Administrative Style Research Articles

The Relationship between Teachers and School Professional Staff’s Retention and Managerial Styles

The retention of teachers and school professional staff is a challenge for the development and management of schools, particularly for international schools with difficulties in recruiting qualified teachers and school professional staff from overseas. However, only a few research projects have focused on how administrative styles influence the turnover of international school teachers and school professional staff. The researcher collected data from two semi-structured interview sessions with 51 international school teachers who have taught at an international school for more than a decade in one of two metropolitan districts in mainland China. This project aims, through the lens of Social Cognitive Career Theory, to understand why international school teachers and school professional staff decide to stay in a particular international school for their teaching career development. The participants indicated “acknowledgement from upper leadership”, “classroom/workplace authorities”, and “well-established facilities” to explain their current occupation as experienced international school teachers. The findings also outline potential solutions which could control the high turnover rate in international schools and local schools in the East Asian regions.

The Influence of Classical Islamic Modernism on the Qur’an Comments: The Example of Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi Yazır

Klasik İslâm Modernizmi, Müslümanların ıslahını, silkinmesini ve medeniyet yarışında tekrar sahne almasını sağlamak amacıyla, dini/Kur’ân’ı ve buna bağlı müktesebâtı yeniden yorumlama çabalarına tekabül eden bir akımdır. Modern çağda Cemaleddin Afgânî ve Muhammed Abduh tarafından başlatılan bu hareket ile Osmanlı İslâmcılığı arasında zamanlama, metot ve çözüm önerileri bakımından bir takım benzerlik ve paralellikler bulunmaktadır. Söz konusu etkileşim Cumhuriyet Türkiye’sinde de sürmüş, Kur’ân, bu dönemde hidâyet ve sosyolojik fayda ekseninde tefsire konu olmuştur.Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır, Meşrutiyet öncesi, Meşrutiyet ve Cumhuriyet dönemlerinde Klasik İslâm Modernizmi’nin Kur’ân yorumlarından etkilenen âlim ve mütefekkirlerden biridir. O, müellifi olduğu “Hak Dini Kur’ân Dili” adlı tefsir kitabını, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nin talebi üzerine hazırlamıştır. Bu durum, Elmalılı’nın çalışmamıza konu olmasında etkili olmuştur. Bununla birlikte o, Meşrutiyet öncesi ve sonrasıyla Osmanlı’nın son dönemine ve Cumhuriyet dönemine de şahit olmuştur. Diğer taraftan, Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi’nde birçok müfessir ve Kur’ân araştırmacısının Klasik İslâm Modernizmi’nden etkilemiş olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bu haliyle konu bir makale boyutunu aşacağından dolayı, çalışmamızda tefsir konusunda Cumhuriyet döneminin sembol ismi olan Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır ile yetinmeyi uygun gördük. Klasik İslâm Modernizmi’nin en olumlu yönü, Müslümanların problemleriyle Kur’ân ayetleri arasında bağlantı kurmaları ve âyetlerin manalarını güncelleyerek toplumsal sorunlara Kur’ân eksenli çözüm arayışına girmeleridir. İşin diğer olumlu yönü, söz konusu âyetlerin, bu konularla sınırlandırılıp dondurulmamış olmasıdır.

Head teacher leadership style and secondary school students’ academic performance in Abi Local Government Area of Cross River State

This study examines the relationship between head teacher leadership style and mathematics student’s academic performance in Abi local government area of Cross river state, Nigeria. Three null hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. A random stratified sampling technique was used to select or sample one hundred and ninety (190) students and ten (10) head teachers from the population of the study. Two instruments were developed for data collection known as Head Teacher Leadership Style Questionnaire (HTLSQ) and mathematics achievement test (MAT). Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) was used to analyze all the three null hypothesis. The findings revealed that: there is a significant positive relationship between democratic leadership style and student’s academic performance and there is no significant relationship between laissez fair leadership style and student’s academic performance. It was concluded that head teacher leadership style influence student’s academic performance. It was therefore recommended that head teachers should undergo in-service training on leadership style of administration of schools and as a matter of concern use mostly the democratic leadership style.Keywords: head teacher, leadership, democratic, laissez fair, academic performances

Comparison of working conditions in kindergartens and pre-primary classrooms in Turkey

ABSTRACT The Ministry of National Education (MoNE) in Turkey operates two kinds of public school for pre-school education: kindergartens, and pre-primary classrooms. The former are specifically for young children aged 36–60 months old, whilst the latter fall under the administration of primary schools and are for children aged up to 60 months old. An instrumental case study was chosen as the study design to examine the differences between the two school types. The purpose of this study is to compare working conditions in kindergarten and pre-primary classrooms based on the experiences of 70 pre-school education teachers (60 females, 10 males), 35 of whom worked in kindergartens and 35 in pre-primary classrooms. This study revealed distinct differences between two kinds of pre-school education schools, which appeared in their physical and educational environments, administrative styles, relationships in school, workloads and the ultimate choice of school based on these differences.

Social media adoption by Audit Institutions. A comparative analysis of Europe and the United States

Several authors and international organizations have recommended that public sector Audit Institutions use social media (SM) to communicate with and engage stakeholders, but the adoption and use of these tools by Audit Institutions has remained unexplored. This paper analyzes the presence of Audit Institutions in Web 2.0 and SM tools, in the EU and US, at regional and central government level, in order to answer the following research questions: What is the level of adoption of Web 2.0 and SM tools among Audit Institutions? Can any patterns of adoption be identified? What factors are related to the adoption of Web 2.0 and SM tools? What is the main objective of the content published? What is the number of followers and the level of citizen awareness? Results show that the adoption of Web 2.0 and SM tools by Audit Institutions is at an initial stage. There are differences in adoption between Supreme and Regional Audit Institutions, among the different public administration styles, and depending on the population size and level of use of SM and previous levels of transparency at country level. This results in predictable patterns of adoption consistent with path dependencies derived from the institutional context and citizen demands. The number of followers and citizens' awareness is generally low and the contents published rarely aim at encouraging stakeholder participation. Based on these findings, theoretical and practical implications are highlighted.

Why isn't everyone using the thermotolerant vaccine? Preferences for Newcastle disease vaccines by chicken-owning households in Tanzania.

Understanding preferences for veterinary vaccines in low and middle-income countries is important for increasing vaccination coverage against infectious diseases, especially when the consumer is responsible for choosing between similar vaccines. Over-the-counter sales of vaccines without a prescription gives decision-making power to consumers who may value vaccine traits differently from national or international experts and vaccine producers and distributers. We examine consumer preferences for La Sota and I-2 Newcastle disease vaccines in Tanzania to understand why two vaccines co-exist in the market when I-2 is considered technically superior because of its thermotolerance. Household survey and focus group results indicate consumers perceive both vaccines to be effective, use the two vaccines interchangeably when the preferred vaccine is unavailable, and base preferences more on administration style than thermotolerance. Considering the consumers’ perspectives provides a way to increase vaccination coverage by targeting users with a vaccine that fits their preferences.

ЛЕКСИКО-СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ РУССКОГОЯЗЫКА: ТРОПЫ В АДМИНИСТРАТИВНОМ СОЦИОЛЕКТЕ (Lexical and Syntactic Problems of the Russian Language: Paths in the Administrative Sociolect)

Russian Abstract: Цель работы – исследовать лексико-синтаксические средства выразительности речи, используемые в административном социолекте. Коммуникативная некомпетентность представителей власти становится проблемой для развития речевой культуры российского общества. Язык политических лидеров, публичных деятелей, на наш взгляд, является речевым образцом, стандартом для всего общества. Изучая административно-политический дискурс, можно отследить динамику основных тенденций современного русского языка: демократизацию и модернизацию речи. Использование лексико-синтаксических средств выразительности речи не свойственно административному социолекту, который находится в рамках официально-деловогостиля. Однако результаты исследования демонстрируют активное употребление тропов в устной речи представителей органов власти. Такой процесс имеет положительные факторы, в числе которых обогащение языка власти, отказ от архаичного административного стиля, расширение активного словарного запаса носителей административного социолекта. С другой стороны, использование лексико-синтаксических средств выразительности речи сопровождается использованием лексики разной стилистической окрашенности, нарушением норм современного русского литературного языка, наличием большого количества речевых ошибок. Вышеперечисленные процессы ухудшают качество деловой коммуникации, затрудняют интерпретацию речи, негативно влияют на имиджевую составляющую представителей властных структур. Решением проблемы, на наш взгляд, является повышенное внимание к русскому языку со стороны общества и государства, а также совершенствование коммуникативной компетенции представителей властных структур в рамках дополнительного профессионального образования. English Abstract: The aim of the work is to study lexical and syntactic means of speech expressiveness used in the administrative sociolect. Communicative incompetence of the authorities has become a problem, impeding the development of speech culture in Russian society. In our opinion, the language of government officials, political leaders and public figures is a speech model, a standard for the whole society. By studying the administrative and political discourse, it is possible to trace the dynamics of the main trends in the modern Russian language: democratization and modernization of speech. The use of lexical and syntactical means of speech expressiveness is not typical of the administrative sociolect, which is found within the framework of the official business style. However, the results of the study demonstrate the active use of tropes in the oral speech of the representatives of government bodies. This process has its positive aspects, including the enrichment of the language of power, the rejection of the archaic administrative style and the expansion of the active vocabulary of the administrative sociolect speakers. On the other hand, the use of lexical and syntactic means of speech expressiveness is accompanied by the use of vocabulary of different stylistic color, violation of the norms of the modern Russian literary language and the presence of numerous speech errors. All these factors have a negative influence on the quality of business communication impeding speech comprehension and spoiling the image of members of power structures. The solution to the problem, in our opinion, is increasing attention to the Russian language on the part of society and the state, as well as improving the communicative competence of members of government structures in the framework of further professional education.

Amaicciyal’ in Dr.Mahathir Mohammed’s political leadership

  Political leaders possess different styles of administration. Every style has certain characteristics. This research paper focuses on the political leadership characteristics portrayed by the World famous Malaysian Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohammed as in Thirukkural under the chapter of ‘Amaicciyal’ (Political leadership). Thirukkural being one of the oldest works in Tamil Literature deals with everyday virtues of an individual in all aspects. Thus an in- depth focus into the ‘Amaiciyal’ and the current leader will help to prove that this scripture which is being old in nature but the messages emerged are still relevant, applicable and timely. As a conclusion this article tries to establish with relevant examples the immense contribution of Thirukkural to the world of political leadership.   Key Words: Political leadership, Thirukkural, Amaicciyal, leadership characteristics, Dr.Mahathir   ஆய்வுச்சுருக்கம்   அரசியல் தலைவர்கள் தலைமைத்துவத்தின்  வெவ்வேறு வடிவங்களைக் கொண்டிருக்கிறார்கள். ஒவ்வொரு பாணியிலும் சில சிறப்பியல்புகள் உள்ளன. இந்த ஆராய்ச்சிக் கட்டுரை உலக அரசியலில் புகழ்பெற்ற மலேசிய பிரதம மந்திரி டாக்டர் மகாதிர் முகம்மது அவர்களின் அரசியல் தலைமையின் குணாதிசயங்களை திருக்குறளின் 'அமைச்சியல்’ (அரசியல் தலைமைத்துவம்) அதிகாரத்தின் கோணத்திலிருந்து  சித்தரிக்கிறது. தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில் பழமையான படைப்புகளில் ஒன்றான திருக்குறள் அனைத்து அம்சங்களிலும் ஒரு தனி நபரின் அன்றாட நல்லொழுக்கங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. எனவே, வள்ளுவரின் அமைச்சியலை தற்கால தலைவர்களுடன் ஒப்பிடுவதால், இந்நூல் காலத்தால் பழைமை வாய்ந்ததாயினும், அதிலுள்ள கருத்துகள் தற்காலத்துக்கும் பொருந்துவதைச் சுட்டிக்காட்ட முடிகிறது. ​​இக்கட்டுரை அரசியல் தலைமைதுவத்தை உலகிற்கு திருக்குறளின் மகத்தான பங்களிப்புடன் பொருத்தமான உதாரணங்களுடன் எடுத்துக்காட்ட முற்படுகிறது.   குறிப்புச் சொற்கள் : அரசியல் தலைமைதுவம், திருக்குறள், அமைச்சியல், தலைமைத்துவ பாணி, டாக்டர் மகாதீர்.

Filling in the gaps: The interpretation of curricula vitae in peer review.

In this article, we study the use of curricula vitae (CV) for competitive funding decisions in science. The typically sober administrative style of academic résumés evokes the impression of straightforwardly conveyed, objective evidence on which to base comparisons of past achievements and future potentials. We instead conceptualize the evaluation of biographical evidence as a generative interplay between an historically grown, administrative infrastructure (the CV), and a situated evaluative practice in which the representational function of that infrastructure is itself interpreted and established. The use of CVs in peer review can be seen as a doubly comparative practice, where referees compare not only applicants (among each other or to an imagined ideal of excellence), but also their own experience-based understanding of practice and the conceptual assumptions that underpin CV categories. Empirically, we add to existing literature on peer review by drawing attention to self-correcting mechanisms in the reproduction of the scientific workforce. Conceptually, we distinguish three modalities of how the doubly comparative use of CVs can shape the assessment of applicants: calibration, branching out, and repair. The outcome of this reflexive work should not be seen as predetermined by situational pressures. In fact, bibliographic categories such as authorship of publications or performance metrics may themselves come to be problematized and reshaped in the process.

C-34 An Investigation into the Multicultural Properties of the Clock Drawing Test: Findings from a Russian-speaking Sample

Abstract Objective The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a screening instrument for cognitive impairment known for its quick and easy administration style. Studies have examined if different qualitative errors on the CDT discriminate cognitive impairment from normal aging. Moreover, current research has investigated qualitative errors on the CDT in various populations (i.e. Brazil, Japan, Korea). To the best of the authors’ knowledge however, there has been no previous research on qualitative errors seen on the CDT within Russian-speaking populations. To address this gap, the present study examined qualitative errors committed on the CDT by native Russian-speakers compared to English-speaking counterparts. Method Data was retrospectively collected from a sample comprised of 13 Russian-speaking immigrants and 29 English-speakers. All participants were seen for neuropsychological testing at an outpatient clinic in eastern Massachusetts and diagnosed with major neurocognitive disorder. Results Contingency analysis revealed no significant differences in qualitative errors when comparing Russian-speakers with major neurocognitive disorder to English-speakers diagnosed with the same. Conclusions Due to similar frequencies of qualitative errors between these groups, these results suggest that the CDT may have broad utility for assessing gross cognitive functioning regardless of a patient’s native language or cultural background.

DOMINANT ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN FACULTIES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION: APPLIED STUDY OF FACULTY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION – UNIVERSITY OF JORDAN

The current research aims to measure the dominant organizational culture inside Faculties ‎of physical education with specific application on the faculty of physical education – ‎Jordan University‎. The researcher used the descriptive approach‎. Research community included all workers and faculty members of faculty of physical ‎education for men – Jordan University (n=556). Main sample (n=176) was chosen ‎purposefully in addition to another (30) persons chosen as a pilot sample. The researcher designed and validated ‎-‎ The Type of Dominant Organizational Culture Questionnaire designed (TDOC-‎Q)‎. Results indicated that: ‎-For axis one (Types of Leadership and Administration): results of perceived ‎administration indicated that (44) participants agreed on the supportive type of ‎organizational culture while (49) agreed on procedural type for types and styles ‎of administration, (46) agreed on supportive type for quality responsibility, (48) ‎agreed on supportive type for inclusive change and improvement, (44) agreed on ‎supportive type for motivation, (47) agreed on creative type for leadership type ‎and finally (45) agreed on supportive type for workers’ participation. ‎ ‎-‎For axis two (Administrative Structure): (45) agreed on supportive type for ‎administrative communication, (51) agreed on supportive type for work groups, ‎‎(58) agreed on supportive type for clarity of objectives and tasks and (47) agreed ‎on supportive type for education, training and qualification. ‎ ‎-‎For axis three (Human Resources): (42) agreed on bureaucratic type for external ‎agents, (48) agreed on procedural type for internal agents and (47) agreed on ‎supportive type for problem solving. ‎ ‎-‎For axis four (Academic and Educational Processes): (38) agreed on both ‎creative and supportive types ‎ ‎-‎For axis five (Continuous Improvement and Development): (45) agreed on ‎creative type ‎ ‎-‎For axis six (Policies, Procedures and Principles): (62) agreed on creative type ‎ ‎-‎For axis seven (Laws, Rules and Regulations): (48) agreed on supportive type ‎ ‎-‎For axis eight (Performance Evaluation): (40) agreed on supportive type

Fulfilling Set Objectives: A Case Study of Teacher Development in Two Primary Schools in Beijing

Purpose: This study aims to reveal the recent characteristics of school-based teacher development (STD) in China since it is perceived as a key measure to achieve success in raising educational quality in the country. Design/Approach/Methods: A qualitative research approach with in-depth interviews of 18 teachers at two primary schools in Beijing was used. Findings: Through the lens of cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT), it was observed that the objectives adaptation of teacher communities was made under the control of the District Education Bureau. STD provides the venue for ordinary teachers to learn, understand, and implement the teaching initiatives promoted by the district. Teacher communities at school level therefore implement continuous professional development initiatives promoted by Education Bureau teaching research officers. Originality/Value: This article argues that the administrative style of local government affected teacher community’s object, rules, and division of labor. It also contributes an indigenous interpretation of the CHAT theory.

Is there performance convergence in OECD public administration styles?

AbstractThis article contributes to the assessment of the comparative evolution of the public sector performance, productivity and efficiency of 22 OECD countries in the first decade of this century. Overall results show that the average public sector productivity of Anglo‐Saxon countries is higher than that of European Continental and Nordic countries, but the inequality of the distribution of wealth is also bigger. Although the administrative culture of the countries studied influences the areas on which public policies are focused, there is more than one route to improve the performance and productivity of the public sector.

Transference Leadership For Heads Educational Management In AFIF Province And Its Relation With Job Satisfaction For Educational Supervisors

The study aimed to: - Identifying with the degree of The practice of heads educational management for type of transference leadership from the views of supervisors. - Acquaintance with the level of job satisfaction of educational supervisors in Afif Educational management. - Recognizing the statistical significance relation between the practice of heads educational management degrees' in Afif Educational management for the style of transference leadership and job satisfaction of educational Study Methodology: The researcher used the descriptive method (survey ) & descriptive method (Correlative) Study Population and Sample: The study population consists of all heads educational department and educational supervisor whether they are mails or females in Educational Management of AFIF. Study Tool: The researcher built tow questionnaires, the first questionnaire to measure using of the transference leadership and it consist of two parts one is personal information anther is phrases for measuring the practice of heads educational management degrees' in Afif Educational management from the points of view of educational supervisors , also it contain forth transference leadership diminutions( typical effective, mental- excitation, personal considerations, accusatory motivation) in (39) sentences. The second questionnaire to measure the level of educational supervisors' job satisfaction in (28) sentences. Moreover, the researcher used the fifth Grading scale to measure the responses of study sample. Study Results: the results of the study can firmed the following: - The overall average of total to the degree of transference leadership applying for Heads Department (4,10) , so this is the mean between fourth category which indicated to high degree. - The general average of the responses of the study sample at the axis of educational supervisors job satisfaction for in Educational management in AFIF that is mean (3,85 over 5) indicated to (high) degree of study tool. The results proved that there is connective, direct, strong relation & statistical function at (0,01) between the practice of heads educational management degrees' in Afif Educational management for the style of transference leadership and job satisfaction of educational. Also, the result show that connective the relation between general degree of the measure of transference leadership and general degree of the measure of job satisfaction is (0,56) , so it is positive direct relation. Study Recommendations: - Encouraging and training the Heads of educational management to be attention in knowing the weakness points about their work which is hinder the transference leadership practice. - Caring of training and qualifying staff who have primitive readiness for having transference leadership properties and characters. - Necessity of hold periodical specialist courses to create leaders and trine them about modern administrative styles that make job satisfaction for personnel.

EMERGING PRACTICES IN FACEBOOK AT NATIONAL PARKS

The main purpose of this paper is to contribute to analyze recent data about the behavior of national park administrations on Facebook. As public organizations, they endeavor to proactively communicate information to citizens, promoting transparency and accountability. It is important to study the case of national parks because of their relevant role in preserving natural and cultural heritage and promoting a very rich scenario of policy-making and responsible local and global citizenship. Some insights have arisen for political management of these institutions. According to the analysis of the results, it is shown that there exists a significant presence of these entities in Facebook, even if this type of communication is perhaps in its infancy. The results suggest that a potential factor (country in which each park is located and the corresponding administration style) exists, in order to explain significant differences between parks.

Multicultural Project Management Connectedness to National Culture: Case Study, the Nigerian System

Adapting to a formalized management style in this era of globalization represents an important managerial duty in various multicultural organizations of which project managers should be aware of. Inter-cultural competency such as understanding the major cultural differences between people from different locations and its integration to project management practices are critical to the success of modern project managers. National culture plays significant role in the growth of an organization and it is very relevant in choosing specific management style in an organization that is culturally diverse in terms of employability. This study investigates the impacts and the relationship between national culture and different management styles of a multicultural project manager. The benefits of culturally diverse teams and project management processes are inherent in vast mixture of different points of view, values, skills and talents. The study makes use of qualitative methodology to investigate non-numeric facts and also the quantitative approach to quantify data using feedbacks from various respondents to choose a hypothesis. A questionnaire was developed to capture various views from industry professionals. In summary, National culture has a direct relationship with multicultural project manager in Nigeria and the most practiced and viable management style in Nigeria is the administrative management style.

The Russian Musical Society under Royal Patronage

The patronage of the Russian Musical Society from the Romanov imperial family presents an important but insufficiently studied cultural-historical phenomenon. In pre-revolutionary historiography the picture of royal patronage was demonstrated in an idealized vein, while all the negative sides were suppressed. During the Soviet period as the result of the ideological orientations the attitudes toward this phenomenon were entirely negative and biased: its role in the support and development of professional musical education in Russia was totally ignored. At the present time, along with the disclosure of previously inaccessible archival sources, there appeared the opportunity to reveal in new light the role of the royal patrons in the formation and development of the Russian Musical Society, its concert and musical enlightening activities, personal aid to separate performers and composers and to musical ensembles. The main aim of the present article consists in a complex characterization of the activities of the representatives of the grandducal family of the Konstantinoviches, who during the course of thirty-six years fulfilled the functions of patrons and took up the post of chairmen at the Russian Musical Society. The author analyzes the mechanisms of transmission of the full commanding powers from one member of the family to another, and examines various administrative styles. Methods of comparative source study are applied. The conclusion is arrived at that, depending on the situation and on the conditions of affairs at the Russian Musical Society and the conservatories, the patronage tended to acquire unexpected means of inactivation. Keywords: Imperial Russian Musical Society (IRMS), royal patronage, the St. Petersburg Conservatory, the Moscow Conservatory, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich, Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich.

Conflict Management Styles (Dominating and Compromising) of Academic Administration and Its Impact on Faculty Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention

Generally, conflict is considered as normal in personnel interaction at work place. Normally it is conceptualized as destructive factor but in actual how conflict is deal, determine whether it is productive or counterproductive. Employee negative and positive outcomes depend upon the efficient handling of conflict by conflict management at workplace. This study has been carried out in public universities of Sindh Province including University of Sindh, Mehran University of Information and Technology and Liaquat Medical Collage. 150 questionnaires were used to derived results. Questionnaire were distributed to faculty members of universities. Results demonstrate that if supervisor at work place exercise dominating management style then employees feel psychological withdrawal from work e.g. Turnover Intentions however employees revealed more satisfied from supervisor who demonstrate compromising conflict management style at workplace. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the role of conflict management styles and their impact on employee work related attitudes e.g. job satisfaction and turnover intention.

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON GLOBAL DIMENSION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS & BIODIVERSITY

Intellectual property rights (IPR) have been characterized as thoughts, innovations, and inventive articulations in view of which there is an open readiness to give the status of property. IPR give certain selective rights to the designers or makers of that property, keeping in mind the end goal to empower them to receive business rewards from their imaginative endeavors or notoriety. There are a few sorts of licensed innovation security like patent, copyright, trademark, and so on. Patent is an acknowledgment for a development, which fulfills the criteria of worldwide curiosity, nonconspicuousness, and modern application. IPR is essential for better recognizable proof, arranging, commercialization, rendering, and accordingly assurance of innovation or innovativeness. Every industry ought to advance its own IPR arrangements, administration style, methodologies, et cetera relying upon its zone of strength. Agri-Product industry at present has a developing IPR methodology requiring a superior concentration and approach in the coming time.

Bureaucratic influence and administrative styles in international organizations

While a consensus seems to be emerging that bureaucracies of international organizations are of growing relevance for policy-making beyond the nation-state, we still do not systematically understand if and how exactly international bureaucracies seek to influence policy. Most importantly, there is a lack of concepts for a comparative assessment of bureaucratic influence across different International Organizations. This article addresses this shortcoming by offering a conceptualization of administrative styles. Depending on dominant strategic orientations shaping administrative routines, we identify four ideal types: a servant style, an advocacy style, a consolidator style, and an entrepreneurial style. We argue that the variation in administrative styles across different organizations can be explained by two factors, namely the internal and external challenges they face. The concept and theoretical explanation are illustrated in four case studies on the bureaucracies of the International Monetary Fund, the Bank for International Settlements, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Labor Organization.