Administration Of Yogurt Research Articles

Specially designed yogurt supplemented with combination of pro- and prebiotics relieved constipation in mice and humans

ObjectiveFunctional constipation is a gastrointestinal disorder that affects millions of people and is correlated with gut microbiome dysbiosis. The currently available treatments are ineffective; therefore, novel treatment schemes targeting the gut microbiome are desired. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of yogurt supplemented with seven probiotic strains and six types of dietary fibers on functional constipation. MethodsIn the mouse study, mice with induced constipation were administered the yogurt once a day for 1 wk, with fecal parameters and intestinal transit rate measured. In the clinical study, participants with constipation (N = 86) were given the yogurt once daily (200 g) for 4 wk. Fecal and blood samples along with Patient Assessment of Constipation-symptoms and Patient Assessment of Constipation–Quality of Life Scale questionnaires were collected to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the yogurt. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed to analyze fecal samples of both mice and humans. ResultsWe found that constipated mice had different gut microbiomes compared with those in healthy controls; yogurt treatment significantly relieved constipation-related symptoms and resulted in shifts in the microbiome. Yogurt also relieved symptoms of antibiotic-induced constipation in mice and restored the gut microbiome to a certain extent. In the clinical trial with 86 patients, yogurt administration significantly improved constipation symptoms and showed no serious adverse effects (was generally considered safe). However, subsequent metagenomic profiling of the gut microbiome did not reveal significant changes in the microbial composition, in contrast to the results in mice. We hypothesize that the differences in dosage between mice and humans may attribute to such discrepancies, and microbiome changes may not be necessary for improvements of constipation symptoms in humans. ConclusionResults from this study showed that yogurt can potentially be used for the treatment of constipation.

Synbiotic yogurt containing konjac mannan oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB12 alleviates constipation in mice by modulating the stem cell factor (SCF)/c-Kit pathway and gut microbiota

Synbiotic dietary supplements, as an effective means of regulating the gut microbiota, may have a beneficial effect on constipation. This study evaluated the effects of synbiotic yogurt containing konjac mannan oligosaccharides (KMOS) and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB12 (BB12) on constipated Kunming mice (the model group). Following administration of yogurt containing 2.0% KMOS and BB12 (YBK2.0), black fecal weight and number and gastrointestinal transit rate increased by 97.5, 106.3, and 55.7%, respectively, compared with the model group. Serum levels of excitability neurotransmitters (motilin, substance P, and acetylcholine) in the YBK2.0 group were increased by 139.7, 120.4, and 91.8%, respectively, and serum levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters (vasoactive intestinal peptide, nitric oxide, and acetylcholine) were decreased. Moreover, synbiotic yogurt supplementation significantly downregulated the expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 (VIPR1) and upregulated the expression of serotonin receptor 4 (5-HT4) in the colon, and enhanced the expression of the stem cell factor (SCF)/c-Kit pathway. Additionally, YBK2.0 treatment significantly regulated the community composition and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of gut microbiota, which were positively correlated with physiological parameters of constipation. Thus, supplementation with synbiotic yogurt composed of KMOS and BB12 could facilitate fecal excretion by regulating related pathways and the gut microbiota. These findings demonstrated that the synbiotic yogurt can be considered a functional food for alleviating constipation.

ASSESSMENT OF CAMEL MILK YOGURT AS A COGENT APPROACH ON STREPTOZOTOCIN (STZ) INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS IN SPRAGUE - DAWLEY RATS

According to Global report of World Health Organization (WHO) on diabetes, a predictable frequency of diabetes in the grown-up populace has nearly elevated 2-fold since 1980 from 4.7% to 8.5%. Altogether, mainstream of individuals is suffering from Type 1 diabetes mellitus of all diabetes cases which is a serious metabolic disorder and frightening state of cases booming annually. Camel milk, fresh/ fermented has the properties to be acknowledging for its potential effect for the cure of diabetes mellitus type 1. The higher concentration of insulin/insulin mimics particles in camel milk, like half cysteine, small sized immunoglobulins and their optimistic impact on beta cells and resistance to coagulation in acidic environment of stomach contributes to hypoglycemic effect in type 1 diabetes. The persistence of this study was the evaluation of camel milk yogurt on experimental Sprague-Dawley rats for type 1 diabetes. Two types of studies were conducted with four groups depending upon the diet. The analysis of serum glucose, insulin levels, liver and kidney functioning tests, and hematological analysis were performed to access the therapeutic potential of camel milk yogurt during efficacy trials. Serum glucose and insulin results showed that camel milk yogurt exhibited 3.69 % reduction of serum glucose level in study-I (fed on cow milk yogurt) whereas, 13.88% reduction was reported in study-II (fed on camel milk yogurt). Insulin concentration was increased 1.84 % in study-I whereas, 15.22 % was increased in study-II. Categorically, insulin percentage increment enlightened that induction of camel milk yogurt to subjects revealed better results in comparison to cow milk yogurt. The protective perspectives of camel milk yogurt supplementation to rats did not impart any deleterious effect on biochemical markers of the rats. Overall research showed that camel milk yogurt administration improved the clinical symptoms of diabatic rats along with minimal determental effects on health stratum of rats group.

Long-term administration of yoghurt improves spatial memory in mice

Long-term administration of yoghurt improves spatial memory in mice

Effect of Honey & Olive Oil Supplemented Bio-Yoghurt Feeding on Lipid Profile, Blood Glucose and Hematological Parameters in Rats

Background and Objective: Yoghurt, especially bio-yoghurt has long been recognized as a product with many health benefits for consumers. Also, honey and olive oil have considerable nutritional and health effects. So, the effect of administration of yoghurt made using ABT culture and fortified with honey (2 and 6%), olive oil (1 and 4%) or honey + olive oil (2+1 and 6+4% respectively) on some biological and hematological properties of rats was investigated.Methods:The body weight gain, serum lipid level, blood glucose level, serum creatinine level, Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) activity, Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) activity, leukocytes and lymphocytes counts of rats were evaluated.Results:Blending of bio-yoghurt with rats' diet improved body weight gain. Concentrations of Total plasma Cholesterol (TC), High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and Triglycerides (TG) significantly lowered in plasma of rats fed bio-yoghurt. Levels of TC, LDL, VLDL, and TG also decreased in rat groups feed bio-yoghurt supplemented with honey and olive oil. LDL concentrations were reduced by 10.32, 18.51, 34.17, 22.48, 43.30% in plasma of rats fed classic starter yoghurt, ABT yoghurt, ABT yoghurt contained 6% honey, ABT yoghurt contained 4% olive oil and ABT yoghurt contained 6% honey + 4% olive oil respectively. The blood glucose, serum creatinine, GOT and GPT values of rats decreased while white blood cells and lymphocytes counts increased by feeding bioyoghurt contained honey and olive oil.Conclusion:The findings enhanced the multiple therapeutic effects of bio-yoghurt supplemented with honey and olive oil.

Potential Antidiabetic Activities of Probiotic Strains, <i>L. acidophilus</i> and <i>L. bulgaricus</i> against Fructose-Fed Hyperglycemic Rats

Background: Deregulation of the gut microbiota results in various pathological disorders such as diabetes, inflammation, cancer, dyslipidemia etc. Modulation of intestinal microbiota by probiotics may facilitate the management of a number of clinical conditions of diabetes. Methods: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of feeding low-fat probiotic yogurt containing L. acidophilus and L. bulgaricus on fructose-fed hyperglycemic rats. Yogurt containing L. acidophilus or L. bulgaricus (9.5 × 109 cfu/rat/day) alone or in combination of both strains was supplied orally for 8 weeks concurrently with 20% fructose solution. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profiles from blood and histopathological study of liver tissues were analyzed to evaluate anti-diabetic effect. Statistical analysis was done by Graph Pad Prism software. Values at p 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Administration of L. acidophilus or L. bulgaricus alone or in combination of both to hyperglycemic rats decreased serum FBG, onset of glucose intolerance, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL-cholesterol, increased HDL-cholesterol levels significantly and preserved antioxidant pool such as activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase etc. Probiotic administration also prevented/repaired the oxidative damage of liver tissues. Conclusion: In conclusion, administration of yogurt containing L. acidophilus or L. bulgaricus that balanced the intestinal microbiota can prevent or lower risks of type-2 diabetes and its related complications.

Investigation of the effect of probiotic yogurt and fenugreek on allergic asthma

Background: Asthma as the variable degrees of airway obstruction is reversible and allergic asthma is a common form of asthma. Yogurt is coagulated milk and fenugreek as a plant is used in traditional medicine. Oral administration of yogurt (as food) can provide probiotic agents that have the main effects on immune responses. In this study, the effect of yogurt and fenugreek on asthma was studied. Materials and Methods: After producing of asthma model in BALB/c mice in 4 groups, groups were treated with yogurt, yogurt-probiotics, and yogurt-fenugreek. At least, total IgE in serum, IL-4, 5, 13 in BAL (Broncho-Alveolar lavage) fluid was measured. Histopathological sections were prepared and eosinophilic infiltration and mucus-secreting were investigated. Results: Eosinophilic infiltration and mucus hyper-secretion were decreased in treated groups. Total IgE in serum was decreased in asthma-yogurt-probiotic and asthma-yogurt-fenugreek groups in comparison with asthmatic and asthma-yogurt groups. The amount of IL-4 in BAL of the asthma-yogurt-fenugreek group was decreased. The amount of IL-5 in BAL of the asthma-yogurt-probiotic and asthma-yogurt-fenugreek groups was decreased. The amount of IL-13 was decreased significantly in three treated groups. Conclusion: This study showed that yogurt with fenugreek and probiotic has a strong effect on suppression of progression of airway inflammation and asthma pathophysiology.

Uji Efek Teratogenik dari Yoghurt Terhadap Fetus Mencit Putih (Mus musculus)

Yoghurt merupakan salah satu olahan susu yang dibuat dengan fermentasi asam laktat yaitu bakteri Lactobacillus bulgaricus dan Streptococcus thermophilus.Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji efek teratogen dari yoghurt terhadap fetus mencit putih betina (Mus musculus). Induk mencit putih betina sebanyak 20 ekor yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok kontrol, D1, D2, dan D3 berturut-turut yaitu 0,52 gram, 1,04 gram, dan 2,08 gram yoghurt. Data hasil penelitian diolah menggunakan ANOVA Satu Arah dan uji wilayah berganda Duncan. Hasil Penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian yoghurt selama kehamilan dapat mempengaruhi berat badan induk mencit (P < 0,05). Pemberian yoghurt selama kehamilan tidak mempengaruhi jumlah fetus, dan berat badan fetus secara bermakna (P > 0,05). Pengamatan dengan larutan Alizarin tidak ditemukan cacat skeletal setelah dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Pengamatan dengan larutan Bouin’s ditemukan cacat visceralcleft palate fetus mencit pada kelompok yoghurt D3. Dapat disimpulkan yoghurt aman dikonsumsi pada kelompok D1 dan D2. Yoghurt berpotensi menyebabkan teratogen pada beberapa fetus pada kelompok D3

Maternal Consumption of Lactobacillus GG During Pregnancy Prevents Infant Eczema at 1 Year of Age

Objective: We investigated the effects of probiotic yogurt administration to mothers during late pregnancy on intestinal microbiota and the incidence rate of atopic eczema in infants at one year of age. Methods: Eighteen pregnant women were given 100 g of yogurt containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), from day 1 of the 33rd week of gestation until parturition (LGG group), and the results obtained from their newborns were compared to those from infants born to 14 mothers who had not received this probiotic treatment (Control group). Lactobacillus GG bacteria (LGG bacteria) in infants’ feces at 4 and 6 months of age were compared using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The relationship between the detection rate of LGG bacteria and the presence or absence of eczema at the age of one year was evaluated. Results: The LGG bacteria detection rate at 4 months was significantly higher in the LGG than in control group (p<0.05), with a lower incidence rate of eczema in the LGG than in the control group (p<0.05). Among infants with eczema at 4 and 6 months, the rate of eczema clearing at 1 year was higher for the LGG than the control group (p<0.05). Administering LGG to pregnant women was effective in lower the incidence of eczema at 1 year, regardless of the LGG bacteria in infants (p<0.03). Conclusion: Giving LGG yogurt probiotics to pregnant women during late pregnancy is useful in preventing eczema in infants at 1 year of age.

Preventive Effect of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis JCM 5805 Yogurt Intake on Influenza Infection among Schoolchildren

Objective: A community-based intervention study was conducted to examine the effect of consumption of JCM 5805 yogurt on influenza incidence rates and the cumulative incidence rates among schoolchildren in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. Methods: Schoolchildren and their parents in Shizukuishi town were told of the purpose, frequency and duration of JCM 5805 yogurt administration. The number of elementary schoolchildren in Shizukuishi town was 780 while that of junior high school students in Shizukuishi town numbered 475. The number of elementary schoolchildren in neighboring town A was 208 and that of junior high school students in town A was 121. JCM 5805 yogurt was delivered three times a week to all elementary schools and junior high schools in Shizukuishi town from January 16 through March 18, 2015. The incidence rate was calculated every week as the maximum case number divided by the number of schoolchildren in each school. The cumulative incidence rate was calculated as the total case number during the period when JCM 5805 yogurt was delivered divided by the number of schoolchildren in each school. Results: JCM 5805 yogurt intake was associated with a two-thirds reduction in influenza incidence rates in Shizukuishi town schoolchildren compared with those of town A. Furthermore, the cumulative incidence rates of the elementary school and combined data from the elementary school and junior high school were significantly lower than those of neighbor town A. Conclusion: JCM 5805 yogurt intake reduced both the incidence rates and cumulative incidence rates of influenza.

Effects of Kefir, Koumiss, Milk and Yoghurt Administration on Distribution of Plasma Cells and Mast Cells in Mice Spleen

Effects of Kefir, Koumiss, Milk and Yoghurt Administration on Distribution of Plasma Cells and Mast Cells in Mice Spleen

Effect of milk and yogurt on streptococcus sobrinus counts and caries score in rats.

An anti-cariogenic diet containing probiotics can be effective in caries prevention. This animal study compared the effects of milk and yogurt on Streptococcus sobrinus counts and caries score. A total of 36 male rats were infected with S. sobrinus (27,607) and divided into three groups. Group A and B received 200 mL of milk and 100 g of yogurt per day, respectively, and a control group received 2.5 mL of NCP number 2 diet twice daily for 21 days. After killing the animals, their lower left jaws were removed and sonicated to quantify the colonies of S. sobrinus. Dental caries was scored using Keyes technique. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon-Signed Rank tests. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. The mean (±standard error of the mean) of S. sobrinus colonies in the milk, yogurt and control groups were determined at 119666.67 (±20733), 46416.666 (±12846) and 163,250 (±33493), respectively. Microbial counts decreased in the yogurt group compared with the milk and control groups (P = 0.004 and P = 0.000; respectively). There were significant differences between caries scores of smooth surfaces in the milk and yogurt groups compared with the control group (P = 0.000 and P = 0.000, respectively). Both milk and yogurt significantly reduced caries score of fissured surfaces compared with controls (P = 0.004 and P = 0.000, respectively). Considering the limitations of this study, yogurt administration reduces S. sobrinus counts. In addition, yogurt and milk regimens reduce the caries scores of smooth and fissured surfaces.

Probiotics in the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer

We review the most recent data generated by studies in animal models and clinical trials on the role of probiotics in preventing colorectal cancer and the mechanisms proposed. Reduction of colonic carcinogenesis has been attributed to controlling colorectal neoplastic progression via an increased proportion of bacteria with proinflammatory characteristics. Studies in humans have examined the effect of oral administration of yogurt supplemented with probiotics on intestinal microbiota associated with colorectal cancer. A significant decrease in these cells was reported in the probiotic treatment group but not in the milk control group, implying the potential of probiotics for eliminating microbiota associated with colorectal cancer. An intervention study undertaken in the pouches of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis showed decreased cell proliferation and increased detoxification capacity after treatment with probiotics and sulindac/inulin. This mechanism and others were demonstrated experimentally in animals using a rat colon cancer model to examine colorectal tumorigenesis and DNA damage. In the future, with growing understanding of the human microbiome, probiotics may serve as chemoprotective agents for the prevention of colorectal cancer. However, more clinical trials in humans are needed to assess their protective effect.

Efficacy of oral administration of yoghurt supplemented with a preparation containing hyaluronic acid (Mobilee™) in adults with mild joint discomfort: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study

A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed with 40 healthy individuals with joint discomfort. The effect of oral supplementation with a natural product containing hyaluronic acid included in a yoghurt matrix was evaluated in terms of functional and quality-of-life parameters. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure maximum muscle strength, total work and mean power. Participants were divided into 2 groups (n = 20) and ate yoghurt that was either supplemented or not supplemented with the hyaluronic acid product daily for a period of 90 days. The increase in the maximum peak torque of the knee extensors compared to baseline values was 7.6 ± 7.6 Nm for the supplemented yoghurt group and 2.5 ± 4.7 Nm for the control group at 180°/s (P = 0.0582), and 6.5 ± 5.8 Nm for the supplemented yoghurt group and −1.0 ± 7.1 Nm for the control group at 240°/s (P &lt; 0.05). The same pattern of response was observed in total work and in mean power (P &lt; 0.05). Differences were less pronounced in the knee flexors. No differences were detected in the Lequesne score and SF-36 survey except for the social functioning subscale at 1 month follow-up. This prospective placebo-controlled nutritional study confirmed that 3 months of oral administration of a natural product containing HA (Mobilee™) in healthy individuals with joint discomfort of the knee provides improvements in muscle strength.

Efficacy of oral administration of yoghurt supplemented with a preparation containing hyaluronic acid (Mobilee™) in adults with mild joint discomfort: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study

A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed with 40 healthy individuals with joint discomfort. The effect of oral supplementation with a natural product containing hyaluronic acid included in a yoghurt matrix was evaluated in terms of functional and quality-of-life parameters. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure maximum muscle strength, total work and mean power. Participants were divided into 2 groups (n = 20) and ate yoghurt that was either supplemented or not supplemented with the hyaluronic acid product daily for a period of 90 days. The increase in the maximum peak torque of the knee extensors compared to baseline values was 7.6 ± 7.6 Nm for the supplemented yoghurt group and 2.5 ± 4.7 Nm for the control group at 180°/s (P = 0.0582), and 6.5 ± 5.8 Nm for the supplemented yoghurt group and −1.0 ± 7.1 Nm for the control group at 240°/s (P < 0.05). The same pattern of response was observed in total work and in mean power (P < 0.05). Differences were less pronounced in the knee flexors. No differences were detected in the Lequesne score and SF-36 survey except for the social functioning subscale at 1 month follow-up. This prospective placebo-controlled nutritional study confirmed that 3 months of oral administration of a natural product containing HA (Mobilee™) in healthy individuals with joint discomfort of the knee provides improvements in muscle strength.

Effect of the oral intake of yogurt containing Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on the cell numbers of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in microbiota

Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) strains have been suggested to be associated with acute and persistent diarrheal disease, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, although further epidemiological studies are needed for clarification. Here, a pilot study was performed to examine the effect of the oral administration of yogurt supplemented with a probiotic strain on the cell numbers of fecal ETBF in a healthy population. Among 420 healthy adults, 38 subjects were found to be ETBF carriers, giving a prevalence of approximately 9%. Among them, 32 subjects were enrolled in an open, randomized, parallel-group study to ingest yogurt supplemented with a probiotic strain, Bifidobacterium longum BB536 (BB536Y group), for 8 weeks, with milk provided to the control group (milk group). The cell numbers of ETBF and the dominant species of the B. fragilis group were measured by a quantitative PCR method. Compared with the baseline values, there was a significant decrease in the cell number of ETBF at week 8 in the BB536Y group but not in the milk group. Linear mixed models analysis for longitudinal data revealed a significant difference in the changes of ETBF cell number between the two groups during the intervention phase. These results imply the potential of probiotic yogurt for eliminating ETBF in the microbiota, but its clinical significance needs to be evaluated in the future. This is the first report of a possible effect of probiotic intake on ETBF in the microbiota.

Effects of oral administration of yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and its exopolysaccharides against influenza virus infection in mice

Yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 (1073R-1) has been shown to reduce the risk of catching cold in the healthy elderly (Makino et al., Br. J. Nutr., 104, 998–1006, 2010). In addition, the exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by 1073R-1 were also reported to exert immunostimulatory effects in mice such as the augmentation of NK cell activity (Makino et al., J. Dairy Sci., 89, 2873–81, 2006).So, we investigated anti-influenza virus effects of this yogurt and EPS in mice. The yogurt (0.4ml/day) and EPS (20μg/day) were orally administered to BALB/c mice for 21days prior to intranasal infection with influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1).As a result, the survival periods were prolonged in both yogurt- and EPS-treated groups compared to the water-treated group. Moreover, in these groups, we observed significant decrease of influenza virus titer and significant increase of anti-influenza virus antibodies (IgA, IgG1) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 4days post infection NK cell activity of splenocytes in both groups was also increased significantly. EPS was further fractionated into neutral EPS (NPS) and acidic EPS (APS), and the NPS (20μg/day) or the APS (20μg/day) was orally administered to mice for 21days prior to the intranasal infection. The survival periods were prolonged in APS-treated group, but not in NPS-treated group.Consequently, we concluded that the yogurt fermented with 1073R-1 exerted anti-influenza virus effects in mice by its immunopotentiating activity, and suggested that the APS produced by 1073R-1 was one of active ingredients.

Yoghurt consumption regulates the immune cells implicated in acute intestinal inflammation and prevents the recurrence of the inflammatory process in a mouse model.

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, two forms of inflammatory bowel disease, are important problems in industrialized countries. The complete etiology of these two diseases is still unknown but likely involves genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. The aim of the present work was to determine whether the anti-inflammatory effects reported for yoghurt in acute trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced intestinal inflammation in mice also could prevent or attenuate the recurrent intestinal inflammation, thus maintaining remission. The innate response also was evaluated through participation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the analysis of T-cell populations to determine the effects of yoghurt in an acute inflammatory bowel disease model. Yoghurt exerted a beneficial effect on acute intestinal inflammation by regulating T-cell expansion and modulating the expression of TLRs, with decrease of TLR4(+) and increase of TLR9(+) cells. The anti-inflammatory effect of yoghurt also was demonstrated in a recurrent inflammation model. Yoghurt administration during the remission phase prevented the recurrence of inflammation without producing undesirable side effects. The yoghurt effect may be mediated by increased interleukin 10 production and changes in intestinal microbiota.

The application of probiotic fermented milks in cancer and intestinal inflammation

Lactic acid bacteria are present in many foods such as yoghurt and are frequently used as probiotics to improve some biological functions of the host. Many researchers have evaluated the effects of yoghurt and lactic acid bacteria against diseases such as cancer and intestinal inflammation. The preventive effect of probiotics on intestinal carcinogenesis may be associated with changes in the intestinal microbiota, suppressing the growth of bacteria that convert procarcinogens into carcinogens. Other mechanisms could be related to the immune response modulation and have been evaluated using milks fermented with lactic acid bacteria in chemically induced colon cancer and hormone-dependent breast cancer models. We demonstrated, using a murine colon cancer model, that yoghurt consumption inhibited tumour growth by decreasing the inflammatory response by increasing IL-10-secreting cells, cellular apoptosis and diminishing procarcinogenic enzymes. Milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus R389 delayed breast tumour growth by decreasing IL-6 and increasing IL-10 in serum and in the mammary glands and tumour-infiltrating immune cells. Previous results obtained with yoghurt administration in a colon cancer model led us to analyse its effect on a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced intestinal inflammation model in mice. Yoghurt was able to attenuate the symptoms of acute inflammation by reducing inflammatory cytokines, and increasing regulatory cytokine IL-10-producing cells, leading to desirable changes of the intestinal microbiota. It was demonstrated, by using murine models, that the consumption of fermented milks can modulate the immune system and can maintain it in a state of surveillance, which could affront different pathologies such as cancer and intestinal inflammation.

Yogurt: Effect on Leukocytes and Blood Coagulation in an Acute Liver Injury Model

This study determined whether cow or goat yogurt administration has a preventive effect on the hepatic damage undergone during an acute liver injury. Acute liver injury was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of d-galactosamine. Groups of mice were fed with cow or goat yogurt for 2 days or 7 days before the d-galactosamine injection. Blood and liver samples were obtained 12 hours after d-galactosamine inoculation. d-Galactosamine induced an increase in serum amino-transaminases, a reduction in the number of blood leukocytes, an enhancement in neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity, a recruitment of leukocytes toward the liver, an increase in cell death, and an alteration in prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen levels. Treatment with cow or goat yogurt was effective at increasing leukocyte number and decrease myeloperoxidase activity. We also observed a decrease in leukocyte accumulation in the liver and a reduction in cell death. Activated partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen were normalized, but prothrombin time only showed an improvement without reaching normal values. Cow or goat yogurts were effective at protecting against an experimental acute liver injury, especially when administered for 7 days.