AbstractLet X be an algebraic variety over a base scheme S and ϕ:T→S a base change. Given an admissible subcategory 𝒜 in 𝒟b(X), the bounded derived category of coherent sheaves on X, we construct under some technical conditions an admissible subcategory 𝒜T in 𝒟b(X×ST), called the base change of 𝒜, in such a way that the following base change theorem holds: if a semiorthogonal decomposition of 𝒟b (X) is given, then the base changes of its components form a semiorthogonal decomposition of 𝒟b (X×ST) . As an intermediate step, we construct a compatible system of semiorthogonal decompositions of the unbounded derived category of quasicoherent sheaves on X and of the category of perfect complexes on X. As an application, we prove that the projection functors of a semiorthogonal decomposition are kernel functors.