Administration Of Lipid Emulsion Research Articles

Availability of lipid emulsion in obstetric anaesthesia in the UK: a national questionnaire survey

There is evidence that administration of lipid emulsion improves outcome in cardiovascular collapse secondary to local anaesthetic toxicity. We sent a questionnaire to the lead consultant anaesthetist in every consultant-led labour ward in the UK asking about local guidelines for treatment of cardiac arrest, and whether or nor lipid emulsion was available on the labour ward and included in the guideline. We received replies from 195 (86%) labour wards. One hundred and seven (55%) reported having a guideline for the treatment of cardiovascular collapse secondary to local anaesthetic toxicity. Of these guidelines, lipid emulsion was included in 78 (40%). Lipid emulsion was readily available on 95 labour wards (49%). Of the remaining units, there were plans to make lipid available in the near future in 46 (46%). Of the 95 labour wards where lipid emulsion was readily available, 80 (84%) had a recommended dose regimen for its administration. Around three-quarters of labour wards in the UK either have lipid emulsion available or plan to obtain it. This uptake should ideally be 100%.

Anti-obesity Effects of Escins Extracted from the Seeds of <i>Aesculus turbinata</i> B<small>LUME</small> (Hippocastanaceae)

To investigate the anti-obesity effects of escins extracted from the seeds of Aesculus turbinata BLUME, anti-obesity models in vitro and in vivo were employed. In a preliminary experiment, different solvent fractions of Aesculus turbinata BlUME as well as two isolated compounds were tested for their effects on pancreatic lipase (PL) in vitro. Subsequently, female ICR mice were fed a high fat diet with or without different concentrations of total escins for 11 weeks to examine body weight, parametrial adipose tissue weight, and hepatic triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) contents. Plasma triacylglycerol levels (TG) after oral administration of lipid emulsions to rats were also investigated. The results showed that total escins (1 mg/ml) as well as two compounds isolated from total escins, namely escin Ib and IIa, showed inhibitory effects on PL activity. In vivo, total escins suppressed the increase in body weight, parametrial adipose tissue weight, TG content, and TC content in mice's liver; TG content in rat plasma was also reduced at 1, 2 and 3 h after oral administration of the lipid emulsion plus different concentrations of escins compared to those in the lipid emulsion groups. Meanwhile, mice fed a high fat diet plus 2% total escins for 3 d had an increased TG level in the feces compared to the HF group. The reason for this may be due to a delay in the intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting PL activity.

Oxidative Stress and Nutrition in the Preterm Newborn

Oxidative stress occurs when the production of free radicals exceeds the cells' ability to eliminate them. Many events leading to overproduction of free radicals may easily induce oxidative stress in the earliest phases of human life. Given the growing role of oxidative stress in newborn preterm morbidity, one of the goals of modern neonatology is to minimize free radical production and promote the development of adequate antioxidant systems through an adequate nutritional strategy. Appropriate administration of total parenteral solutions and lipid emulsions with light protection can minimize the risk of peroxidation. Providing the baby with amino acid substrates for cellular glutathione synthesis immediately after birth promotes antioxidant defenses at the early stages of life. Breast milk has been found to have many advantages over formula, including the potential to provide antioxidant protection to infants. It is conceivable that these antioxidants in breast milk help to eliminate free radicals in infants. The role of vitamin administration in preterm nutrition has not yet been established. Clinical trials carried out to test the efficacy of antioxidant drugs or vitamins were inconclusive. At present, there are no evidence-based recommendations about the use of nutritional strategies or antioxidant drugs to minimize oxidative stress in the management of preterm infants.

Use of Intravenous Lipids in Very Low-birthweight Infants

Lipids are essential components of parenteral nutrition for preterm infants to provide essential fatty acids and to meet high energy needs. However, there is concern about increased risks of sepsis, displacement of bilirubin from albumin, and pulmonary complications when parenteral lipids are provided to sick preterm infants early in postnatal life. Slow administration of intravenous lipid emulsions, with stepwise increases, appears to be well-tolerated in most preterm infants. High doses probably should be avoided in infants who have severe acute respiratory failure with or without pulmonary hypertension.

Bofutsushosan, a traditional Chinese formulation, inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in vitro and suppresses the elevation of plasma triacylglycerols after oral administration of lipid emulsion

Bofutsushosan, a traditional Chinese formulation, inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in vitro and suppresses the elevation of plasma triacylglycerols after oral administration of lipid emulsion

Parenteral lipid emulsions in paediatrics

Lipid emulsions are crucial for providing essential fatty acids and energy in infants and children requiring parenteral nutrition. There is ongoing debate about the optimal composition of lipid emulsions and the optimal timing for introducing lipids to the parenteral nutrition of premature infants in order to enhance the benefits and to minimize the risk of complications. Several studies have investigated the effects of early compared with late administration of lipid emulsions. A meta-analysis demonstrated that early introduction of lipid emulsions does not improve short-term growth or prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. On the other hand, early introduction of lipid emulsions was not shown to increase the risk of complications. A number of studies have investigated the effects of different fatty acid compositions in lipid emulsions on peroxidation. In-vitro findings suggest that lipid peroxidation is related to the polyunsaturated fatty acid content and inversely related to the alpha-tocopherol/polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio of the fat emulsion. The composition of lipid emulsions has also been shown to influence fatty acid metabolism. A mixture of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides seems to enhance the incorporation of essential fatty acids and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids into circulating lipids when compared with an emulsion containing only long-chain triglycerides. Although the composition of lipid emulsions has been demonstrated to influence peroxidation and fatty acid metabolism, outcome studies are needed to confirm advantageous effects.

Options available for the infusion of lipid emulsion in home parenteral nutrition (HPN): a questionnaire survey for hospitals in Japan where HPN is practiced

Objective To understand the status of total parenteral nutritional (TPN) composition and the TPN line used for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in Japan and to investigate how adequate nutritional support should be in HPN, we conducted a questionnaire survey. Methods From February to March 2004, questionnaires were sent by mail to the members of the Japan Society for Home Therapy Research. With the content of the questionnaire, we surveyed 1) the types of medical staff who are involved in HPN, 2) the status of the preparation of TPN fluid and its place of preparation, 3) use of the TPN line and final filter, and 4) administration of lipid emulsion and All-in-One. Results The major survey results from 66 respondents were that the 50% of the medical staff who are involved in HPN have more than 10 y of experience; however, the number of patients who used HPN and were treated by 78% of the medical staff was fewer than 50. With regard to TPN fluid, 50% was prepared in-house and 12% was prepared by home care service providers. In addition, 58% of institutions were infusing lipid emulsion from the side port of the TPN line or through a peripheral route because they used a final filter and closed system infusion line. Conclusions Because the final filter and closed system infusion line for HPN management is standard practice, lipid emulsion is not adequately used in Japan. Therefore, the All-in-One system including lipid emulsion is not used.

Prevention of diet-induced obesity by dietary isomerized hop extract containing isohumulones, in rodents

Isomerized hop extract (IHE), which consists mainly of isohumulones and is required in the beer brewing process, was investigated for its effects on diet-induced obesity in two strains of mice. C57BL/6N and KK-A(y) mice were fed a standard or high-fat diet containing IHE and their body and tissue weights were measured at various time points. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were carried out in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6N mice. The effects of IHE on intestinal lipid absorption were examined in Wistar rats using a plasma triacylglycerol assay after oral administration of a lipid emulsion. Fecal lipid levels were also measured in these animals after they were fed a high-fat diet containing IHE for 15 days. The effects of IHE on pancreatic lipase activity and the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism were also examined using an in vitro assay and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Supplementation of high-fat-containing chow with IHE reduced body weight gain and improved glucose tolerance in our experimental mice. A reduction in body weight gain was also observed in C57BL/6N mice fed a standard diet containing IHE. Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet containing IHE showed reduced plasma triacylglycerol levels and an increase in their fecal lipid excretion. Similarly, their pancreatic lipase activity was inhibited and their elevation in plasma triacylglycerol levels seen after the oral administration of lipid emulsion was significantly suppressed. IHE-fed mice showed an increased expression in their lipid oxidation genes and a decreased expression in genes involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. The inhibition of intestinal dietary fat absorption may be the mechanism by which IHE induces its weight-lowering effects in high-fat diet-fed mice. The modulatory effect of IHE on lipid metabolism may also, at least partly, be responsible for its beneficial effects on body weight gain. These results suggest that IHE may be helpful in humans in preventing diet-induced obesity and perhaps even metabolic syndrome, the latter of which is known to be associated with obesity.

Anti-obesity effects of chikusetsusaponins isolated from Panax japonicus rhizomes

BackgroundThe rhizomes of Panax japonicus are used as a folk medicine for treatment of life-style related diseases such as arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as a substitute for ginseng roots in China and Japan. Obesity is closely associated with life-style-related diseases. This study was performed to clarify whether chikusetsusaponins prevent obesity induced in mice by a high-fat diet for 9 weeks.MethodsWe performed two in vivo experiments. In one, female ICR mice were fed a high-fat diet with or without 1 or 3% chikusetsusaponins isolated from P. japonicus rhizomes for 9 weeks. In the other, lipid emulsion with or without chikusetsusaponins was administered orally to male Wistar rats, and then the plasma triacylglycerol level was measured 0.5 to 5 h after the orally administered lipid emulsion. For in vitro experiments, the inhibitory effects of total chikusetsusaponins and various purified chikusetsusaponins on pancreatic lipase activity were determined by measuring the rate of release of oleic acid from triolein in an assay system using triolein emulsified with lecithin.ResultsTotal chikusetsusaponins prevented the increases in body weight and parametrial adipose tissue weight induced by a high-fat diet. Furthermore, consumption of a high-fat diet containing 1 or 3% total chikusetsusaponins significantly increased the fecal content and triacylglycerol level at day 3 compared with the high-fat diet groups. Total chikusetsusaponins inhibited the elevation of the plasma triacylglycerol level 2 h after the oral administration of the lipid emulsion. Total chikusetsusaponins, chikusetsusaponin III, 28-deglucosyl-chikusetsusaponin IV and 28-deglucosyl-chikusetsusaponin V inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity.ConclusionThe anti-obesity effects of chikusetsusaponins isolated from P. japonicus rhizomes in mice fed a high-fat diet may be partly mediated through delaying the intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity. The present study clearly indicated that the saponin fractions of P. japonicus rhizomes had a significant anti-obesity action and supports the traditional usage as a substitute drug for ginseng roots.

Somatropin (Zorbtive): in short bowel syndrome.

A somatropin preparation (Zorbtive) produced by recombinant DNA technology has been evaluated in patients with short bowel syndrome. Somatropin is thought to enhance intestinal adaptation in this condition through direct or indirect effects on the intestine. In a randomised, double-blind study in patients with short bowel syndrome who were dependent on intravenous parenteral nutrition (IPN) [n = 41], recipients of subcutaneous somatropin alone or somatropin plus oral glutamine had significantly greater mean reductions from baseline in weekly total IPN volume than recipients of placebo plus glutamine. All patients received a special diet. In addition, significantly greater mean reductions from baseline in weekly total IPN calories and the mean frequency of IPN or supplemental lipid emulsion administration occurred in patients receiving somatropin alone or in combination with glutamine, compared with recipients of placebo plus glutamine. Adverse events were reported in 100% of patients with short bowel syndrome during treatment with somatropin with or without glutamine. However, a high proportion of patients also reported signs and symptoms before starting therapy or adverse events after therapy, suggesting that such patients experience numerous events attributable to their underlying condition or to complications of IPN.

Cardiopulmonary Effects of Lipid Emulsions in Patients With ARDS

Lipid emulsions have been suspected of inducing certain modifications in gas exchange and pulmonary hemodynamics. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and pulmonary effects of two lipid emulsions. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Medical and surgical ICU in a French university hospital. Eighteen patients presenting ARDS. Each patient received a 6-h infusion of a 20% fat emulsion containing 100% long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) and a 6-h infusion of 50% LCTs/50% medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) 20% lipid emulsion at the rate of 1.0 mL/kg/h. An 18-h period with no lipids separated the two periods. An additional 18-h period after the end of the second lipid emulsion administration was observed prior to the final measurements. The MCT/LCT emulsion increased the PaO(2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO(2)) ratio (p = 0.005) compared with LCT emulsion alone. The mean (+/- SD) PaO(2)/FIO(2) ratio increased from 165 +/- 55 to 191 +/- 64 mm Hg after 1 h of LCT/MCT administration (p < 0.03), and to 175 +/- 46 mm Hg after 6 h. Moreover, there was an increase in oxygen delivery after 6 h of LCT/MCT administration (p < 0.001 vs baseline). While a time-related increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure (p = 0.012) during lipid administration was found, no effect of the kind of lipid emulsion was observed. The time-related increase in cardiac index (p = 0.002) was more marked when the patients received the LCT/MCT emulsion (p = 0.002). Pulmonary vascular resistances were not affected by the kind of lipid emulsion. The present work showed that while the LCT emulsion induced no deleterious effects on oxygenation in ARDS patients, the LCT/MCT emulsion improved the PaO(2)/FIO(2) ratio and had a further beneficial effect on oxygen delivery.

Hepatotoxic effect of D-galactosamine and protective role of lipid emulsion.

D-galactosamine is a hepatotoxic agent, which induces diffuse injury of liver tissue followed by the regeneration process. Our data showed a high increase of serum aminotransferases after D-galactosamine administration, which indicates a high extent of liver injury. When lipid emulsion was applied immediately after D-galactosamine, the increase of serum aminotransferases was greatly reduced. In addition, the decrease of the cytochrome c oxidase activity induced by D-galactosamine was not observed after lipid emulsion administration and the increase of total liver oxidative capacity in the regeneration period due to activated mitochondrial biogenesis was accelerated. All these findings indicate a protective effect of lipid emulsion administration against D-galactosamine toxicity.

Association of Pancreatitis with Administration of Contrast Medium and Intravenous Lipid Emulsion in a Patient with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Computed tomography is widely used to diagnose acute pancreatitis. Iodinated contrast medium lengthens the duration of pancreatitis and may increase the incidence of local or systemic complications. Total parenteral nutrition including IV lipid emulsion plays an important role in the management of patients with pancreatitis. Induction of pancreatitis by IV lipid emulsion is exceedingly rare. We report a 30-year-old patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in whom pancreatitis was exacerbated by oral and IV contrast medium and also by IV lipid emulsion in the absence of hypertriglyceridemia. Exclusion of the lipid emulsion resulted in prompt reduction of lipase levels on three separate occasions. This case is the first to implicate IV lipid emulsion in the exacerbation of pancreatitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and normal baseline triglyceride levels. Thus, this case report suggests that we must exercise caution in the use of contrast medium and IV lipids in the diagnosis and management of acute pancreatitis.

Acute haemodynamic effects of lipolysis-induced increase of free fatty acids in healthy men.

Circulating free fatty acids (FFA) are elevated in subjects with insulin resistance and Type II diabetes, and increase during myocardial ischaemia, but their haemodynamic effects are incompletely understood. During an investigation of the effects of FFA on endothelial function, we administered lipid emulsion (150 mg x min(-1) of soybean oil) with heparin (0.2 unit x kg(-1) x min(-1)) intravenously to eight healthy men for 2 h. This increased circulating FFA to 3.1+/-0.5 mmol/l. Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography during brachial artery infusions of saline, acetylcholine and nitroprusside before, and at 1 and 2 h. Lipid/heparin infusion had no significant effect on vasodilation to nitroprusside but progressively increased responses to acetylcholine (from 6.3+/-2.0 during 30 microg x min(-1) before-lipid infusion to 7.9+/-1.3 at 1 h and 12.2+/-1.1 ml x min(-1) x 100 ml(-1) at 2 h, P<0.001). Basal flow increased from 2.7+/-0.7 to 4.7+/-0.8 ml x min(-1) x 100 ml(-1) from 0 to 2 h. We performed a second study to clarify this effect on basal blood flow. Healthy men (n=8) received, on separate occasions, 4 h intravenous infusions of lipid emulsion with heparin and, as a control, saline with heparin. Lipid with heparin increased mean arterial blood pressure (maximum increment 8.2+/-2.7 mm Hg, P<0.01 compared with saline/heparin control) and forearm blood flow (from 1.7+/-0.2 to 2.9+/-0.3 ml x min(-1) x 100 ml(-1), P<0.01) without a significant effect on heart rate, and reduced calculated forearm vascular resistance (from 49.1+/-5.4 to 31.3+/-3.9 arbitrary units, P<0.01). In conclusion, acute elevation of FFA in healthy men increases arterial blood pressure and reduces vascular resistance. These haemodynamic changes could be clinically relevant.

Immunonutrition in experimental colitis: beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids

Recent data have given emphasis to the benefits of immunonutrition with omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) in various clinical situations. This work presents the results of parenteral administration of different lipid emulsions in experimental acute colitis and reviews the pertinent literature. Seventy-four adult male Wistar rats were randomized in six groups that had 10% acetic acid-induced colitis (except CS). During 7 days, control groups CS (without colitis) and CC (with colitis) received physiological solution and the others received specific lipid emulsion by a central venous catheter (0.5 mL/h). The n-3/n-6 FA ratio and lipidic compositions were: group L--1:7.7 (LCT, n = 12), M--1:7.0 (MCT and LCT, n = 12), LW-3--1:4.5 (LCT plus FO, n = 12) and MW-3--1:3.0 (MCT and LCT plus FO, n = 13). Rats were evaluated to assess abdominal and intestinal alterations, macrophage cellularity and colonic concentrations of LTB4, LTC4, PGE2 and TXB2. N-3 FA treated rats (LW-3 and MW-3) presented less inflammatory abdominal alterations than CC rats. Mucosal ulcer formation in MW-3 group was the only comparable to CS group. Only CS, M and MW-3 rats presented smaller cellularity than CC group. Comparing to CC group, there were found smaller averages of LTB4 in CS, LW-3 and MW-3 groups, of PGE2 in CS, M and MW-3 groups, and of TXB2 in CS and MW-3 groups. LTC4 averages were not different. 1) LCT-containing lipid emulsion with low n-3/n-6 ratio do not modify inflammatory colitis derived manifestations; 2) the association of MCT/LCT-containing lipid emulsion with fish oil with high n-3/n-6 ratio impels great beneficial impact, attenuating morphological and inflammatory consequences and decreasing colonic concentrations of proinflammatory mediators.

Anti-obesity effects in rodents of dietary teasaponin, a lipase inhibitor.

Based on the inhibitory effects of teasaponin on pancreatic lipase activity in vitro, this study was performed to clarify whether teasaponin prevented obesity induced in mice by a high-fat diet for 11 weeks. For in vitro experiments, assay for the inhibitory effects of teasaponin on pancreatic lipase activity was performed by measuring the rate of release of oleic acid from triolein in an assay system using triolein emulsified with lecithin, gum arabic, Triton X-100 or 4-methylumbelliferyloleate. For in vivo experiments, female ICR mice were fed a high-fat diet with or without 0.5% teasaponin for 11 weeks. Teasaponin competitively inhibited the hydrolysis of triolein emulsified with lecithin, gum arabic, Triton X-100 or 4-methylumbelliferyloleate. Teasaponin inhibited the elevations of plasma triacylglycerol levels 3, 4 and 5 h after oral administration of lipid emulsion containing corn oil. Teasaponin suppressed the increases in body, parametrial adipose tissue weights and diameter in adipose cell size induced by a high-fat diet. Furthermore, feeding a high-fat diet plus teasaponin had no effect on stool frequency and content, but significantly increased triacylglycerol contents in feces as compared to feeding a high-fat diet. The anti-obesity effects of teasaponin in high-fat diet-treated mice may be partly mediated through delaying the intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity.

Parenteral supplementation with a fish-oil emulsion prolongs survival and improves rat lymphocyte function during sepsis

Nutritional intervention with ω-3 fatty acids during trauma and infection has been shown to improve the clinical outcome of patients and the survival rate in laboratory animals. This study evaluated the effects of parenteral administration of lipid emulsions containing fish oil (FO) or soybean oil (SBO) on survival and T-lymphocyte response during sepsis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–275 g) were prepared for parenteral feeding 4 d before inducing sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Standard resuscitation was provided with normal saline. Thirty minutes after completing CLP, sham control or CLP rats were infused continuously with saline or a parenteral diet containing SBO or a 1:1 FO:SBO emulsion. The survival rate was significantly improved in rats receiving the FO-supplemented diet, with 50% alive by 120 h in comparison with the saline-infused, chow-fed rats (0% alive by 120 h) or the SBO-fed rats (12% alive at 120 h). The T-lymphocyte response was evaluated at 24 h after CLP. Sepsis led to a decline in lymphocyte proliferation in rats infused with saline or the SBO emulsion, which was associated with a greater release of splenocyte interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β and prostaglandin E 2. Administering the 1:1 FO:SBO parenteral diet during sepsis improved the survival rate and prevented the sepsis-induced suppression of lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 release. The FO effect on lymphocyte function was associated with decreased splenocyte release of transforming growth factor-β and prostaglandin E 2.

EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF OMEGA-3 AND OMEGA-6 LIPID EMULSIONS ON EQUINE MONOCYTE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR PRODUCTION IN VITRO

The effect of intravenous administration of lipid emulsions enriched with omega-3 (n3) and omega-6 (n6) fatty acids on equine monocyte phospholipid fatty acid composition and the synthesis of inflammatory mediators in vitro was evaluated. In a randomized crossover design, horses were infused intravenously with 20% lipid emulsions containing n3 or n6 fatty acids. Monocytes were isolated from the horses before and 0 h, 8 h, 24 h, and 7 days after lipid infusion. Monocyte fatty acid analysis demonstrated incorporation of the parenteral n3 and n6 fatty acids in monocyte phospholipids immediately after infusion, with changes in the fatty acid composition persisting for up to 7 days after infusion. In vitro production of the inflammatory mediators thromboxane B2/thromboxane B3 (TXB(2/3)) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) by peripheral blood monocytes was diminished by n3 lipid infusion and was unchanged or increased by n6 lipid infusion. The results of this study demonstrate that short-term infusions of n3 and n6 fatty acid-enriched lipid emulsions alter the fatty acid composition of equine monocyte phospholipids and modify the inflammatory response of these cells in vitro. These results also support further investigation into the use of parenteral n3 fatty acids as part of the supportive therapy of patients with multiple organ dysfunction (MODS) or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Oleyl alcohol inhibits intestinal long-chain fatty acid absorption in rats.

Long-chain fatty acids are important nutrients, but obesity is the most common nutritional disorder in humans. In this study we investigated the effect of oleyl alcohol on the intestinal long-chain fatty acid absorption in rats. We administered [14C]oleic acid and oleyl alcohol as lipid emulsion intraduodenally in unanesthetized lymph-cannulated rats and measured the lymphatic output of oleic acid. Second, we orally administered lipid emulsion with a stomach tube and measured the luminal and mucosal oleic acid residues. Furthermore, rats were fed oleyl alcohol as a dietary component for 20 days, and fecal lipid and the weight of adipose tissues were measured. In lymph-cannulated rats, triglyceride and [14C]oleic acid output in the lymph were significantly lower in the presence of oleyl alcohol when compared with the absence of oleyl alcohol in a dose-dependent manner. The radioactivity remaining in the intestinal lumen was more strongly detected in rats that had been orally administered oleyl alcohol than in the controls. The feces of rats fed an oleyl-alcohol-added diet contained much higher amounts of lipids, and the weights of their adipose tissues were significantly lower than in the control group. These results suggest that oleyl alcohol inhibits the rat gastrointestinal absorption of long-chain fatty acids in vivo.

Impaired splenic function and tuftsin deficiency in patients with intestinal failure on long term intravenous nutrition

Background—Reticuloendothelial system function is impaired in humans receiving lipid regimens.Aims—To evaluate the effects of long term administration of long chain triglyceride emulsions on reticuloendothelial system function.Methods—Splenic function and tuftsin activity...