Administration Of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Research Articles

The effect of high-dose omega-3 supplementation on lipid profile in children on chronic hemodialysis

Objective The aim was to assess the changes in the lipid profile of children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on chronic hemodialysis after administration of high-dose omega-3. Background Children with ESRD on chronic hemodialysis have many factors that increase their risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and physical inactivity. CVD is considered to be one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in these children. Some studies were done on the omega-3 effects on lipid profile, the results of which were promising that omega-3 can improve the lipid profile which has a good impact on saving the ESRD patients from dyslipidemia and CVD. Patients and methods This interventional prospective study had included 26 children with ESRD on chronic hemodialysis in the Pediatric Hemodialysis Unit at the Menoufia University Hospital, who were treated daily with a high dose of omega-3 (2000 mg) for 3 months (from January to April 2016) and lipid profile was done and compared before and after omega-3 supplementation. Results After supplementation of high-dose omega-3, there were statistically highly significant decrease (P Conclusion The use of high-dose omega-3 had caused significant improvement in the lipid profile of ESRD children on chronic hemodialysis, so supplementary omega-3 may be a suitable treatment for these patients.

Effects of Flaxseed Oil Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on Regression and Metabolic Status in Endometrial Hyperplasia: A randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Background:Data on the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on clinical symptoms and metabolic profiles in patients with endometrial hyperplasia (EH) are limited. This intervention was performed to assess the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on clinical symptoms and metabolic profiles in patients with endometrial hyperplasia (EH).Methods:This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 40 women diagnosed with simple endometrial hyperplasia (EH). EH diagnosis was performed based on specific diagnostic procedures of biopsy. Participants were randomised into two groups to intake 1,000 mg omega-3 fatty acid supplements from flaxseed oil (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20), twice a day for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after the 12-week intervention to determine related markers.Results:Compared with the placebo, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (-7.1 ± 9.6 vs. +2.0 ± 4.9 mg/dL, P = 0.001), serum insulin levels (-1.5 ± 4.6 vs. +1.6 ± 3.9 μIU/mL, P = 0.02) and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (-0.4 ± 1.1 vs. +0.4 ± 1.0, P = 0.02). In addition, a significant increase in plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (+102.6 ± 69.6 vs. +5.0 ± 37.1 mmol/L, P < 0.001) and total glutathione (GSH) levels (+63.6 ± 84.9 vs. -3.0 ± 69.4 μmol/L, P = 0.01) were seen following the supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid compared with the placebo. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation had no significant effect on regression, lipid profiles, and other biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative.Conclusions:In conclusion, we found that omega-3 fatty acid administration for 12 weeks to subjects with EH significantly improved FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, TAC and GSH levels, but did not influence regression, lipid profiles, and other biomarkers of inflammatory and oxidative stress.

Influence of omega-3 fatty acid on orthodontic tooth movement in rats: A biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical and gene expression study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on orthodontic tooth movement. For this study, 56 12-week-old adult male Wistar albino rats from the Animal Laboratory at Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, were used. Rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=8 each): control group (without any treatment), tooth movement groups (three groups of animals with only tooth movement) and omega groups (three groups of animals with tooth movement and omega-3 administration). Omega-3 fatty acids were administered to the rats systemically during the tooth movement period. On the 3rd, 7th and 14thdays after the orthodontic tooth movement, the rats were sacrificed and biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical andgene expression examinations were performed. On the 14th experimental day, the amount of tooth movement in the omega groups was significantly lower than the tooth movement groups (P=0.012). Biochemical experimentsshowed that the omega groups had significantly lower total oxidant levels and higher total antioxidant levels compared to the tooth movement group on the 14th experimental day (P=0.001). The levels of RANKL, IL-6 and IL-1β in the omega groups were significantly lower than the tooth movement groups on all experimental days (P<0.05). Systemic administration of omega-3 fatty acids showed antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects and decelerate the orthodontic tooth movement.

Evaluation of the effect of systemic omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on post-orthodontic relapse in a rabbit model

Introduction: Long term stability is the major goal of orthodontic treatment. Hence, a series of safe pharmacological agents have been investigated to increase osteoblastic activity around orthodontically moved teeth to help in retention and stability of their correction. Aim of the study: To evaluate the effect of systemic administration of Omega-3 fatty acids on post-orthodontic relapse, and to histologically assess bone changes concurrent with its administration in rabbits. Materials and Methods: Thirty two adult albino male rabbits were divided equally and randomly into two groups. Each group received NiTi coil springs installed on mandibular first molars and ligated to anterior incisors. Omega-3 or Saline were given from day one of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) till end of relapse period by oral gavage. After 21 days of active OTM, appliances were removed from both groups to allow orthodontic relapse (OR); then amount and percentage of relapse were measuredon days 21, 28 and 42. Animals were sacrificed for histomorphometric analysis of alveolar bone remodeling. Results: A significant difference in relapse percentage was found on the third week of OR with means (66.04 ± 6.01 %) and (75.22 ± 13.61%) for experimental and control groups, respectively. Histomorphometric analysis showed a significant reduction in the area of active bone-resorptive lacunae and a significant increase in newly formed bone area related to omega-3 group. Conclusions: A strong evidence of the osteoblastic simulative effect of Omega-3 had been found with decreased percentage of OR after OTM.

The Protective Effects of Omega3 on Ubiquitination and Protamination of Rat Sperm after Bleomycin, Etoposide, and Cisplatin Treatment

The purpose of this study is evaluation the protective effect of omega3 on rat sperm protamination and ubiquitination after treatment with Bleomycin, Etoposide and Cisplatin (BEP) drugs. In present study, 40 male rats were divided into four groups: Control, BEP, Omega3 and BEP + Omega3. Sperm protamination and ubiquitination were assessed using chromomycin A3 and immunofluorescence staining respectively. The mean percentage of ubiquitinated sperm in BEP group was significantly increased relative to control group (P < .001). But, the mean percentage of sperm protamination significantly decreased in BEP group relative to control group (P < .001). Rats in BEP + Omega3 group showed a significantly decreased in the mean percentage of sperm ubiquitination as compared to BEP group (P < .05) while, sperm protamination increased significantly relative to BEP group (P < .001). Administration of Omega3 after chemotherapy showed an improvement in sperm ubiquitination and protamination. Our data indicated that omega3 after chemotherapy may be beneficial for chromatin remodeling during spermatogenesis following BEP treatment.

High-fat diet-induced changes in ovarian gene expression are restored with prolonged omega-3 fatty acid administration

We have previously shown that high-fat diet (HFD) feeding leads to the alteration of ovarian gene expression, including genes involved in critical ovarian processes1. Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids has been shown to improve ovarian reserve and function in advanced reproductive age2. We hypothesized that dietary intervention with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) after HFD would reverse HFD-induced changes in ovarian gene expression. Prospective laboratory animal study. 5 wk old C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to receive 60% HFD (N = 45) or chow (N = 10) for 10 wks. After 10 wks, HFD mice were assigned to continue HFD (N = 15), or were switched to chow (N = 10), DHA enriched chow (N = 10, chow+DHA), or DHA enriched HFD (N = 10, HFD+DHA) for 10 wks. Chow mice remained on chow. Mice were sacrificed in diestrous and ovaries were collected. Three animals were randomly selected from each dietary group for RNA sequencing analysis of ovarian RNA, and STAR and cufflinks packages were used for analysis. Genes were considered differentially expressed (DE) after adjusting for false discovery rate (q < 0.05). Mice fed HFD for 10 wks weighed more than chow controls (29.4 ± 0.7 g, vs 21.8 ± 0.5 g, p < 0.0001). Diet reversal to chow or chow+DHA restored body weight to chow controls (24.6 ± 0.5 g, 24.4 ± 1.1 g, 24.5 ± 0.9 g respectively), while mice remaining on HFD or switched to HFD+DHA continued to gain weight (40.9 ± 2.1 g, 40.0 ± 1.9 g respectively, p < 0.0001). HFD feeding for 20 wks altered the expression of 17 genes (q < 0.05). Many HFD-induced DE genes were restored with reversal to chow diet (15/17 genes), to chow+DHA (10/17 genes), and to HFD+DHA (11/17 genes). Interestingly, each dietary intervention induced its own unique gene expression profile with 55 DE genes with reversal to chow, 21 DE genes with reversal to chow+DHA, and 15 DE genes with reversal to HFD+DHA compared to chow controls (q < 0.05). Prolonged HFD exposure alters ovarian gene expression, of which most, but not all, is reversed with switching to chow, chow+DHA, or HFD+DHA. Interestingly, each dietary intervention induces its own unique gene expression profile. Work is underway to determine the relation of genes with altered expression to ovarian function, providing novel insights into dietary impact on ovarian activity and aging.

Omega-3 fatty acids does not affect physical activity and body weight in primary school children \u2013 a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial

It was hypothesized that supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids could increase physical activity (PA) levels, where traditional interventions often fail. The aim of this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trail was to evaluate the effects of 15-week administration of omega-3 fatty acids on objectively measured PA and relative body weight in 8–9 year-old children. The children were randomly assigned to supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids or placebo. Primary outcome was change in PA counts per minute (cpm), and secondly change in body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS). Covariance models were applied adjusting for age, gender, weight status, PA and intervention season. Compliance was controlled for by analyzing fatty acid composition in plasma. The intention to treat population consisted of 362 children (omega-3 n = 177, placebo n = 185). No significant effects of omega-3 fatty acids on PA or relative body weight were observed. In covariance models no effects were observed by gender, weight status or change in PA (all p > 0.05), but inactive children increased their PA more than children classified as active at baseline (p < 0.05).

The amelorative effect of L-arginin and omega-3 fatty acid against sodium valproate induced hepatotoxicity

Sodium valproate (VPA) used in epilepsy and has hepatotoxic effect in mammals. This work is to assess the role of L-arginin and omega-3 fatty acid against VPA oxidative stress on liver. This study was carried out on 70 rats divided into 7 groups each of 10 rats treated orally once daily 6days/ week; Group I (control), Group II ( L-arginin): each rat was received 300 mg/kg L-arginin, Group III (omega-3): each rat received 300 mg/kg omega-3, Group IV (VIA): Each rat received 400 mg/kg VPA. Group V (VPA and L-arginin): Each rat received the previous doses. Group VI (VPA and omega-3): as before. Group VII (VPA, L-arginin and omega-3 group): as before. There was a significant increase in the mean values of AST, ALT, ALP and TBL in VPA treated group. Upon supplementation with L-arginin or omega-3 to VPA treated rats there was a significant decrease in the mean values of AST, ALT, ALP and TBL. Microscopic examination of liver section of VPA treated rat revealed vacuolated hepatocytes, focal necrosis, and enlarged portal tract. VPA toxicity induced severe liver damage in rats, and administration of either L-arginin or omega-3 protecting liver tissues. Key words: L-arginin, omega-3 and sodium valproate.

Preoperative administration of Omega-3 fatty acids on postoperative pain and acute-phase reactants in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: A randomized clinical trial

The term "Immunonutrition" (IMN) describes the enteral administration of certain substrates with a theoretical immunomodulating function. From all the elements conforming these IMN formulas, Omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA) are hypothesized to be the most important component for immunomodulation, with increased anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. A prospective randomized clinical trial of all the patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was performed. Patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups: those patients receiving a preoperative balanced energy high-protein formula (Control Group) and those ones who received the same preoperative nutritional formula enriched with O3FA (Experimental Group). In both groups, there was a restriction to 900Kcal/day. Nutritional intervention started 10 days before surgery and was maintained up to 8h before the surgical act. Preoperative weight loss, postoperative pain, complications and acute phase reactants were investigated. 40 patients were included in the study, 20 in each group. Preoperative excess weight loss (EWL) with the prescribed treatment was 10.6±7.7% in Control Group and 14.1±5.8% in the Experimental Group (p=0.024). Mean postoperative pain was 25±9.2mm in Control group and 10,9±4,4mm in Experimental Group (p=0.015). CRP determined 24h after surgery was significantly lower in the Experimental Group than in the Control Group. There were not significant differences in complications, mortality or readmission rates between groups. The use of a nutritional supplement enriched with O3FA is associated with a greater preoperative weight loss, reduced postoperative pain and decreased postoperative levels of C reactive protein.

The role of omega-3 on modulation of cognitive deficiency induced by REM sleep deprivation in rats

Prolonged sleep deprivation causes cognitive deficits. In rats, for instance, sleep deprivation weakens spatial learning and long-term potentiation (LTP). We examined the effects of omega-3 on cognitive deficiency induced by REM sleep deprivation (RSD). For this purpose, we used a fear conditioning paradigm, forced swim test (FST) apparatus, and hot plate test. Intravenously omega-3 injection was performed during 3 consecutive days. Rats trained in the fear conditioning apparatus after 24 h. During conditioning, animals were received foot shocks, either alone or paired with a sound. Sleep deprivation paradigm was carried out in which REM sleep was completely prevented and non-REM sleep was intensely declined for 24 h. Then, context-dependent retention, anxiety behaviors, and hot plate tests were done. Auditory-dependent retention, anxiety behaviors, and FST were carried out 24 h later. 24 h of RSD impaired cognitive function, however intravenously administration of omega-3 improved (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) context- or auditory-dependent memory, induced anxiolytic (1 mg/kg), antidepressant (1.25 mg/kg), and anti-nociceptive (0.25 mg/kg) effects. The results revealed that RSD interferes with the neural systems underlying cognitive functions and supports the involvement of omega-3 in the modulation of cognitive functions.

Is Oral Omega-3 Effective in Reducing Mucocutaneous Side Effects of Isotretinoin in Patients with Acne Vulgaris?

Background. Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous units which may cause permanent dyspigmentation and/or scars if not treated. Isotretinoin is recommended in the treatment of recalcitrant or severe acne, but it is associated with common adverse effects that frequently result in patients incompliance and discontinuation of the drug. The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of oral omega-3 in decreasing the adverse effects of isotretinoin. Materials and Methods. In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, a total of 118 patients with moderate or severe acne were randomly divided into two (case and control) groups. The control group was treated with isotretinoin 0.5 mg/kg, and the case group was treated with the same dose of isotretinoin combined with oral omega-3 (1 g/day). The treatment was lasted for 16 weeks and mucocutaneous side effects of isotretinoin were recorded and compared between the two groups in weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16. Results. Cheilitis (at weeks 4, 8, and 12), xerosis, dryness of nose at all weeks, and dryness of eyes (at week 4) were less frequent in the group that received isotretinoin combined with oral omega-3 compared to the group that received isotretinoin alone. Conclusion. Administration of oral omega-3 in acne patients who are receiving isotretinoin decreases the mucocutaneous side effects of isotretinoin. This trial is registered with IRCT201306238241N2.

Histological study of the possible protective action of omega-3-fatty acids on the injurious effect induced by Bisphenol A on rat hippocampus

Introduction: Bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known industrial chemical, has adverse effects on the brain even at relatively low exposure levels in rodents, primates and humans. Omega-3-fatty acids participate in a number of neuronal processes including neurogenesis, neuron differentiation, and neuro-protection.Aim of the work: To investigate the possible protective action of omega-3-fatty acids on the injurious histological effect induced by Bisphenol A on rat hippocampus.Materials and Methods: Eighteen adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 equal groups; control, BPA (1.2mg/kg daily for 3 weeks, intraperitoneally) and the third group were given omega-3 (300mg/kg orally) in addition to BPA in the aforementioned dose and duration. Hippocampus sections were processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining, GFAB staining and electron microscopic examination.Results: BBPA administration resulted into several histological alterations. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells were more abundant in the hippocampus ofBPA-treated animals compared with the control animals. Ultra-structurally, the hippocampus of BPA-treated group showed nerve cells having nuclei with irregular outline and dilated perinuclear envelop, dilated RER and Golgi, swollen mitochondria with destroyed cristae. Some of the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers showed degenerative changes. Concomitant administration of omega-3- fatty acids ameliorated these effects.Conclusions: OOmega-3-fatty acids partially minimized the severity of BPA- inducedhippocampus injurious histological effects in Wistar rat.

Effect of conjugated linoleic acids and omega-3 fatty acids with or without resistance training on muscle mass in high-fat diet-fed middle-aged mice.

What is the central question of this study? This study examined the effects of 20weeks of administration of conjugated linoleic acids/omega-3 fatty acids with or without programed resistance exercise training on body composition, skeletal muscle properties and functional capacity in middle-aged mice fed a high-fat diet. What is the main finding and its importance? Chronic daily administration of conjugated linoleic acids/omega-3 fatty acids with resistance exercise training can help to blunt fat gain, alleviate loss of myogenic capacity and sensorimotor function and lower tissue inflammation in middle-aged mice during chronic high-fat diet-induced catabolism. This study investigated the effects of 20weeks of combined conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)/omega-3 fatty acid (n-3) administration independently or combined with resistance exercise training (RET) on skeletal muscle in middle-aged mice consuming a high-fat diet (HFD). Nine-month-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into four experimental groups (H, high-fat diet; HE, H+RET; HCN, H+CLA/n-3; and HECN, H+CLA/n3+RET). Body composition and functional capacity were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Muscle tissues were collected at 14months of age. ANOVA was used, with significance set at P≤0.05. Fat mass significantly increased in H (+74%), HE (+142%) and HECN (+43%) but not in HCN. Muscle wet weights were significantly lower in H and HCN than in HE and HECN. Grip strength substantially declined in H (-15%) and HCN (-17%), whereas sensorimotor function significantly declined only in H (-11%). HECN exhibited improvement in strength (+22%) and sensorimotor coordination (+17%). In comparison to H, muscle tumour necrosis factor-α mRNA expression was significantly lower in HE (-39%), HCN (-24%) and HECN (-21%), respectively. Mean myofibre cross-sectional areas were markedly lower in H and HCN than in HE and HECN. H showed significantly lower satellite cell abundance and numbers of myonuclei than all other groups. Our findings suggest that long-term daily CLA/n-3 intake with resistance training improved sensorimotor function, ameliorated fat gain and prevented loss of myogenic capacity while lowering tumour necrosis factor-α expression during chronic HFD.

Effects of single or combined administration of salmon calcitonin and omega-3 fatty acids vs. diclofenac sodium in sodium monoiodoacetate-induced knee osteoarthritis in male Wistar rats

There is a continuous search for a better therapy in osteoarthritis (OA) management. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of salmon calcitonin (Sct) and/or omega-3 fatty acids (N-3) relative to diclofenac sodium (DF) in induced knee osteoarthritic male Wistar rats. The 40 rats that were used in this study were divided into 8 groups (n=5 rats), viz: Normal control; OA control; OA+N-3; OA+Low dose of Sct (Sct.Lw); OA+High dose of Sct (Sct.Hi); OA+N-3+SCt.Lw; OA+N-3+Sct.Hi; and, OA+DF. OA was induced with 4 mg of sodium monoiodoacetate in 40 μL of saline. The solution was injected into the left knee joint space of anaesthetised rats. Sct was administered at 2.5 and 5.0 IU/kg b.w. (im), whereas N-3 and DF were administered at 200 and 1 mg/kg b.w. (p.o.), respectively. Treatments commenced 9 days after the induction of OA, and they lasted for 28 days. Sct and/or N-3 significantly reduced c-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1), collagen type 2 α-1 (C2M), malondialdehyde (MDA), uric acid (UA), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), but, significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) after OA induction. Both therapies had additive effects on C2M, MDA, SOD, and catalase (CAT), but, non-additive actions on UA, IL-6, and CTX-1. Like the Sct and N-3, DF significantly reduced CTX-1, C2M, UA, and IL-6. However, it had no significant effect on SOD and MDA, even though it significantly reduced CAT activity. None of the therapies had significant effect on total alkaline phosphatase activity, except N-3+Sct.Lw. The combined, and sometimes the single administration of Sct and N-3 proved to be better therapies in OA management than DF.

Effect of oxidized phospholipids on the inflammatory response in pancreatic acini

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is marked by a strong pro-inflammatory response, which may cause a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), organ failure, and death. Early administration of omega-3 fatty acids (FA) may reduce the pro-inflammatory response and improve outcome in AP. A systematic review focusing on the safety and efficacy of omega-3 FA in AP is lacking.Evaluate the safety and efficacy of an intervention with omega-3 FA in acute pancreatitis and additionally in sepsis.A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases including only randomized controlled trials in AP and, for safety endpoints, in sepsis investigating intervention including omega-3 FA without other active components (e.g. addition of glutamine to the intervention). The primary outcome was mortality.After screening 1186 studies, five randomized trials (n = 229) with omega-3 FA in AP were included. In AP patients treated with omega-3 FA within 48 h after hospitalization, a non-significant reduction of mortality was seen (OR 0∙50, 95%CI 0∙13–1∙99, p = 0∙33), compared to controls. In two studies (n = 85), omega-3 FA reduced the risk of new onset of organ failure (OR 0∙33, 95%CI 0∙12–0∙93, p = 0∙04). Nine randomized trials with 312 patients suffering from sepsis (not pancreatitis related) demonstrated a reduced mortality (OR 0∙52, 95%CI 0∙28–0∙97, p = 0·04). None of these 14 randomized trials reported safety concerns.Administration of omega-3 FA could reduce the risk of new-organ failure in patients with AP. There were no safety issues reported of the early administration of omega-3 FA in any of the included studies. To show the real clinical benefit of omega-3 FA in AP, a large and pragmatic randomized controlled trial is needed.

Pretreatment with and ongoing use of omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters reduce the slow-flow phenomenon and prevent in-stent restenosis in patients undergoing carotid artery stenting

ObjectiveCarotid artery stenting (CAS) is a less invasive alternative to carotid endarterectomy, but it is essential to prevent thromboembolic complications during CAS and to suppress in-stent restenosis (ISR) after CAS because of the relatively high risk of periprocedural and follow-up stroke events. Clinical trials have demonstrated the strong relationship of carotid plaque vulnerability with the subsequent risk of ipsilateral ischemic stroke and thromboembolic complications during CAS. Recent studies demonstrated that both low eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and low docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were significantly associated with lipid-rich coronary and carotid plaques, but little is known about the effect of administration of omega-3 fatty acids (O-3FAs) containing EPA and DHA before and after CAS for stabilizing carotid plaque, preventing thromboembolic complications, and suppressing ISR. In this study, the efficacy of pretreatment with and ongoing daily use of O-3FA in addition to statin treatment was evaluated in patients undergoing CAS. MethodsThis study was a nonrandomized prospective trial with retrospective analysis of historical control data. From 2012 to 2015, there were 100 consecutive patients with hyperlipidemia undergoing CAS for carotid artery stenosis who were divided into two groups. Between 2012 and 2013 (control period), 47 patients were treated with standard statin therapy. Between 2014 and 2015 (O-3FA period), patients were treated with statin therapy and add-on oral O-3FA ethyl esters containing 750 mg/d DHA and 1860 mg/d EPA from 4 weeks before CAS, followed by ongoing daily use for at least 12 months. In all patients, the plaque morphology by virtual histology intravascular ultrasound, the incidence of new ipsilateral ischemic lesions on the day after CAS, the slow-flow phenomenon during CAS, and ISR within 12 months after CAS were compared between the periods. ResultsThe slow-flow phenomenon during CAS with filter-type embolic protection devices decreased in the O-3FA period (1 of 53 patients [2%]) compared with the control period (7 of 47 patients [15%]; P = .02). Furthermore, ISR for 12 months after CAS was significantly decreased in the O-3FA period (1 of 53 patients [2%]) compared with the control period (10 of 47 patients [21%]; P = .01). On virtual histology intravascular ultrasound analysis, the fibrofatty area was significantly smaller and the fibrous area was significantly greater in the O-3FA period. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, a low EPA/arachidonic acid ratio and a symptomatic lesion were the factors related to vulnerable plaque (P = .01 [odds ratio, 5.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.65-16.63] and P = .01 [odds ratio, 11.72; 95% confidence interval, 2.93-46.86], respectively). ConclusionsPretreatment with O-3FA reduces the slow-flow phenomenon generated by plaque vulnerability during CAS, and on-going daily use of O-3FA suppresses ISR after CAS.

Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Serum Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress in Pediatric Patients on Regular Hemodialysis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study

We sought to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on serum lipid profile and oxidative stress markers in pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis (HD). This study was a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted on 49 pediatric patients on regular HD for at least 6 months. Patients were randomly divided into either omega-3 group (n=25) who received 1-g oral omega-3 capsule once daily for 16weeks or placebo group (n=24) who received 1-g matching oral placebo capsule once daily for 16weeks. Lipid profile markers including: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and oxidative stress markers including the following: malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were measured at baseline and after 16weeks of supplementation. By the end of the study, children in omega-3 group showed a highly significant reduction in total cholesterol and a highly significant increase in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels. The administration of omega-3 has a beneficial effect on serum lipid profile and oxidative stress in children undergoing HD.

Omega-3 supplementation effects on polycystic ovary syndrome symptoms and metabolic syndrome.

Background:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common female endocrine disorder with unknown etiology and with different complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 supplementation on PCOS symptoms and metabolic syndrome.Materials and Methods:This double-blind clinical trial was performed in 2015 in Alzahra and Shahid Beheshti Hospitals, Isfahan, Iran, on 88 patients with PCOS. Intervention group took omega-3 supplements with dose of 2 g/day for 6 months (two capsules), but control group received two olive oil capsules. Finally, ultrasound and laboratory findings and the recovery rate of menstrual disorders in both groups were compared.Results:After 6 months’ intervention, waist circumference (WC) was significantly lower in omega-3 as compared to control (81.18 ± 2.87 vs. 84.22 ± 2.61 cm, respectively, P < 0.0001). High-density lipoprotein was increased (47.2 ± 1.37 vs. 41.56 ± 1.34 mg/dl, respectively, P < 0.0001) while low-density lipoprotein (107.79 ± 1.68 vs. 117.4 ± 1.57 mg/dl, respectively), triglyceride (116.02 ± 3.13 vs. 125.06 ± 2.91 mg/dl, respectively), and cholesterol (180.34 ± 6.34 vs. 189.56 ± 5.93 mg/dl, respectively) in omega-3 were significantly lower than control (P < 0.0001). The interval between periods in omega-3 was significantly shorter than control (29.83 ± 4.68 vs. 47.11 ± 8.72 days, respectively, P < 0.001).Conclusion:Omega-3 decrease lipid profiles, WC, and interval between periods while weight, hip circumference, fasting blood sugar, number of ovarian follicle, size of ovary, bleeding volume, menstrual bleeding, and hirsutism score did not change by administration of omega-3.

Evaluation of the effects of omega-3 & interferon alpha-2b administration on partial bladder outlet obstruction in a rat model.

Background & objectives:In bladder outlet obstruction-induced rat models, the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and collagen ratios have been shown to be increased. Increased TGF-β leads to fibrosis. In this study, the effect of omega-3 and interferon alpha-2b (IFN α-2b) was investigated on oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in bladder structure in a partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) rat model.Methods:A total of 35 male Wistar albino rats, weighing 300-350 g, were used in the study. The rats were randomly divided into five groups. At the end of the experimental period, bladders were harvested from all the rats, and pathological analysis of the rat bladder tissues was performed. In addition, investigations were carried out with enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems to study the antioxidant properties of omega-3 fatty acid and IFN alpha-2b.Results:Increased bladder weight in the PBOO group, in comparison to the control group, was decreased by the administration of omega-3 and IFN α-2b (P=0.002). Significantly higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were detected in group 2 in comparison to the control group. It was also detected that serum SOD, glutathione peroxidase and nitric oxide (NO) levels were significantly higher in group 2 when compared to the control group (P<0.05). In the pathologic evaluation, group 2 showed significantly increased inflammation and fibrosis compared to the control group. Omega-3 treatment significantly decreased inflammation. It was shown that IFN α-2b application partially decreased inflammation.Interpretation & conclusions:The results of the present study showed that in addition to the standard primary approaches to prevent the damage to the upper urinary tract secondary to PBOO, omega-3 fatty acid and IFN α-2b could be beneficial as adjunct treatment in clinical practice. However, this needs to be further investigated with prospective, randomized clinical trials with larger sample sizes.

Prevention and treatment of cachexia : Exercise and nutritional therapy

Cachexia is a multifactorial and complex syndrome characterized by progressive functional impairment and ongoing loss in quality of life, which lead to a deterioration of the prognosis for affected patients. The prevalence of cachexia can be very high and is up to 80 % in patients with malignant tumors. The aim of the study was to assess the relevance of exercise and nutrition in the prevention and therapy of cachexia. An evaluation of the current literature on exercise and nutritional therapy in patients with cachexia or with advanced stage diseases where a high prevalence of cachexia is probable, was carried out. There is alack of scientific evidence for the benefits of exercise in cachexia. Amajor problem of relevant studies was that cachexia was frequently not defined according to valid criteria; however, data indicate abenefit of exercise training in patients with advanced diseases associated with a high prevalence of cachexia. A solely nutritional intervention and dietary counselling seem to be of minimal benefit. The administration of omega 3fatty acids is controversially discussed. Although there is alack of data on the effects of exercise and nutritional therapy in cachexia, there is evidence for the benefits. The present data indicate the necessity for the use of amultimodal treatment including exercise, nutritional and pharmacological therapy in cachexia. There is a great necessity for prospective studies.