with P=0.002). In addition, females had significantly lower chances of admission for AUD compared with males (OR=0.22 with P<0.001) and African Americans had significantly lower chances of admission for AUD compared to Whites (OR=0.44 with P <0.001). Divorced patients had a higher probability of admission for AUD compared to married patients (OR=2.62 with P<0.001). Our study found a significantly higher rate of AUD admissions in 2020 during the COVID-19 Pandemic compared to 2019. Gender, race, age, and marital status are significant risk factors related to AUD admissions.

How Does the Quality of Junior High Schools Affect Housing Prices? A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on the Admission Reform in Chengdu, China

We exploit an admission reform of junior high schools in Chengdu, China, to identify the capitalization effect of high-quality educational facilities on housing prices. Since 2013, some elite junior high schools have conducted an experimental policy called the four-year junior high school project (hereinafter referred to as FJHP). The FJHP reduced the admission chances to elite junior high schools within the FJHP school districts via lottery. Based on 88,745 resale housing transaction records from Chengdu during 2010–2018, we used the difference-in-difference (DID) methodology to estimate the average price effect of the FJHP. Furthermore, we established a DID model with quantile regression to estimate the heterogeneous effect of the FJHP on housing prices. The empirical results show that the implementation of the FJHP reduced the housing prices in the relevant school districts by at least 5.5%, and its price reduction effect increased over time. The quantile regression results show that households with high-priced housing are more sensitive to the change of admission chance to elite junior high schools, which indicates the inequality in accessing high-quality school facilities under the designating admission zone policy. This study concludes with implications for improving the accessibility of school facilities.

Assessment of risk factors for readmission in COPD patients at tertiary care centre RMCH Bareilly

COPD is currently one of the top 3 causes of death in the world with high morbidity and mortality. Various studies showed if symptoms of COPD patients are not well controlled then chances of admission &amp; readmission has been increased. To find reasons for readmission in such patients this study was conducted. Between January 2020 and December 2021, we prospectively evaluated all the patients who were readmitted for acute exacerbation of COPD at tertiary care hospital RMCH Bareilly. Total 119 patients were enrolled in our study. Among 119 patients 25(21.0%) patients were readmitted for acute exacerbation of COPD. Patients discharged on LTOT among them 16(64.0%) were readmitted. Sputum culture among readmitted patients showed pseudomonal growth in 10(40.0%) as important risk factor. Common Comorbidities observed as diabetes mellitus 8(32.0%), hypertension 6(24%) of readmitted patients. Duration of hospital stay on previous visit of more than 6 days was observed in 12(48.0%) of readmitted patients. Average duration of hospital stays was 7+/-3 days. We found that there are multiple factors contribute to the risk of readmission in COPD patients. Risks can be minimised by ensuring regular follow up and proper adherence to the treatment, proper nutrition and pulmonary rehabilitation.

Recruit to reject? Harvard and African American applicants

Elite colleges in the US have seen dramatic increases in applications over the past few decades, in part the result of expanded applicant recruiting. However, broadening the applicant pool while also maintaining diversity may require encouraging applications from individuals who have little to no chance of admission. We shed new light on this behavior using detailed data on Harvard University that was made public as part of the SFFA v. Harvard lawsuit. We show that Harvard encourages applications from many students who effectively have no chance of being admitted, and that this is particularly true for African Americans. After a 28-year period where the African American share of applicants to Harvard was roughly stable, the African American share of applicants grew by almost 57% over four years. Yet, there was little change in the share of admits who were African American, consistent with our finding that the increase in applications was driven by those with lower SAT scores. We show that this change in applicant behavior resulted in substantial convergence in the overall admissions rates across races yet no change in the large cross-race differences in admissions rates for high-SAT applicants.

School Choice and Educational Mobility: Lessons from Secondary School Applications in Ghana

Do school choice programs increase opportunities for educational mobility or reinforce initial disparities in schooling? I address this question in the context of the public education system in Ghana, which uses standardized tests and a nation-wide application process to allocate 150,000 elementary school students to 650 secondary schools. As has been found in other settings, students from lower-performing elementary schools in Ghana apply to less selective secondary schools than students with the same test scores from higher-performing elementary schools. My analysis suggests that dierences in application behavior are largely due to imperfect information about admission chances and dierences in decision-making skills, rather than dierences in preferences or the costs and accessibility of schools. Additionally, I show that the impact of uncertainty declines following a series of reforms in the application process that expanded the number of choices students could list, and encouraged students to select a more \diversied

Gaps between college and starting an MD-PhD program are adding years to physician-scientist training time.

The average age when physician-scientists begin their career has been rising. Here, we focused on one contributor to this change: the increasingly common decision by candidates to postpone applying to MD-PhD programs until after college. This creates a time gap between college and medical school. Data were obtained from 3544 trainees in 73 programs, 72 program directors, and AAMC databases. From 2013 to 2020, the prevalence of gaps rose from 53% to 75%, with the time usually spent doing research. Gap prevalence for MD students also increased but not to the same extent and for different reasons. Differences by gender, underrepresented status, and program size were minimal. Most candidates who took a gap did so because they believed it would improve their chances of admission, but gaps were as common among those not accepted to MD-PhD programs as among those who were. Many program directors preferred candidates with gaps, believing without evidence that gaps reflects greater commitment. Although candidates with gaps were more likely to have a publication at the time of admission, gaps were not associated with a shorter time to degree nor have they been shown to improve outcomes. Together, these observations raise concerns that, by promoting gaps after college, current admissions practices have had unintended consequences without commensurate advantages.

Graduate Admissions in Psychology: Using Quantitative and Qualitative Measures to Understand the Frequency and Fatality of Applicant Errors

Background Graduate admissions in psychology continue to be a popular and competitive venture, with the demand for new graduate student opportunities exceeding the annual supply. Objective Our present work was a partial replication and extension of Appleby and Appleby (2006). We added closed- and open-ended questions regarding social media to gauge how graduate admissions committees utilize social media to evaluate applicants. Method We asked U.S. graduate admissions directors to answer six open-ended questions and then rate the frequency and fatality/harmfulness of 17 potential applicant errors. From the population of 467 graduate admissions directors, 56 provided complete responses (12.0% response rate). Results We examine the closed-ended quantitative results presenting descriptive data and combining the frequency and fatality scales into a scatterplot; outcomes from the open-ended qualitative results provide rich and nuanced advice about graduate admissions errors. Conclusion Poorly written application materials are to be avoided (obviously), but the evidence-informed advice offered here is much more nuanced and complex. Teaching Implications Mentors and faculty advisors can use information from this study to provide data-informed advice to students interested in improving their chances for admission to graduate programs in psychology, offering specific tips on the most harmful/fatal mistakes to avoid.