REVIEWS I5 I discusses personal experiences, but these are frequently identified in the footnoteswhich alsorelateNordhof's account to otherprimaryand secondary sources. The book is thus valuable in severalways. It adds to our understandingof European perceptions of Russia as an 'Asiatic'society where Enlightenment notions of civility, propriety, freedom, and dignity did not prevail (an issue discussed in recent years in LarryWolff's Inventing Eastern Europe [Stanford, 1994] and Martin Malia's RussiaUnderWestern Eyes[Cambridge,MA, I999]). Its account of Moscow society and government, especiallythe police, provide a fascinatingglimpse of the everydayworkingsof pre-reformRussian society. And, lastly,his cridecoeur againstthe war itself,and the barbaricinhumanityit unleashed on all sides, is simplygrippingreading. Division ofHistory, Politics, ALEXANDER M. MARTIN andInternational Studies Oglethorpe University, Atlanta,GA Engman, Max. Lejonetdubbelornen: Finlandsimperiella decennier I830-I890. SvenskaHumanistiskaForbundetsSkriftserie,II3. Atlantis, Stockholm, 2000. 403 pp. Notes. Bibliography.Priceunknown. MAX ENGMAN is a senior Finnish historian from the Swedish-speaking community and this book is a collection of papers about the relationship between Finlandand Russia after i 809. The book ispart of the debate among Finnish historiansabout the interpretationof the period when their country, as an autonomous Grand Duchy, was incorporated in the Russian Empire. The nationalisthistoriansfocused on the last two decades, I897-I9I7, when there was a confrontation between the imperial government, concerned by the securitythreatto St Petersburgand the pressurefrom Finnishnationalists forwiderautonomywithinthe Empire,andby implication,eventualsovereign independence. After independence Finland's historians developed a wholly negative interpretation of the country's relationship with imperial Russia. Now a revisionistschool has developed which stressesthat for the firsteight decades after I809 the relationship of Finland and the imperial government had been positive and advantageous for both parties. Under the security ensuredby Russia, Finlandwas able to develop from one of Europe'spoorest marginal regions into a modern liberal-capitalistsociety. Engman, together with colleagues like Matti Klinge and Osmo Jussila has pointed out that whatever his ultimate intentions, Alexander I, in I809, took pride in having raised Finland into the community of nations, and endowed the former Swedishprovincewith the institutionsof an embryonationalstate,which later assistedthe development of Finnishnationalism. The most interestingpart of this collection for the non-specialiststudent of history is the opening essay, which discusses Russo-Finnish relations since I809 and the lessons that can be learned from its early, positive phase. Engman suggests that this experience has relevance both to the 'special relationship'between Finlandand the Soviet Union after 1944, and Finland's current enthusiasm for participation in the European Union. The detailed I52 SEER, 8o, I, 2002 articles are divided into two sections. The first looks at how groups and individuals from Finland exploited the career prospects opened up by membership of a multi-national Empire. The children of Finland's nobility, who were educated at the exclusive militarycadet school at Hamina, gained accessto servicein the Russianarmyand navy, and theirreputationforloyalty and efficiency often led on to careers in civil administration,both in Finland and the rest of the Empire. In Alaska, three of its Governors-generalwere Finns, as were a third of its settler population. Finnish-born officers were involved in suppressing rebellions from Poland to Chechnya, affirmingthe loyalty of the Grand Duchy's inhabitants. From i83 I-33, Russian recruiters were permitted to come to Finland to hire Finnish volunteers to serve as substitutes for Russian landlords, or urban artisans who had to supply conscripts for the army. An article provides a study of how this widespread European practice of buying out of conscription actually worked. Other studies cover engineers, who were educated in Finland far in excess of the numbersthat itseconomy could absorb,who builtroads,bridgesand railways all over the empire, and serviced the machinery of its early industrial development. Another group were the seamen, following a long established tradein Finnishsociety,who enlistedin both the inlandand oceanic merchant marine. These studies illustratehow Finland's inclusion in the Empire after I809 created careerpossibilitiesfor Finnsthatthey would never have enjoyed had they remained in the remote eastern-frontierprovince of the kingdom of Sweden. The second group of studies concerns the history of the Finnish emigrant community in St Petersburg.Until 1917, it was the second largest Finnish urban community. The firstpaper analyseshow the establishmentof St Petersburginfluenced the subsequenthistoryof Finland. There are studies...