Administrative Structure Research Articles

Her Cold War: Women in the U.S. Military 1945–1980 by Tanya L. Roth

<i>Her Cold War: Women in the U.S. Military 1945–1980</i> by Tanya L. Roth

A case study on statue of unity: Engineering practices and challenges

The Statue of Unity, the Tallest Statue in the world, is a tribute to SardarVallabhbhai Patel's life, a role model of unity and statesmanship in India.The Statue is built in honour of SardarVallabhbhai Patel is dedicated to the nation.The Statue of Unity is a colossal statue of Indian statesman and independence activist SardarVallabhbhai Patel (1875-1950) who was the first home minister of India and the chief adherent of Mahatma Gandhi during the non-violent Indian Independence movement. Environmental law refers to rules and regulations governing human conduct likely to affect the environment. It reflects the legislative measures, and the administrative and judicial structures to protect the environment. The project includes a canopied bridge to the island, a visitor's centre, a hotel with a conference centre, a transit centre, and a 3.5 km road from the nearby town of Kevadia. This project was launched in 2010 as a public-private partnership model and was completed in 2019. This paper presents the Engineering practices and Challenges faced in building the statue.

ATIVIDADE DE AUDITORIA INTERNA DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA NO CONTEXTO DA INDÚSTRIA 4.0.

The 4th Industrial Revolution, also known as Industry 4.0, is being experienced worldwide. This revolution, which presents itself as a paradigm shift, although it originated in private enterprises, impacts all spheres of society, including the Public Administration and the activities developed within its scope, since society is part of this 4th Industrial Revolution, following the drastic changes that Industry 4.0 has been promoting within industries and private businesses. Thus, citizens as rights holders expect public services to be permeated by this new revolution, being relevant to the collectivity to know the level of technological immersion in which the govern-ment structures are, especially the internal audit structures of the public machine that act as tools to support society concerning the defense of the public res. In this sense, this study aims to address the theme of the audit activity developed internally in the Pub-lic Administration structures under the aspect of digital government and Industry 4.0, through the methodological procedure of exploratory nature, under the approach of qualitative nature, collecting data through the techniques of documentary research under which it was raised the relevant legislation on the subject and bibliographic research in which it was selected and re-viewed several works already published in the main bases of scientific research for the founda-tion of this study.

Ekspansi Islam dan Kebijakan Pemerintahan pada Masa Khalifah Umar bin Khattab

This article describes the time of the caliph Umar bin Khatab in the expansion and spread of Islam outside the Arabian peninsula, as well as the policies taken during his reign. Based on literature studies from various books on the history of Islamic civilization and the journal History of Islamic Civilization, especially those discussing the Caliph Umar bin Khattab, it was found that there was a very rapid expansion of Islam during the time Umar bin Khattab served as caliph. The results of this research first found that the Islamic expansion carried out by Umar expanded not only in the Arabian peninsula, but also extended to various regions such as Damascus, Ajnadain, Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, Persia, Syria, and Nahawand. This expansion is28 very beneficial for Muslims, namely for the development of Islam, as well as upholding Islamic politics and upholding Islamic law. Second, the policies carried out by Umar were ijtihad policies and political policies. Ijtihad policy by changing systems that do not yet exist in the Koran, as well as improving regulations that need to be revised or changed based on the needs and developments of the times. While the political policy is to renew the government structure and state administration structure.

Channeling the capital of others: How Luxembourg came to be asset managers’ “plumber” of choice

This article analyzes the development and growth of the administrative practices and structures necessary for leading asset management companies and other firms to create and sell their “product” of choice: investment funds. To investigate this problematic, I turn to the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, which currently serves as the domicile for over $5 trillion in fund assets. Since the 1980s, Luxembourg's “offshore” financial center has become a leader in providing the “plumbing,” to quote an interviewee of mine, for worldwide asset manager capitalism. On offer in Luxembourg to asset managers are the routine-but-essential tasks such as domiciliation, compliance, calculation of net-asset values, and distributions. After a brief history of the rise of asset manager capitalism and Luxembourg's role in it, I detail the strategies by which the Grand Duchy's financial-center professionals collaborate to devise ways to service the ever-increasing varieties of investment funds for sale today. Having used the Luxembourg financial center as a case study, I conclude the article by arguing that, in order to understand contemporary asset manager capitalism, researchers should pay as much attention to its “collaborating administrators” in locales like Luxembourg as they currently do to its “competing titans of industry” on Wall Street or in the City of London.

Cross-boundary cooperation in wildfire management during the custodial management period of the US Forest Service: A case study of the eastern Cascades of Oregon, USA, 1905–1945

In the U.S., federal, tribal, state, local, and private land management entities seek to implement a wildfire management strategy that spans large spatial extents and multiple ownerships to achieve wildfire risk reduction and forest restoration. This strategy requires cross-boundary cooperation. Cooperative cross-boundary forest management is not new; yet little case study research has documented historical examples. This study provides insight into how potentially overlooked models of cross-boundary cooperation of the past may be applicable to renewed cross-boundary cooperation today. We examined cooperation during the custodial management period (1905–1945) of Forest Service history. This study identifies the governance institutions, partner roles, and practices that promoted the establishment and durability of cross-boundary cooperation under two governance models adopted by the Forest Service and partners. The models are: cooperative federalism, for partnering with state and private landowner local entities – forest protective associations (FPAs); and federal interagency cooperation, for partnering with the Bureau of Indian Affairs Forestry Division, historically responsible for managing tribal lands. Using case study methods, we examined two examples of each model from the eastern Cascades of Oregon, USA. Two governance characteristics promoted durable cooperation, regardless of model: (1) the development of a bundle of cooperation-focused institutions (cross-organizational policy alignment; headquarters-level cooperative policies, laws, and/ or interagency agreements; unit-level cooperative agreements) that linked multiple Forest Service administrative levels (agency headquarters, local unit) to those of partner entities; and (2) the performance of a diversity of partner roles— operating at both headquarters and local levels — that enabled management entities to offset capacity constraints. Several governance characteristics promoted cooperation in the model that engaged private landowners (cooperative federalism). These were: the state-granted authorities of a special purpose district, whereby self-organized FPAs garnered resources and developed and enforced cooperative practices that coordinated upward with state and federal policies; recognition by the state and Forest Service of authorized, local entities that represented private landowners (FPAs) as essential partners; an administrative structure for state transfer of federal funding to local entities, resulting in cost-sharing; and the state’s performance of the roles of cost-sharing administrator and liaison between Forest Service and local entities. We suggest that the more partners can integrate these features into cross-boundary wildfire management cooperation today, the better its chances of establishment and durability.

Stakeholder perspectives on a door-to-door intervention to increase community engagement for malaria elimination in Zanzibar

BackgroundMalaria remains a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. The 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) World Malaria Report indicates a slowing in the decline of malaria incidence since 2015. Malaria prevalence in Zanzibar has been maintained at less than 1% since 2010, however from 2018 to 2021, the annual number of reported malaria cases has gradually increased from 4106 to 9290. Community engagement has been emphasized by the WHO for reducing malaria transmission. To better understand the potential for a door-to-door approach for malaria, a three-month pilot programme was carried out. This qualitative study aimed at understanding stakeholder experiences with the pilot programme and considerations for its implementation.MethodsThrough multistage sampling, four shehias (wards—the lowest administrative structure) with comparatively high (> 1.9 per 1000) and four with low (< 1 per 1000) incidence of local malaria cases were selected and involved in a door-to-door pilot intervention. The qualitative study was conducted after the pilot intervention and employed focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. All field notes were written on paper and audiotaped using digital audio-recorders. Summaries were developed by integrating field notes with reviews of recordings; themes were developed based on the topics identified a priori. Responses for each theme were summarized using an iterative process.ResultsMost community members reported high levels of acceptance of door-to-door interventions. Some factors that might affect implementation of door-to-door include, low risk perception of the disease, local beliefs and practice, lack of initiative from the programme level to involve communities, and political instability during the election period. All Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) recommended this approach for community engagement, however, ensuring adequate resources was identified as a key factor for ensuring its sustainability.ConclusionThe door-to-door intervention was perceived as helpful for promoting community engagement. There are several factors to consider including ensuring that CHVs are provided with adequate education, regular supervision, and have access to essential resources. Community leaders should be fully involved in choosing CHVs that are acceptable to the community. To ensure sustainability, the government should allocate sufficient resources and improve coordination systems.

A deconvolution approach to modelling surges in COVID-19 cases and deaths

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to emphasize the importance of epidemiological modelling in guiding timely and systematic responses to public health threats. Nonetheless, the predictive qualities of these models remain limited by their underlying assumptions of the factors and determinants shaping national and regional disease landscapes. Here, we introduce epidemiological feature detection, a novel latent variable mixture modelling approach to extracting and parameterizing distinct and localized features of real-world trends in daily COVID-19 cases and deaths. In this approach, we combine methods of peak deconvolution that are commonly used in spectroscopy with the susceptible-infected-recovered-deceased model of disease transmission. We analyze the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel, Canada, and Germany and find that the lag time between reported cases and deaths, which we term case-death latency, is closely correlated with adjusted case fatality rates across these countries. Our findings illustrate the spatiotemporal variability of both these disease metrics within and between different disease landscapes. They also highlight the complex relationship between case-death latency, adjusted case fatality rate, and COVID-19 management across various degrees of decentralized governments and administrative structures, which provides a retrospective framework for responding to future pandemics and disease outbreaks.

Making Social Welfare Policy in America: Three Case Studies since 1950

Making Social Welfare Policy in America: Three Case Studies since 1950

New Diseases, Newer Categories: Ayurveda’s Engagement with Epidemics in Travancore

The advent of Western modernity in India, as a by-product of British colonialism, brought about considerable strain within Indian medical traditions. Indigenous medical traditions which were operating within the broad humoral theory of disease causation came to be subjected to the logic of biomedicine. By the late nineteenth century, as the British in India consolidated their state systems and the princely states modelled their administrative structures in accordance with the British state, there was an increased acceptance of biomedical standards against indigenous medical norms. This was further accentuated by the fear of epidemics, which suggested that diseases spread from person to person and could affect large geographic areas bringing death and suffering in its wake. Disease control and management had, therefore, become a major concern for both the state systems in the British presidencies and in the princely states. The prevalence of contagious diseases offered a challenge to reorganize the public health systems of the states, yet they also provided an opportunity to legitimize state sovereignty over the bodies of its subjects. Diseases that were previously seen as localized and situated within culturally specific locales were now increasingly subjected to the governing mechanisms of the state. This paper examines how the medical bureaucratization of Travancore, in the south-western part of the Indian subcontinent, affected local healthcare traditions in the face of expanding fear of epidemics, ultimately led to the reshaping of indigenous medical systems.

Study on spatial distribution and connectivity of Tusi sites based on quantitative analysis

The present study represents the spatial distribution and connection of Chinese Tusi architecture by using Thiessen polygons, fractal theory, and complex networks. The findings indicate that influenced by the concept of the Geomantic omen, the three Tusi sites share a significant degree of similarity in terms of location layout and architecture spatial distribution. Second, environmental factors play a dominant role in dividing network nodes into different clusters of aggregation, with minimal connectivity across clusters. Under the influence of social context, the network structure of the three sites exhibits multi-level centricity, with high-level building nodes, particularly administrative and religious structures, being extremely central. The spatial distribution and network connectedness of Tusi buildings show the merging of mountain nature and society, as well as the merger of ethnic minority cultures and the centralization system. Finally, this study suggests conservation and development strategies for the spatial morphology and network characteristics of Tusi sites.

ЛЮДСЬКИЙ І СОЦІАЛЬНИЙ КАПІТАЛ УКРАЇНИ В ПЕРІОД ЇЇ ПІСЛЯВОЄННОГО ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ

Розпочата РФ війна проти України має цивілізаційний характер, є протистоянням між європейською і євразійською цивілізаціями. Війна спричинила поштовх до глобальних змін у світовому геополітичному і геоекономічному порядку. Світ стає двополярним – США і Китай очолять свої полюси, які віддзеркалюють демократію й автократію. Щоб зайняти в цьому новому світі гідне місце, Україна повинна відродитись у європейській якості свого політичного, соціального і економічного життя. Визначено, що економічне відродження потребує в першу чергу відтворення людського і соціального капіталу країни, адекватного європейським цінностям. Обґрунтовано культурний феномен нації як основу їх відтворення. У формуванні якісного людського і соціального капіталу вирішальне значення має освіта як складова національної культури. Проаналізовано стан сфери вищої і професійної освіти, визначено основні напрями її реформування в контексті повоєнної розбудови держави. Констатовано, що Україна повинна активно відтворювати свій соціальний капітал як здатність громадян до колективних дій заради досягнення спільної мети – вступу до ЄС і НАТО. Для цього державою мають бути створені умови для формування високого рівня довіри як між громадянами, так і громадян до державних структур. Обґрунтовано, що для цього потрібна нові структура і зміст державного управління, головним у якому має стати мінімально можливий рівень централізованого прийняття рішень і управління їх втіленням. Доведено важливість інформаційної політики для стимулювання відродження України, метою якої має бути переконання світу, що Україна є потенційно важливим суб’єктом міжнародних економічних і політичних відносин.

Memory of the Past in the Multi-Ethnic Space of Danube Cities

The article presents the issues of preserving the historical memory of the cities of Southern Bessarabia (the southwestern part of Odesa region, Ukraine). The specific features of the region’s historical development, frequent changes in the state affiliation, intermixture and diversity of confessional and ethnographic aspects contributed to the formation of a special, multicultural and polyethnic habitat for the residents of this region. The region’s cities, formed many centuries ago, demonstrate specific, often unique features of the memory of the past, embodied in the temples, street names, residential buildings, and administrative and fortification structures. The preservation of the urban memory and its popularisation serve as the foundation of human beings who are free from prejudice, protect their identity and are tolerant of their neighbours.

Determinants of accrual accounting adoption: The role of organizational culture

This study aims to investigate the relationship between communication, training, educational background and the adoption of accrual accounting. It also examines whether organizational culture moderates the relationship between these factors and the adoption of accrual accounting. The census sampling method was utilized to choose 44 finance division staff for this investigation. Structural equation modeling (SEM) using Smart PLS version 3.0 was employed in this paper for data analysis. In addition, a systematic questionnaire was issued to the heads of financial divisions and administrative staff in Riau city, Indonesia, in order to collect relevant data. The findings of this study revealed that the adoption of accrual accounting is influenced by communication and training, while educational background has insignificant effect. Furthermore, the interaction between training and communication in accrual accounting adoption is moderated by organizational culture. Meanwhile, organizational culture does not moderate the relationship between educational background toward the adoption of accrual accounting. Therefore, this study assists local governments in providing feedback on the implementation of various government accounting policies. Moreover, it offers information on local government coordination and solutions for accrual-based accounting systems adoption, which can be utilized as a reference for the public and local government in creating and fully adopting relevant policies. Finally, it can be used to establish and improve administrative structures in the public sector.

The Effects of Change in the Administrative Structures of the Provinces on Tourism Acivities During the Transformation Process of the Provinces to a Metropolitan City: A Model Proposal Based on the Ordu Province Practice

Kamunun turizme yönelik görev ve sorumluluklarını irdeleyen, turizm faaliyetlerinde paydaş katılımının, işbirliğinin ve koordinasyonun önemini ortaya koyan çok sayıda araştırma bulunmaktadır. Halkın ortak ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak üzere kurulan yerel yönetim birimleri çevresel bir takım değişimler sonucu yeniden yapılanmaya ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu kapsamda illerin büyükşehire dönüşüm sürecinde yönetsel yapısındaki değişimin ilin turizm faaliyetlerinin gelişimine etkilerinin irdelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu araştırmada, Ordu ilin yönetsel yapısında değişimin ilin turizm faaliyetlerinin gelişimine etkisinde paydaş katılımının aracılık etkisi bir model ile sınanmaktadır. Kavramsal modelde, Ordu ilinin yönetsel yapısındaki değişim, paydaş katılımı (planlama, organize etme, uygulama ve kontrol), ilin turistik destinasyonlarının çekim gücüne etki (erişilebilirlik, üst yapı, alt yapı, sosyo-kültürel, teknoloji, sağlık ve güvenlik, enerji ve çevre) boyutları yer almaktadır. Bu araştırma, literatür taramasına dayalı kuramsal bilgilerden ve Ordu ilinde turizm paydaşı 267 üst yöneticinin yüzyüze görüşmeyle ankete verdiği yanıtların çözümlendiği uygulamadan oluşmaktadır. Veriler SPSS ve AMOS paket programlarında analiz edilmiştir. Ordu ilinin büyükşehire dönüşüm sürecinde yönetsel yapısındaki değişim, ilin turizm faaliyetlerinin gelişimini pozif yönlü etkilediği, etki düzeyinin ise düşük olduğu, buna ilaveten paydaş katılımının ilin turizm faaliyetlerinin gelişimine aracılık ettiği belirlenmiştir.

Clustering spatial networks through latent mixture models

AbstractWe consider a Bayesian model-based clustering technique that directly accounts for network relations between territorial units and their position in a geographical space. This proposal is motivated by a practical problem: to design administrative structures that are intermediate between the municipality and the province within an Italian region based on the existence of a relatively (to population) high commuting flow. In our social network model, the commuting flows are explained by the distances between the municipalities, i.e., the nodes, in a 3-dimensional space, where the 2 actual geographical coordinates and the third latent variable are modelled through a Gaussian mixture.

KWESTIA SŁUŻBY CYWILNEJ W ADMINISTRACJI SAMORZĄDOWEJ – PORAŻKI I ZANIECHANIA OKRESU III RP

The subject of the analysis is the issue of the legitimacy of introducing the civil service model in Polish local government administration. Local self-government authorities have been functioning in Poland since the Second Polish Republic (baseding in this respect on various regulations of the partitioning states and France from the period of the Duchy of Warsaw and the validity of the Napoleonic Code). In the too “pink” and overly optimistic perception of the model of Polish local government, attention should be paid to the areas of omissions and visible failures. For such a failure in the light of the functioning of the territorial self-governments of the Second Polish Republic was the failure to establish voivodeship selfgovernments (apart from two units from the former Prussian and German partitions) and the failure to extend the state civil service (according to the model from February 1922) from state administration to self-government administration. Especially after 1994 (the second self-government election), we had to deal with a kind of appropriation of self-government administration structures by strengthening political parties and local coterie centered around village heads or mayors.

ORGANIZACYJNO-PRAWNE I SYSTEMOWE KONSEKWENCJE WYROKU TRYBUNAŁU KONSTYTUCYJNEGO Z DNIA 15 CZERWCA 2011 R. (K 2/09) W KONTEKŚCIE MOŻLIWOŚCI FUNKCJONOWANIA KORPUSU SŁUŻBY CYWILNEJ W URZĘDZIE KOMISJI NADZORU FINANSOWEGO

The main aim of this article is to analyze the organizational, legal, and systemic implications of the judgement of the Constitutional Tribunal in the context of the possibility that a civil service corps functions in the Polish Financial Supervision Authority (PFSA). The authors put forward and substantiate the thesis that the ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal definitely closed the possibility of establishing a civil service corps in the Polish Financial Supervision Authority, which resulted in significant legal and organizational consequences, both positive and negative. Firstly, it increases the flexibility of human resources management processes in the financial market supervisory authority, and thus permits to enhance the attractiveness of the employment. Secondly, it limits the possibility of interference by the representatives of the executive branch, such as the Prime Minister, in the substantive activities of the staff, as the Prime Minister is not their constitutional chief. Thirdly, closing the possibility of establishing a civil service corps in PFSA, while failing to establish other quality and independence assurances concerning employees of this institution, may negatively affect the quality of the functioning of the state in a holistic approach. As a result of the conducted analysis, it has been established that the systemic and legal status of the PFSA is characterized by a significant level of independence and autonomy. In the opinion of the authors, it is greater than in the case of other regulatory bodies which are also defined in law as central bodies of government administration. The authors also agree with the standpoint of the Constitutional Tribunal, which stated that the KNF Board is a public administration body functioning outside the structures of government administration. Therefore, there is no possibility for a civil service to exist in the PFSA.

KWESTIA SŁUŻBY CYWILNEJ W ADMINISTRACJI SAMORZĄDOWEJ – PORAŻKI I ZANIECHANIA OKRESU III RP

The subject of the analysis is the issue of the legitimacy of introducing the civil service model in Polish local government administration. Local self-government authorities have been functioning in Poland since the Second Polish Republic (baseding in this respect on various regulations of the partitioning states and France from the period of the Duchy of Warsaw and the validity of the Napoleonic Code). In the too “pink” and overly optimistic perception of the model of Polish local government, attention should be paid to the areas of omissions and visible failures. For such a failure in the light of the functioning of the territorial self-governments of the Second Polish Republic was the failure to establish voivodeship selfgovernments (apart from two units from the former Prussian and German partitions) and the failure to extend the state civil service (according to the model from February 1922) from state administration to self-government administration. Especially after 1994 (the second self-government election), we had to deal with a kind of appropriation of self-government administration structures by strengthening political parties and local coterie centered around village heads or mayors.

An Analysis of Policy Options Available to the International Maritime Organization to Protect the Costa Rica Thermal Dome: Building the Case for a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area

Intense maritime traffic threatens marine habitats globally. The Costa Rica Thermal Dome (CRTD) is a biologically productive ocean region that experiences a high volume of maritime traffic, and its location is dynamic, representing a governance challenge for this marine area. The CRTD is a high seas upwelling system influenced part of the year by coastal jet winds off the coast of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. During parts of the year, the CRTD moves into the jurisdictional waters of the adjacent countries (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador). Because there is currently no cross-sectoral coordination or capacity to address multiple threats in high seas areas such as the CRTD, regulation must be implemented on a sector-by-sector basis. This document analyzes tools under the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce the threats from international shipping in the marine environment, with particular emphasis on the CRTD. The IMO has the authority to regulate shipping activity globally and implement precautionary measures to avoid threats such as hazardous and noxious substances, ship-whale strikes, or underwater noise pollution. The following IMO tools were included in the analysis: ship routing measures and speed reductions, a Special Area under the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), and a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA). The results of the analysis concluded that the implementation of a PSSA within the CRTD is the best option to address threats from international shipping, since it can combine a range of Associated Protective Measures under its single administrative structure.