Administrative Supervision Research Articles

Administrative Supervision in the USSR: A Case Study

Administrative Supervision in the USSR: A Case Study

The Introduction of an Eye Protection Programme

It has been the experience of industry that eye protection programmes are fraught with a failure rate which, it seems, acts as a deterrent when management plan to deal with the problem of eye injuries in their production areas. There is no doubt that many programmes have failed and it has become apparent only after breakdown that the whole effort was a planned failure because the proper concept of eye protection was not understood. It should be realised by all concerned that if known eye hazards exist in the environment, then it is the personal, moral and legal responsibility of management to protect all persons entering that environment against injury. The proper acceptance of this responsibility will lead to firm management direction, through a fully considered company policy, that properly planned protective measures will be implemented to eradicate eye injuries. Implementation, as with any management policy, will be through executive administration, with the final responsibility held by supervision. Before successful programming is possible management must work closely with administrative supervision, safety committees, unions and optometrical services in analysing the actual extent of the problem and the real need of a programme before a meaningful policy statement can be made. With this background of information supervisory administration is enabled to implement policy while diplomatically but firmly applying the mandatory rule on the wearing of eye protective equipment without which the programme will not work successfully. It is predicted that the present disregard of this responsibility by much of industry will eventually lead to legislation under which a mandatory rule will apply to management. The good business of an eye protection programme is only slowly being recognised but the fine example set by some of our industrial leaders must surely be re-assuring to any who contemplate action against the problem of eye injuries.

State Administrative Supervision of Local Government Debt: The North Carolina Model

State Administrative Supervision of Local Government Debt: The North Carolina Model

NBS Frequency-Time Broadcast Station WWV, Fort Collins, Colo

This report describes the design and construction of the National Bureau of Standards frequency-time broadcast station, WWV, located at Fort Collins, Colo. The principal function of the station, located 11.25 km (7 mi) north of Fort Collins, is to broadcast basic standards of frequency and time signals on frequencies of 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 MHz. These high-frequency transmissions, which can be received on the simplest of equipment, provide the necessary accuracy required to fill some of the needs of industry, Government and the public. The technical and administrative supervision of the station is under the Time and Frequency Division, Frequency-Time Broadcast Services Section, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO 80302.

7. Experimental work at the university of chicago on the onset of thermal instability in a layer of fluid heated from below

This paper will summarize the experimental work at the University of Chicago on the problem of the onset of thermal instability in a layer of fluid heated from below. The purpose of this work has been to test certain theoretical predictions of the Rayleigh number at which instability sets in, and to determine the type of instability which appears at the critical point. The earlier experiments of this series were done at the hydrodynamics laboratory of the University of Chicago in connexion with a program of meteorological reseach[1, 2, 3, 4]. The current work is being done at the newly organized hydromagnetics laboratory of the Enrico Fermi Institute of Nuclear Studies. This laboratory utilizes the magnet of the old Chicago cyclotron, with pole pieces 92·7 cm in diameter and a gap of 22·1 cm. The magnet was reconstructed to allow the field strength to be varied from 0 to 13,000 gauss; the field is uniform to better than 1 % over the experimental area. The new laboratory is under the administrative supervision of Professors S. K. Allison and S. Chandrasekhar; the experiments are being done by Y. Nakagawa. The theoretical investigations are primarily the work of Chandrasekhar[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] and it will be convenient to review some of his results before discussing the experiments.

Legislative and Administrative Regulation of Voluntary Health Insurance in Canada

BY the end of 1953, approximately half of the Canadian population was insured in some degree against the costs of hospital or medical care. This protection is obtained through a variety of agencies-commercial insurance companies, the so-called voluntary prepayment plans sponsored by the provincial hospital and medical Associations, co-operatives, industrial plans, and the government in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Newfoundland. It has been found necessary, as in other similar activities, to exercise legislative and administrative supervision of the activities of the non-governmental agencies to assure their operation in the public interest. In view of the remarkable variety of agencies providing medical and hospital care insurance, it is not surprising to find provincial enabling legislation equally remarkable for diversity in type and major provisions, as well as for the frequently contradictory interpretations to be found from province to province. The inconsistency of the pattern of legislation in Canada resembles, in fact, the variety of legal provisions to be found in corresponding state legislation and rulings in the United States.' The legal status of prepaid medical and hospital plans is largely affected by the issue of whether their services constitute The decision on this question is important because if medical and hospital care plans were legally regarded as insurance and dealt with as such, they would be liable to the stringent supervision and legal and financial requirements embodied in provincial and federal insurance legislation. The wide variety of views held concerning the classification of the operations of the medical and hospital care plans in Canada would seem attributable to the variety of interpretations of the word insurance. The opinion that prepayment plans do not constitute insurance emphasizes the idea that the essence of an insurance contract is indemnity for some loss, and the indemnity is payable in money. The hospital and medical care plans on the other hand are regarded in the nature of contracts for services. Furthermore, the hospital and medical care agreements with the subscriber do not undertake to pay him money *This article is based on a chapter of Professor Taylor's forthcoming book, The Administration of Health Insurance in Canada. 1Louis Reed, Blue Cross and Medical Service Plans (Washington, 1947), chaps. vii and xvIIm; Nathan Sinai, Odin Anderson, and Melvin Dollar, Health Insurance in the United (New York, 1946), chap. Iv; Edward Holmann and George Cooley, Voluntary Health Insurance in the United States in (1950) 35 Iowa Law Review 183-208; Horace Hansen, Laws Affecting Group Health Plans, ibid., 209-36.

Work of the Modern Administrator of Courts

It will be even more surprising to the lay citizen, however, to learn of the almost complete lack of any truly effective system of administrative supervision and control in most of our state judicial establishments today, and in our federal system prior to 1939. Any business executive during the past century guiding and directing a large organization, whether it dealt with the manufacture of products or the furnishing of services, would recognize and insist upon the basic importance of effective administrative control and co-ordi-

The Michigan Records Program

is beginning a program of establishing modern MICHIGAN records management methods in public offices of State and local government. In this program the State Archivist occupies a critical position, since he is responsible for selecting from the great accumulations of paper that exist, those records having historical value. Under the recently adopted Michigan system, the Archivist is freed of administrative supervision over records birth control, the handling of semiactive records, and the disposition of valueless records. All such problems of office administration that have plagued the Archivist are now assigned to the Office Services Division of the Department of Administration. The Michigan Historical Commission is, by law, charged with the administration and preservation of the public records of the state having historical value. One distinguishing feature of the law is its plenary nature. Any record of any public office in the State (except, of course, the Federal offices) come within the purview of the statute. No record can be legally destroyed until the Michigan Historical Commission has approved its destruction. In fact, the law is so strong that if the commission deems certain records to be of sufficient historical value, it can go to court and obtain an order forcing a reluctant official to give up such records. Another distinguishing characteristic of the commission is its small budget. From the time of the commission's creation in 19 13, its work progressed satisfactorily until the great depression. In the early 1930's the commission had to drop its Archivist and abandon a well-conceived archival program. At the same time, and especially in the 1940^, the members of the commission were very conscious of the need for new methods and facilities for handling public records. Numerous requests from various public agencies could not be met. Reports and recommendations of the commission went unheeded in the turmoil of the postwar years. Then in 1949 the Michigan legislature, following the national pattern, established a on the reorganization of the State government. It was popularly called the little Hoover committee although it was by no means constituted like the national group. It

Administrative Supervision of Local Government: the Canadian Experience

Canadian local-government institutions have been influenced by those of both Great Britain and the United States, yet they retain a distinctly Canadian character. Few residents of the United States have been acquainted with Canada's internal governmental problems, because there has been relatively little information available. Canada's top political leaders have been pre-occupied with making Canada a nation, one prepared to take its place in world affairs. But what of the governments within the Dominion? The Rowell-Sirois Commission hearings and its reports in 1939 brought to the attention of many people the problems of dominion-provincial relations. More recently, the Goldenberg report in British Columbia brought attention to certain provincial-local relationships. During the 1930's, many persons in the United States became interested in the Canadian provincial boards of municipal affairs because those boards seemed to offer a means for disciplining improvident municipalities and maintaining good fiscal standards. Viewed in their full perspective, however, these boards and the departments of municipal affairs in Canadian provinces illustrate vital developments in central-local relations. Within the past forty-five years, Canadians have moved rapidly in developing the vast natural resources of the country and in building cities, towns, and villages.

Secretariat

After the General Assembly confirmed in November 1948 an agreement for the transfer of certain funds and activities of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration to the United Nations, Byron Price, Assistant Secretary-General for Administrative and Financial Services of the Secretariat, announced in January 1949 that the Communications and Records Division of the Secretariat would be responsible for administrative supervision of the UNRRA history project, which was prescribed by the agreement and which contemplated the completion, publication and distribution of a history to be compiled by March 31, 1949. Also this division would supervise both administrative and substantive matters in respect of the records and archives project contemplated by the liquidation agreement. The Department of Administrative and Financial Services was to perform the financial services required under the terms of the agreement, including the establishment of a special fund to record the financial transactions, the receipt and transfer of funds, provision of periodic financial reports regarding the history and records projects, processing of all payments from funds transferred, collection of accounts receivable transferred prior to and consequent on assumption of accounting functions from the Administrator for Liquidation and transfer of final residual amounts to the International Children's Emergency Fund, and arrangements for external audit of the liquidator's accounts. The Legal Department was to be responsible for examining and approving settlement of marine claims assigned by UNRRA to the United Nations for the benefit of ICEF, for the execution of the general releases required in the settlement of claims, and for such action with respect to legal proceedings as might be necessary.

State Supervision of Local Government in Minnesota

For purposes of the study Wallace's classification of degrees of administrative supervision was used. On the basis of the statutes of the several states, Professor Wallace concluded that supervisory devices could best be classified in ascending degree of individual effectiveness as follows: persuasive devices, including reports, inspection and investigation, and advice; inbetween devices, including grants-in-aid; and devices giving control over local action, including approval, review, orders, ordinances, removal, appointment, and substitute administration.1 In Minnesota, health is primarily a responsibility of the cities, villages, and

Administering Unemployment Compensation Benefit Claims

The discussion in this article is based on the assumptions that state laws may constitutionally be enacted to conform to the Federal Social Security Act and that this act will be held to be a valid exercise of Congressional power. Nothing herein is to be construed as expressing concurrence either with the federal legislation or with the assumption that it is constitutional. The only issue here discussed is that as to methods of administration of state laws. This primarily involves the organization for the purpose of administering the law, and the procedure from the time a claim is filed under the law, although the problems of administration cannot, of course, be severed from the substantive provisions of law that are to be administered. The form of administrative organization is, of course, conditioned by the task to be performed. The things to be done with respect to unemployment compensation are in many respects similar to those in workmen's compensation, and it is therefore to be expected that the administrative organization and procedure should be in large part copied from workmen's compensation laws. But in the enactment of the new laws, the legislatures are not disturbed by certain problems which faced the draftsmen of the original workmen's compensation laws, and are in a position to profit by experience in the administration of such laws. It is natural, therefore, to find in the unemployment compensation laws no use of trial by jury, and greater use of finality of fact determination by administrative bodies. It is natural also to find repeated the provisions of workmen's compensation laws as to compulsion to produce testimony, self-incrimination, the avoidance of technical rules of evidence and of procedure, and judicial review of administrative determinations. In both unemployment compensation and workmen's compensation there is (i) a large task of administrative supervision which may be termed ministerial in character; (2) the examination and approval or disapproval of the great bulk of claims where there will be no contest of the claim or of the action denying a claim; the problem here is largely ministerial, but involves also a wide discretionary power, and

State Administrative Supervision of Municipal Indebtedness

State Administrative Supervision of Municipal Indebtedness

State Administrative Supervision over Cities in the United States. By Schuyler C. Wallace. (New York: Columbia University Press. 1928. Pp. 288.)

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Diagnostic Algebra Tests and Remedial Measures

It is the experience and conviction of most high-school principals that they are kept tremendously busy with administrative supervision to the neglect of instructional supervision. Oiling the machinery for the running of the curricular and extra-curricular activities, in addition to the various other duties they are called upon to perform, leaves them altogether too little time for the supervision of classroom exercises. The value of a fifteen-minute visit to a classroom should not be minimized, but infrequent visits, even of this length, are inadequate and unsatisfactory for instructional supervision. There are instances where a principal may observe violations of classroom methods, and yet the results which the teacher obtains at the end of the semester or year are very satisfactory and may be better than the results obtained by teachers whose classroom procedure conforms more closely to recognized practices. The criterion for judging the elements of enthusiasm, interest, thoroughness, student participation, and comprehensiveness of the course should not be limited to infrequent fifteenminute observations.

Local government boards in canada

AbstractFor twenty years American political scientists have seen hope in the principle of flexible state administrative supervision over municipal finance as a substitute for legislative interference and modern limitation, in line with the famous British local government board. In the last six years such boards have developed widely in Canada.

Administrative Supervision of Railways under the Twentieth Section of the Act to Regulate Commerce

The twentieth section in the Act of 1887 was ineffective, 364–365.—Three provisions in the amended section: monthly reports, uniform accounts, special examiners, 365–367.—Operating and capital accounts, and their new supervision, 368.—The four principles underlying the Commission's accounting scheme, 370.—Discount on securities not to be carried as an asset, 370.—Depreciation and betterments accounts regulated, 371.—Surplus to be accurately stated, 372.—Industrial importance of the scheme: greater stability in railway securities, 372–376.—Clarifies relation of rates to cost, 376–377.—Wider influence of confidence in railway accounts, 377–379.—Conclusion; administrative supervision, rather than procedure in the courts, initiated by this regulation of accounts, 379–383.