Administration Of Oil Research Articles

Evaluation of comparative efficacy of Tinospora cardifolia and Ricinus communis via nasal administration in the management of cervical spondylosis: a randomized controlled trial protocol

Background- Cervical spondylosis is a disease that is caused by the vitiation of only one bodily humor (dosha) (Vataja nanatmaja). The vata bodily humor (dosa) becomes vitiated and settles in the cervical (manya), creating neck pain and stiffness, which ultimately led to cervical spondylosis. Cervical spondylosis can be examined primarily under the generalization of cervical spondylosis because both conditions have many of the same symptoms. A disorder known as cervical spondylosis, which affects the cervical vertebra, is a degenerative condition of the cervical spine. In addition to having negative effects on a person's health, the disease also significantly lowers the quality of life and daily activities. Ayurveda suggested a treatment for cervical spondylosis to avoid and control the condition. There are numerous therapies in Ayurveda, and Oil administration through the nostrils has been given a significant role in upper clavicular disease (Uurdhvajatrugata roga). Oil administration through nostril therapy has been specifically recommended by Acharya Charka for the treatment of cervical spondylosis. The purpose of certain ayurvedic approaches in the management of cervical spondylosis. Methods: - 60 patients will be split into two groups for this investigation. A tinospora cardifolia and a group of drugs (Mashadi oil) will be given to the group through the nostrils for seven days at a dose of eight drops. The same will be used for the other 30 patients, i.e., group B with Ricinus Communis and a group of drugs (Erandadi oil) administered through the nostrils. Expected result: The result will be assessed on the baseline of objective parameters, and data will be compared after the treatment.

Intranasal administration of the essential oil from Perillae Folium ameliorates social defeat stress-induced behavioral impairments in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevancePerillae Folium, the leaves and twigs of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, has been included in many traditional Chinese medicine herbal formulas to treat depression. However, the precise antidepressant mechanism of the essential oil from Perillae Folium (PFEO) has not been fully investigated. Aim of the studyTo assess the effects and potential mechanisms of PFEO on depression using animal models and network pharmacology analysis. Materials and methodsPFEO was intranasally administered to a mouse model of social defeat stress (SDS). The antidepressant effects of PFEO on SDS-induced mice were evaluated using behavioral tests. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot were performed to measure the levels of depression-related biomarkers in the hippocampus and serum of the mice. The chemical compounds of PFEO were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses were conducted to investigate the potential bioactive components of PFEO and the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects. To validate the mechanisms of the bioactive compounds, in vitro models using PC12 and BV2 cells were established and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was evaluated. ResultsThe intranasal administration of PFEO suppressed SDS-induced depression in mice by increasing the time spent in the social zone and the social interactions in the social interaction test and by decreasing the immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests. Moreover, the PFEO treatment reduced the SDS-induced anxiety-like behavior, as inferred from the increased activity in the central zone observed in the open field test and in the open arms observed in the elevated plus maze test. PFEO administration recovered the SDS-induced decrease in the levels of 5-HT, NE, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and p-ERK in the hippocampus of mice. Furthermore, the increased serum corticosterone level was also attenuated by the PFEO treatment. A total of 21 volatile compounds were detected in PFEO using GC-MS, among which elemicin (15.52%), apiol (15.16%), and perillaldehyde (12.79%) were the most abundant ones. The PFEO compounds targeted 32 depression-associated genes, which were mainly related to neural cells and neurotransmission pathways. Molecular docking indicated good binding affinities between the bioactive components of PFEO (apiol, β-caryophyllene, elemicin, and myristicin) and the key targets, including ACHE, IL1B, IL6, MAOB, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, and tumor necrosis factor. Among the four compounds, β-caryophyllene, elemicin, and myristicin were more effective in reducing neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Elemicin showed the highest BBB permeability rate. ConclusionsThis study shows the antidepressant activities of PFEO in an SDS-induced mouse model and suggests its potential mechanisms of action: regulation of the corticosterone levels, hippocampal neurotransmitters, and ERK signaling. Apiol, β-caryophyllene, elemicin, and myristicin may be the main contributors to the observed effects induced by PFEO. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and the main PFEO bioactive components.

Experimental trials to assess the immune modulatory influence of thyme and ginseng oil on NDV-vaccinated broiler chickens.

The use of traditional medicine against viral diseases in animal production has been practiced worldwide. Herbal extracts possess organic substances that would improve chicken body performance. The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of either thyme or ginseng oil in regard to their immune-modulatory, antiviral, and growth promoter properties. Two hundred and forty-one-day-old broiler chicks were allocated into eight equal groups as the following: group 1; nonvaccinated and nontreated and group 2; Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccinated and nontreated. Birds of groups 3 and 4 were treated with thyme oil (200 mg/l of drinking water for 12 hours/day) without or with NDV vaccination. Birds of groups 5 and 6 were treated with ginseng oil (200 mg/l of drinking water for 12 hours/day) without or with NDV vaccination. Birds of groups 7 and 8 were treated with a combination of ginseng oil (100 mg/l of drinking water) and thyme oil (100 mg/l of drinking water) for 12 hours/day. On the 35th day of life, birds in all the experimental groups were given 0.1 ml of a virulent genotype VIId NDV strain suspension containing 106.3 EID50/ml intramuscularly. Administration of ginseng and thyme oils each alone or simultaneously to birds either vaccinated or nonvaccinated elicited a significant improvement in body performance parameters. Administration of thyme and ginseng each alone or concurrently to vaccinated birds (Gp 4, 6, and 8) induced a higher hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer of 6, 7.3, and 6.3 log2 at 21 days of age, 6.7, 7.6, and 7 log2, at 28 days of age and 7, 8, and 6.8 log2 at 35 days of age, respectively. Challenge with vNDV genotype VII led to an increase in the NDV-specific HI-Ab titers 10 days post challenge in all the experimental groups. In addition, thyme, ginseng oils, or a combination of them improved the protection from mortality in vaccinated birds; by 100%, 100%, and 90%, respectively, compared with 80% protection from mortality in vaccinated-only birds post-NDV challenge. Moreover, NDV-vaccinated birds treated either with thyme; ginseng or their combination showed negative detection of the virus in both tracheal and cloacal swabs and nonvaccinated groups that received oils showed improvement in vNDV shedding in tracheal and cloacal swabs. It could be concluded that the administration of thyme and ginseng essential oils to broilers can improve productive performance parameters, stimulate humoral immunity against, and protect from vNDV infection.

Antioxidant insights of wild olive (acebuche) oil ophthalmic nanoemulsions against arterial hypertension

Aims/Purpose: Many systemic and ocular disturbances are closely related to oxidative stress, including hypertensive eye diseases. In this context, the oral administration of wild olive oil, also known as acebuche (ACE) oil (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), proved to modulate local production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase1. Here we aimed to develop an ophthalmic formulation based on ACE oil as a localized therapy against oxidative damage associated with arterial hypertension (AH).Methods: Nanoemulsions (NEs) of ACE oil were successfully produced, characterized, and evaluated in vivo in terms of efficacy. The antioxidant properties of these NEs were tested in mice with AH induced via administration of Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine‐methyl‐ester (L‐NAME), which underwent intravitreal or topical ophthalmic treatment with ACE oil NEs. At the end of the treatments, a histological analysis of the cornea and retina was performed together with an evaluation of the activity/expression of NADPH oxidase in these ocular tissues.Results: Adequate ophthalmic formulations were designed to present the features for ophthalmic administration, including a nanometre size (below 200 nm), moderate negative ZP, adequate osmolality and pH, among others. Histological analysis indicated that NEs reduced hypertension‐dependent morphological alterations in the cornea and retina. Furthermore, the evaluation of the activity and expression of NADPH oxidase suggest a noticeable antioxidant effect of NEs through downregulation of NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4 isoforms and counteracting excess ROS production in the hypertensive eye.Conclusions: Topical administration, via intravitreal or drop instillation, of an ophthalmic formulation based on ACE oil NEs might show promise against ocular pathologies related to AH. Interestingly, this therapeutical approach provided better outcomes compared to long‐term dietary administration of the oil, both in terms of cumulative dose and treatment time required.

Interactive Oil Spill Management, Operation and Administration System

This paper presents an oil spill management system that is interactive and real-time. The system uses geo-database and application development modules that are integrated with internet communication systems. It is designed to cover all stages of oil spill management, including before, during, and after an accident. The system can be linked with various satellites, airborne monitoring systems, and ground devices through communication systems to facilitate oil spill early warning, situational analysis, risk analysis, damage analysis, monitoring, and management in real-time. The components of the system include a database, central repository, disaster models, command and control, and communication schemes. This paper illustrates the conjunction of computer software and hardware with a variety of models and technologies for real-time oil spill monitoring and management.

Brain antioxidant status and gene expressions of nicotinic and dopamine receptors are improved by black seed oil administration in cigarette smoke or nicotine vapour-exposed rats.

Smoking is associated with dysregulation of the antioxidant system and addiction. This study sought to ascertain the effect of Nigella Sativa (NS) oil on the antioxidant system, nicotine/tobacco addiction as well as the expressions of α4β2 nicotinic (nAChR) and dopamine type-2 (DRD2) receptors in selected brain regions of the rat. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups comprising of vehicle-treated control, NS oil only, Smoke only, Smoke + NS oil, Nicotine only and Nicotine + NS oil. Animals were passively exposed to cigarette smoke or nicotine vapour for 12 weeks, however, NS oil treatment commenced from 9th-12th week of the experimental duration. Nicotine vapour and cigarette smoke-induced increase in cotinine level were significantly ameliorated by NS treatment. Cigarette smoke or nicotine vapour exposure significantly (p<0.05) decreased the level of antioxidant enzymes while increasing malondialdehyde level in the brain homogenates of the rats. Administration of NS oil significantly (p<0.05) reversed the reduced antioxidant level. Cigarette-smoke also significantly increased α4-nAChR expression in the frontal cortex and olfactory bulb compared to control. Nicotine vapour significantly increased DRD2 expression only in the olfactory cortex. NS oil administration reduced both the cigarette-smoke-induced increase in α4-nAChR and nicotine vapour-induced increase in DRD2 gene expression only in the olfactory cortex. Findings from this study suggest that NS oil improves brain antioxidant status while ameliorating nicotine vapour and cigarette smoke addiction through down-regulation of α4-nAChR and DRD2 gene expressions in discrete brain regions in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Olive oil increase catalase activity and gluthatione peroxidase level in hyperglycemic rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease globally. Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus is known to trigger oxidative stress. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) is decreased in diabetic conditions. Catalase activity acts as a defense system to prevent the formation of free radicals (oxidants) in the human body. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of olive oil antioxidants on catalase activity and GSH-Px levels in hyperglycemic rats. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups (n: 8): untreated control (Control), alloxan-induced untreated (Alloxan), and alloxan-induced treatment (Treatment) of olive oil at 25 mL/day for 14 days. Catalase activities were measured using the spectrophotometry method, and GSH-Px levels were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Administration of olive oil increased catalase activity compared to the untreated group in alloxan-induced rats. The average level of glutathione peroxidase was higher in the treatment group than in alloxan-induced rats. Conclusion: Antioxidants in olive oil increased catalase activity and glutathione peroxidase levels in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats.

N-acetyl cysteine and zinc sulphate ameliorated crude oil-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats

Even while crude oil offers many advantages, its toxic chemical composition has been shown to negatively interfere with the body's ability to maintain homeostasis. This investigation examined the effects of crude oil on the liver function of Wistar rats as well as the protective effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and zinc sulphate (ZnSO4). The experimental group and control group consisted of 42 Wistar rats, which were divided into groups of six each. The experimental group had six groups, while the control group only consumed food and water. In the experimental group, three groups received a diet contaminated with crude oil for two, three, and four weeks, respectively. In addition, another three groups received NAC (100 mg/kg), ZnSO4 (0.5 mg/kg), and a combination of NAC and ZnSo4 for three weeks each. Rats' body weights were recorded both before and after the administration of crude oil. Using commercial kits and histological examinations carried out using conventional histopathological methods, the liver's toxicity was assessed. As a result of eating food contaminated with crude oil, the results showed a significant drop (p &lt; 0.05) in body weight. Additionally, there was liver cell injury. The levels of alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase considerably increased. Histological analysis revealed abnormal changes to the liver's typical structure. NAC and ZnSO4 therapy reduced the elevated Alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels. The study's findings highlight the negative impacts of crude oil and the therapeutic effects of NAC and ZnSO4.

The clove oil effect on faunting time and survival rate of Oreochromis niloticus

To overcome excess residues and fish mortality rates during transportation, natural ingredients, namely clove oil, can be used. Compounds in clove oil are considered safe because they use natural ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using clove oil as an anesthetic agent with different doses on the length of time of unconsciousness and survival rate of tilapia. This research was conducted from May to June 2023. This research was carried out at the Bungus Fish Seed Center, Padang, and West Sumatera. The method used in this study is the experimental method. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment used in this study is use of clove oil with different doses. Treatment A1 = 0.5 ml L-1 water, A2 = 1 ml L-1 water, A3 = 1.5 ml L-1 water and A4 = 2 ml L-1 water. Observations of changes in tilapia behavior and water quality were analyzed descriptively, while the length of time of stupor and survival of tilapia obtained during the study were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). To see the differences between treatments, the Duncant Multiple Range Test (DMNRT) was performed. Data is processed using the SPSS 26 program. The conclusion that can be considered in this study is that the administration of clove oil with different doses as an anesthetic has a significant effect on the longest induction time, on the length of time the fish were unconscious, the length of time the fish regained consciousness and survival rate of tilapia. In treatment A2 with a dose of 1 mL L-1 of water, it was optimal to stun tilapia for 244 minutes with a survival of 88.89%.Keywords:Clove oilFish transportationTilapia

Isolation and Characterization of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Enteromorpha prolifera Lipids and Their Preventive Effects on Ulcerative Colitis in C57BL/6J Mice.

Enteromorpha prolifera (EP) is a green alga that causes green bloom worldwide. This study aimed to isolate and identify n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from EP oil obtained via supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and to explore its preventive effects against dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6J mice. In EP oil, we found the novel n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid C16:4n-3 and two unusual fatty acids C18:4n-3 and C16:3n-3, using GC-MS. The administration of EP oil reduced histopathological of symptoms colitis and the shortening of the colon length. Pro-inflammatory cytokines of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum of EP oil treatment were lower than DSS treatment (by 37.63% and 83.52%), and IL-6 gene expression in the colon was lower in than DSS group by 48.28%, and IL-10 in serum was higher than DSS group by 2.88-fold. Furthermore, the protein expression of p-STAT3 by the EP oil treatment was significantly reduced compared with DSS treatment group by 73.61%. Lipidomics study suggested that phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were positively associated with the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, while cholesteryl ester and sphingomyelin were negatively related to inflammation cytokines in the EP oil group. The present results indicated that EP oil rich in n-3 PUFA contains a novel fatty acid C16:4n-3, as well as two uncommon fatty acids C18:4n-3 and C16:3n-3. EP oil could prevent DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating the JAK/STAT pathway and lipid metabolism.

COLPLATIR® as a Novel Therapeutic Adjuvant for the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder of the gastrointestinal system characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and associated with different comorbidities like fibromyalgia, chronic pelvic pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease, anxiety and depression. In this study, the effects of COLPLATIR®, a nutraceutical product with a patented technology named BUTIRESOLV®, were investigated. In vivo and Ex-vivo analysis were carried out on IBS with diarrhoea (IBS-D) mouse model by intracolonic administration of Oil of Mustard (OM). Positive results have been obtained, thus demonstrating that the nutraceutical COLPLATIR® could reduce the abnormalities in intestinal motility, as observed in IBS.

Fennel Essential Oil as a Complementary Therapy in the Management of Diabetes.

Diabetes is a serious pathology that affects a significant number of people worldwide. Its progression is rapid and leads to serious complications if glycemic control is missing. The micro and macrovascular complications of diabetes produce disabilities over time that affect the daily lives of patients. The major challenge of diabetes therapy is to reach a stable glycemic state and to delay the onset of specific complications. Aromatherapy is considered an alternative or complementary therapy, but in recent years, there has been a tendency to overuse essential oils. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the effects produced by the topical and oral administration of fennel essential oil to diabetic rats. Eighteen compounds in fennel essential oil were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The major compounds were trans-anethole (64.6%) and fenchone (24.5%). The in vivo study revealed that after a four-week treatment with fennel essential oil, the rats' glycemic levels were significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, there were no differences between the two routes of administration. In addition, an ex vivo study underlined the potential effect of this essential oil in the prevention of cataract formation.

Effects of Full-Spectrum Cannabis Oil with a Cannabidiol:Tetrahydrocannabinol 2:1 Ratio on the Mechanisms Involved in Hepatic Steatosis and Oxidative Stress in Rats Fed a Sucrose-Rich Diet

Introduction: This study aimed to analyze the effects of cannabis oil (cannabidiol:tetrahydrocannabinol [CBD:THC], 2:1 ratio) on the mechanisms involved in hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome (MS) induced by a sucrose-rich diet (SRD). We hypothesized that noninvasive oral cannabis oil administration improves hepatic steatosis through a lower activity of lipogenic enzymes and an increase in carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) enzyme activity involved in the mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids. Furthermore, cannabis oil ameliorates liver oxidative stress through the regulation of the main regulatory factors involved, nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NrF2) and nuclear factor-kB (NF-κB) p65. For testing this hypothesize, a relevant experimental model of MS was induced by feeding rats with a SRD for 3 weeks. Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed the following diets for 3 weeks: reference diet: standard commercial laboratory diet, SRD, and SRD + cannabis oil: noninvasive oral administration of 1 mg/kg body weight cannabis oil daily. The full-spectrum cannabis oil presents a total cannabinoid CBD:THC 2:1 ratio. Serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase (AP), N-arachidonoylethanolamine or anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol endocannabinoids levels, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels, and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power [FRAP]) were evaluated. In the liver tissue: histology, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS), triglycerides and cholesterol content, lipogenic enzyme activities (fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, malic enzyme, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), enzyme related to mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (CPT-1), reactive oxygen species, TBARS, FRAP, glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase enzyme activities. 4-hydroxynonenal, NrF2, and NF-κB p65 levels were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results: The results showed that SRD-fed rats developed dyslipidemia, liver damage, hepatic steatosis (increase of key enzymes related to the novo fatty acid synthesis and decrease of key enzyme related to mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation), lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress. Hepatic NrF2 expression was significantly decreased and NF-κB p65 expression was increased. Cannabis oil administration improved dyslipidemia, liver damage, hepatic steatosis, lipid peroxidation (improving enzymes involved in lipid metabolism), and oxidative stress. In the liver tissue, NrF2 expression increased, and NF-κB p65 expression was reduced. Conclusion: The present study revealed new aspects of liver damage and steatosis, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress in dyslipidemic insulin-resistant SRD-fed rats. We demonstrated new properties and molecular mechanisms of cannabis oil (CBD:THC, 2:1 ratio) on lipotoxicity and hepatic oxidative stress in an experimental model of MS.

Long-Term Krill Oil Administration Alleviated Early Mild Cognitive Impairment in APP/PS1 Mice.

Alzheimer's disease is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder. Mounting studies focus on the improvement of advanced cognitive impairment by dietary nutrients. Krill oil (KO), a rich source of DHA/EPA and astaxanthin, is effective in improving cognitive function. The study mainly investigates the protective effects of long-term KO administration on early cognitive impairment. Results show that 2 months KO administration (50 and 100mgkg-1 BW) can dramatically promote learning and memory abilities. Mechanism studies demonstrate that KO reduces amyloid β concentration by regulating the amyloidogenic pathway, inhibits neuro-inflammation via regulating TLR4-NLRP3 signaling pathway, and prevents neuron injure. KO supplementation also enhances gut barrier integrity, reduces serum lipopolysaccharide leakage, and alters the gut microbiota by reducing Helicobacteraceae, Lactobacillaceae proportion, increasing Dubosiella and Akkermansia relative abundance. Particularly, a significant increase of isovaleric acid, propionic acid, and acetic acid levels is observed after KO supplementation. Correlation analysis shows that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), gut microbiota, and cognitive function are strongly correlated. The results reveal that KO relieves early mild cognitive impairment possibly for its role in mediating the gut microbiome-SCFAs-brain axis. Thus, KO may provide potential intervention strategies to prevent cognitive impairment in the early stages through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

245 Fish Oil and Dexamethasone Administration Each Partially Improve Indicators of Glucose Metabolism and Fat Homeostasis By Reducing Systemic Inflammation in Heat-Stressed Feedlot Wethers

Abstract Heat stress is costly for livestock production due to its impact on metabolism, which negatively affects health and growth. Previous pair-fed studies demonstrated that heat stress-induced inflammation is associated with disruptions in metabolism and growth. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether targeting systemic inflammation in heat-stressed wethers improves metabolic and stress indicators. Feedlot wethers were randomly assigned to 30-d heat stress (40°C; THI = 85) or were pair-fed under thermoneutral conditions (controls; 25°C; n = 11). Heat-stressed wethers were administered oral fish oil capsules twice daily (HeatStress+FO; 2,400 mg/d; n = 11), injected with dexamethasone every 3 d (HeatStress+DEX; 0.15 mg/kg, i.m.; n = 11), or received no intervention (HeatStress; n = 11). Plasma hormones and lipids were assessed over the 30-d period, and soleus muscle and adipose tissue were collected at necropsy for ex vivo glucose metabolism studies and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) mobilization analyses, respectively. Plasma TNFα was up to 3-fold greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in HeatStress wethers than controls throughout the study. By the end of the study, plasma TNFα in HeatStress+DEX and HeatStress+FO was reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by 38% and 47%, respectively, compared with HeatStress and did not differ from controls. Plasma insulin did not differ among groups early in the study but by d 30 were increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in HeatStress and HeatStress+DEX compared with controls and HeatStress+FO. Blood glucose-to-insulin ratios were less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for HeatStress wethers than controls throughout the study and were intermediate for HeatStress+DEX and HeatStress+FO. Plasma cortisol did not differ among groups and was less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) at d 30 than d -3 for all weathers. Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and triglycerides were 15% to 22% less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for HeatStress and HeatStress+DEX but not HeatStress+FO than for controls throughout the study. High density lipoprotein-bound cholesterol was 8% and 22% less (P &amp;lt; 0.05), respectively, for HeatStress and HeatStress+DEX wethers but not HeatStress+FO wethers compared with controls. Ex vivo basal and insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation rates were reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by 32% in muscle from HeatStress wethers but not HeatStress+DEX, or HeatStress+FO wethers compared with muscle from controls. Glucose uptake rates did not differ among groups. Mobilization of NEFA was reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by 19% and 37%, respectively, in fat from HeatStress wethers and HeatStress+DEX wethers compared with controls and was intermediate in fat from HeatStress+FO wethers. These data indicate that supplementation of DEX and FO partially improve muscle-specific glucose metabolism as well as lipid homeostasis and stress indicators, which provides a fundamental basis for heat stress interventions that utilize anti-inflammatory supplements.

Atrazine exposure caused oxidative stress in male rats and inhibited brain-pituitary-testicular functions.

Exposure to the herbicide atrazine has been shown to have deleterious effects on human and animal reproduction. To determine whether atrazine influences the brain-pituitary-testicular axis directly or indirectly, the present study examined the toxic effects of atrazine on fertility potential by assessing gonadal hormones, testicular function indices, sperm quality, and oxido-inflammatory markers in rats. Twelve animals were grouped into two groups; control and atrazine. The control group received oral administration of olive oil (2 mL/kg), while the atrazine group received 120 mg/kg of atrazine. Treatments were daily and lasted for 7 days. Upon treatment cessation, rats were necropsied for biochemical and histopathological analyses. The biochemical function indices in the rat brain, testis, and epididymis decreased significantly in the atrazine group. Atrazine exposure led to decreases in gonadal hormonal concentrations, semen quality parameters, and testicular function indices compared with the control. Furthermore, there was a marked increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers as well as degeneration of the histo-architecture in atrazine-treated rats. Overall, atrazine exposure impaired sperm quality, led to increased inflammation and oxidative stress, and decreased the activity of the brain-pituitary-testicular axis via endocrine disruption.

Fish oil-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids downregulate aquaporin 9 protein expression of liver and white adipose tissues in diabetic KK mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Aquaporin 9 (AQP9) is an integral membrane protein that facilitates glycerol transport in hepatocytes and adipocytes. Glycerol is necessary as a substrate for gluconeogenesis in the physiological fasted state, suggesting that inhibiting AQP9 function may be beneficial for treating type 2 diabetes associated with fasting hyperglycemia. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are rich in fish oil and lower the risk of metabolic syndrome; however, the effects of EPA and DHA on AQP9 expression in obese and type 2 diabetes are unclear. The KK mouse is an animal model of obesity and type 2 diabetes because of the polymorphisms on leptin receptor gene, which results in a part of cause for obese and diabetic conditions. In this study, we determined the effect of fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA on AQP9 protein expression in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) of KK mice and mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The expression of AQP9 protein in the liver, epididymal WAT, and inguinal WAT were markedly decreased following fish oil administration. We also demonstrated that n-3 PUFAs, such as DHA, and to a lesser extent EPA, downregulated AQP9 protein expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results suggest that fish oil-derived n-3 PUFAs may regulate the protein expressions of AQP9 in glycerol metabolism-related organs in KK mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid or triacylglycerol form attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via mediating cannabinoid receptor 1/adiponectin/ceramide pathway

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have shown to exert beneficial effects in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Supplements of n-3 PUFA occur in either phospholipid or triacylglycerol form. The present study aimed to compare whether the different n-3 PUFA of marine-origin, namely krill oil, DHA/EPA-phospholipid (PL), and EPA/DHA-triacylglycerol (TAG) forms had differential abilities to ameliorate NAFLD. The NAFLD model was established in mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFD). The mice showed evidence of weight gain, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis after 9 weeks of HFD, while the three forms of the n-3 PUFA reduced hepatic TAG accumulation, fatty liver and improved insulin instance, and hepatic biomarkers after 9 weeks of intervention. Of these, krill oil intervention significantly reduced adipocyte hypertrophy and hepatic steatosis in comparison with DHA/EPA-PL and EPA/DHA-TAG groups. Importantly, only krill oil intervention significantly reduced serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase concentrations and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, compared with the HFD group. Supplemental n-3 PUFA lowered circulating anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) concentrations, compared with the HFD group, which was associated with down-regulating CB1 and upregulating adiponectin expressions in adipose tissue. Besides, targeted lipidomic analyses indicated that the increased adiponectin levels were accompanied by reductions in hepatic ceramide levels. The reduced ceramide levels were associated with inhibiting lipid synthesis and increasing fatty acid β-oxidation, finally inhibiting TAG accumulation in the liver. Through mediating CB1/adiponectin/ceramide pathway, the present study suggested that administration of krill oil had superior health effects in the therapy of NAFLD in comparison with DHA/EPA-PL and EPA/DHA-TAG.

Lipid Profile in Multiple Sclerosis: Functional Capacity and Therapeutic Potential of Its Regulation after Intervention with Epigallocatechin Gallate and Coconut Oil.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients present dyslipidemia and functional disability. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and coconut oil have been shown to be effective against dyslipidemia. To analyze the relationship between lipid profiles, fat consumption, and functional disability in patients with MS after administering EGCG and coconut oil. A four-month pilot study was conducted on 45 MS patients, divided into an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG). The IG received 800 mg of EGCG and 60 mL of coconut oil. Lipid profiles were measured before and after the intervention, along with other data such as dietary habits, inflammatory markers, and functional capacity. Dyslipidemia did not correlate with the patients' fat consumption. After the intervention, triglycerides (TG) levels were lower in IG compared to CG. This decrease was positively correlated with an improvement in functional disability (determined by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)) and negatively with high-density cholesterol (HDL) and apolipoprotein A1. Significant and positive correlations were observed between EDSS and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the IG. These changes in the IG could be related to body fat decrease, whose percentage shows a positive correlation with CRP and TG levels, and a negative correlation with HDL levels. Patients with MS present a certain type of dyslipemia not associated with their nutritional habits. The administration of EGCG and coconut oil seems to decrease blood TG levels, which could explain the functional improvements.

Effects of Lavender Essential Oil Inhalation on the Welfare and Meat Quality of Fattening Heavy Pigs Intended for Parma Ham Production.

We assessed the effects of inhalation administration of lavender essential oil (LEO) either once (L1) or twice (L2) a day on animal welfare indicators, carcass and meat quality of Italian heavy pigs. Pigs (n = 108) were allotted to three experimental groups (control -C-, L1 and L2) and lavender was administered, via a vaporizer device, to the treated groups during the entire fattening-finishing period (79-160 kg BW). Tail lesion severity was reduced in L1 at the end of the trial compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Body lesion counts, however, were higher in L2 than in C (p < 0.05), resulting in a more severe overall damage classification (p < 0.01). At slaughter, no differences were observed in carcass traits or blood stress indicators, only minor differences were observed in meat quality, and no LEO residual was found in fat or lean tissues, highlighting the preserved suitability of thighs for the dry curing process. While it was not possible to conclude on the ability to improve animal welfare of vaporized LEO in this production phase, the absence of adverse effects on meat quality and the discrepancies observed regarding the body lesions in L1 and L2 make further studies on behavioral aspects and the method of administration (route, frequency) of the product desirable.