Administration Of Hydroalcoholic Extract Research Articles

Effects of hydroalcoholic, methanolic, and hexane extracts of brown algae Sargassum angustifolium on scopolamine-induced memory impairment and learning deficit in rodents.

Properties of Alzheimer's disease, can be caused by several reasons and there is no definite treatment for it. We aimed to study the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract, methanolic and n-hexane fractions of brown algae Sargassum angustifolium on memory impairment in mice and rats. Hydroalcoholic extract (25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg), methanolic (20 and 40 mg/kg) and n-hexane (40 and 60 mg/kg) fractions of S. angustifolium were administered for 21 days intraperitoneally before scopolamine injection (2 mg/kg) on day 21. Rivastigmine was administered for 3 weeks intraperitoneally as well. Then, cognitive function was evaluated by three behavioral tests: passive avoidance, object recognition, and the Morris Water Maze test. Scopolamine induced memory impairment and rivastigmine significantly reversed the memory dysfunction in all three tests. Hydroalcoholic extract and methanolic fraction significantly reversed scopolamine-induced memory impairment in passive avoidance by 64% and 55% and enhanced the recognition index in the object recognition test. In the Morris water maze test probe trial and training session, on days 3 and 4, the hydroalcoholic extract showed a significant decrease in time spent in the target quadrant and path length, respectively. Also, hydroalcoholic extract and methanolic fraction decreased escape latency time in training sessions on days 3 and 4, by 50% and 31% in comparison to scopolamine. N-hexane fractions had no significant effect on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment. Although the n-hexane fraction wasn't effective, the administration of hydroalcoholic extract and the methanolic fraction of S. angustifolium enhanced scopolamine-induced memory impairment.

Efeito do extrato de Anacardium occidentale L. durante a gestação, lactação e no desenvolvimento da prole de ratos

Anacardium occidentale L. é uma espécie arbórea, pertencente à família Anacardiaceae, encontrada em muitos países. No Brasil, é conhecida popularmente como “cajueiro”, “cajueiro roxo”, sendo considerada uma espécie nativa brasileira que apresenta ampla distribuição em todo o território nacional. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento materno com o extrato de A. ocidentale na toxicidade materna e no desenvolvimento pós-natal da prole de ratos. Procedeu-se o estudo fitoquímico preliminar da planta, no qual realizaram-se testes qualitativos para identificação de alcalóides, flavonoides e taninos através de reações clássicas de coloração e precipitação. Foram utilizadas ratas fêmeas primíparas, da linhagem Wistar, com idade entre 90 e 120 dias, e peso de 200 ± 50g. As ratas foram acasaladas por 24 horas, sendo uma fêmea para cada macho. Após a confirmação da prenhez, as ratas gestantes foram alojadas em gaiolas-maternidade individuais, divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Grupo CONTROLE (n=9) que recebeu água destilada por gavagem; e grupo EXTRATO (n=9), que recebeu a dose de 100mg/kg do extrato bruto do Anacardium occidentale, por meio de gavagem do primeiro dia de gestação até o final da lactação. Durante a gestação, foram avaliados os sinais de toxicidade das progenitoras e o desenvolvimento somático e físico da prole. Os resultados deste estudo apontam que a administração do extrato hidroalcóolico da folha do cajueiro roxo afetou o desenvolvimento físico e somático da prole, sugerindo efeito tóxico neonatal. Além disso, esse extrato também induziu toxicidade materna sistêmica, caracterizado pela presença de sinais clínicos de toxicidade.

Tanacetum parthenium enhances pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors.

Sleep disordersare among the most common psychiatric and medical conditions. In the present study, the hypnotic effect of Tanacetum parthenium was studied in mice. The hydro-alcoholic extract (HAE) of T. parthenium and three fractions of it, namely water fraction (WF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), andn-hexane fraction (NHF), were intraperitoneally (ip) administrated to mice 30 min before injection of sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, ip). Then, 30 min after administration of HAE, motor coordination (rota-rod test) was evaluated. Besides, LD50 of HAE was determined and the cytotoxicity of HAE was evaluated in PC12 cells using the MTT assay. HAE 50-200 mg/kg increased the sleeping time. EAF was the only fraction which could prolong the sleep duration and decrease sleep latency. The LD50 value was 4.8 g/kg. The extract induced no cytotoxic effects in PC12 cell line. The results suggested that T. parthenium potentiates pentobarbital hypnosis without causing toxic effects. Probably, its effects are mediated by the components present in EAF of this plant.

Hypnotic Effect of Portulaca oleracea on Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep in Mice

In Iranian Traditional Medicine, the herbs with cold and wet temperament can help to improve insomnia. Portulaca oleracea has a cold and wet temperament, so the present study was carried out to investigate the sleep-prolonging effect of Portulaca oleracea. This work was an experimental study on mice which were randomly divided into these groups: saline (control); Diazepam: positive control); hydro-alcoholic extract of Portulaca oleracea (12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) by Soxhlet apparatus and maceration; in the effective (dose25 mg/kg), different fractions of extract were tested. Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF:); N hexane fraction (n-HF); water fraction (WF). All the test compounds were injected intraperitoneally (IP) 30 minutes before pentobarbital administration (30 mg/kg). Duration and latency of pentobarbital-induced sleep were recorded. Also, LD50 of Portulaca oleracea extract was determined and the possible neurotoxicity of the extract was tested on neural PC12 cells. Besides, 30 min after administration of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) motor coordination (rota-rod test) was assessed. HAE increased the duration of pentobarbital-induced sleep at doses of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg. The hypnotic effect of HAE was comparable to that induced by diazepam. Similarly, WF, EAF, and NHF at 25 mg/kg could increase sleep duration. The sleep latency was decreased by HAE and NHF but not by WF and EAF. The LD50 value for HAE was found to be 4.8 g/Kg. HAE and its fractions did not show neurotoxic effect in cultured PC12-cell line, also HAE did not affect the animals performance on the rotarod test. The present data demonstrated that Portulaca oleracea potentiates sleeping behaviors. The main components responsible for the hypnotic effects of this plant is most likely a non-polar agents which is found in NHF. Isolation of the active constituents may yield a novel sedative drug.

Pharmacokinetic implications of albendazole biotransformation in goats following interaction with curcuma longa

To test the hypothesis that Curcuma longa could act as hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 inhibitor resulting in increased bioavailability of albendazole, a study was undertaken to understand the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of albendazole in goats with and without coadministration of albendazole with hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa at 7.5 and 500.0 mg per kg body weight, respectively. The comparative pharmacokinetic values (Mean±S.E.) of albendazole sulphoxide in goats using albendazole and albendazole combination revealed significantly (P<0.05) reduced values of concentration maximum, area under concentration-time curve and total area under the first movement of plasma drug concentration-time curve (P<0.001) in goats receiving albendazole and Curcuma long a. Significantly lower values of under concentration-time curve in goats receiving albendazole in combination with Curcuma longa had resulted in relative bioavailability of 0.57. Estimated drug-parasite contact of albendazole sulphoxide in goats revealed significantly decreased values in goats receiving ABZ combination. Nematode parasites of goats dominated by Haemonchus contortus also exhibited resistant against benzimidazole following administration of albendazole alone and in combination with Curcuma longa. Simultaneous administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa, contrary to the hypothesis, resulted in reduced bioavailability of albendazole.

Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Antioxidant Activities of the Hydroalcoholic Extract from Celery (Apium graveolens) Leaves

Celery (Apium graveolensL.) belongs to the Apiaceae family. It is a genus of an annual or biannual herb.A. graveolensis used in Algeria as a medicinal plant for the treatment of many diseases. This study was carried out to assess and confirm the in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of hydroalcoholic extract fromA. graveolensleaves. Wistar albino rats of both sexes, with different ages 2–3 months weighing between 160 and 250 g and Swiss albinosmice weighing 22–27 g were used for this study. The antiinflammatory activity was estimated by measuring the oedema induced by Carrageenan; the analgesic activity was performed by the acetic acid–induced writhing test and formalin-induced paw licking. The administration of hydroalcoholic extract at doses of 200, 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the increase of the paw volume with an inhibition percentage of 80.17%, 86.50% and 89.66%, respectively; all doses showed a strong significant effect (p&lt; 0.001). These results were similar to those obtained with piroxicam 78.93% and indometacine 76.13%. Although the same doses showed a high significant effect (p&lt; 0.01) compared to the control group, the extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg registered higher levels of analgesic activity (17 ± 2.36) writhing (75.53% inhibition) than the standard drug paracetamol (30.5 ± 3.61) writhing; in the two tests, acetic acid induced writhing and formalin induced paw licking. The study of hydroalcoholic extract in vitro showed a high antioxidant capacity by inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (IC50= 1.29 mg/ml). In conclusion,A. graveolensis an interesting plant and the hydroalcoholic leaves extracts could be used scientifically in the treatment of acute inflammation and the peripheral analgesic activity.

Potentiating effects of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. on pentobarbital-induced sleep.

Sleeplessness is the most common sleep disorder. In this study the hypnotic effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract (HAE) of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. and its water fraction (WF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and n-butanol fraction (NBF) were studied in mice. The test compounds were administered intraperitoneally to mice 30 min before the administration of sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg.). Moreover, the influence of flumazenil on the hypnotic effect of the extracts was evaluated. Besides, 30 min after administration of HAE, motor coordination (rota-rod test) was assessed. Additionally, LD50 for HAE was determined and the possible neurotoxicity of the extract was tested in neural PC12 cells. The HAE and NBF decreased the latency of sleep (p<0.05), and significantly increased the duration of sleep (p<0.05) induced by pentobarbital. These effects of P. abrotanoides were reversed by flumazenil. HAE did not affect the animals' performance on the rota-rod test. The LD50 value for HAE was found to be 4.8 g/kg. HAE and its fractions did not show neurotoxic effects in cultured PC12 cell line. The results showed that P. abrotanoides significantly potentiated pentobarbital hypnosis without toxic effect. Probably, its effects are related to its non-polar constituents.

Biofunctional properties of Eruca sativa Miller (rocket salad) hydroalcoholic extract

Eruca sativa Miller is a worldwide common alimentary plant (rocket leaves). The aim of this study was to correlate the potential in vitro scavenging activity of the E. sativa hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) with its in vivo hypoglycaemic effect. In DDPH free radical (DFR) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays, HAE in a concentration dependent manner (25–100 μg/mL) displayed a strong scavenging activity with maximum effect of 88% and 75% at 100 μg/mL, respectively. Daily administration of HAE (50 mg/kg; p.o.) in the in vivo model of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits for 28 days showed significant reduction in glycaemia, also supported by recovery of body weight. In conclusion, our results give preliminary information on the potential use of this plant as a nutraceutical, useful to control and/or prevent a hyperglycaemic status.

Efficacy of Adiantum capillus veneris Linn in chemically induced urolithiasis in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Adiantum capillus veneris Linn has been recommended in ancient literature of Unani system of medicine as an important ingredient of many formulations for the treatment of urolithiasis. Its decoction has long been used for the same purpose by several Unani physicians. Aim of studyTo investigate the antiurolithiasic effect of the hydro alcoholic extract of Adiantum capillus veneris Linn in male Sprague Dawley rats. Material and methodsThe effects of oral administration of hydro alcoholic extract of test drug were studied on calcium oxalate urolithiasis. A total of 48 rats were used for the study. The animals were divided into six groups of eight animals each. Plain control rats were treated with distilled water only, throughout the study period, whereas in other groups nephrolithiasis was induced by providing drinking water containing 0.75% ethylene glycol and 1% ammonium chloride for 7 days. Thereafter, urine was examined for the presence of crystals. Negative control group A rats were sacrificed after 7 days, whereas negative control group B was left untreated up to the end of study. Test groups were treated with 127.6mg/kg and 255.2mg/kg of test drug and standard control with Cystone (750mg/kg) for 21 days. At the end of experiment, number of crystals in urine and levels of calcium, phosphorus, urea and creatinine in serum were observed. Histopathological study of the kidney was done by light microscopy. ResultsUrine microscopy showed significant reduction (p<0.001 and p<0.01) in the number of crystals in test groups A and B respectively. Serum levels of calcium, phosphorous, and blood urea were found to be decreased significantly in all the groups. In both the test groups, serum creatinine level was found to be similar as in plain control. The animals treated with test drug showed much improvement in body weight. Histopathology of kidney showed almost normal kidney architecture in treated groups. ConclusionThe above findings indicate the antiurolithic activity of Adiantum capillus veneris Linn, and thus, validate the claims of Unani physicians for its medicinal use in urolithiasis.

Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Eclipta Alba as a Reversal Agent in Boric Acid Induced Male Reproductive Toxicity

AbstractBoric acid administration has a detrimental effect on reproductive organs, livers, and kidneys in rats. In the present study, male Wistar rats were orally fed with boric acid at a dose regimen of 350 mg/kg bodyweight for a period of 30 days, followed by oral administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba at a dose regimen of 500 mg/kg body weight orally for 60 days. The boric acid treated group showed signs of toxicity, such as liver damage, nephropathy, and complete damage to the testis, as early as 15 days which became aggravated by 30 days of the boric acid study period. Oxidative stress in all of the vital organs showed a significant increase. Following the plant extract treatment, complete reversal in reproductive toxicity was observed. The hormonal levels viz., testosterone, estrogen, and FSH returned to normal ranges after the 60 days of plant extract treatment. Significant reversal comparable to the control groups was observed in oxidative stress in the vital tissues. The fertility of the rats was found to be restored. The altered tissue morphology showed significant signs or recovery as observed under light microscopic examination. Thus, overall recovery was observed in the boric acid treated rats which received treatment with the plant extract. It can be concluded that Boric acid definitely has detrimental effects on the male reproductive system and the plant extract showed promising results. However, the mode of action and the active components for the same needs to be further investigated.

Potential of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Tylophora indica Leaves for Antidiabetic Property in Rat

The present study was carried out to ascertain the role of hydroalcoholic extract of Tylophora indica leaves for its possible antidiabetic potentials in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic Wistar female rats. A single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) elevated the glucose level>230 mg/dl after 3 days. Oral administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of Tylophora indica leaves at 100 and 250 mg/kg resulted in significant reduction (P<0.001) in blood glucose level. Body weight was significantly reduced (P<0.001) in STZ induced diabetic rats when compared to normal rats, while in diabetic rats Tylophora indica leaves extract (P<0.001) prevented significantly the decrease in body weight in a dose dependant manner. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-c and HDL-c levels were altered in STZ induced diabetic rats, which were considerably restored to near normal in animals treated with Tylophora indica extract. The administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Tylophora indica resulted in significant (P<0.001) increase in the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutahione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and reduced glutathione, thus resulting in reduced free radical formation in liver tissues of the diabetic rat. These observations demonstrated the dose dependent antidiabetic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Tylophora indica leaves in STZ-induced diabetic rat.

Analysis of Fetal and Placental Development in Rats after Administration of Hydroalcoholic Extract from the Root of Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae)

Se investigaron los efectos de la extracto hidroalcoholico de la raiz Petiveria alliacea sobre el desarrollo fetal y placentario en ratas prenadas. Treinta ratas hembras fueron criadas y divididas en grupos: I- Ratas tratadas con placebo y sacrificado en el dia 7; II- Ratas tratadas con el extracto hidroalcoholico y sacrificadas en el dia 7; III- ratas tratadas con placebo y sacrificado el dia 14; IV- ratas tratadas con el extracto hidroalcoholico y sacrificaron el dia 14; V- ratas tratadas con placebo para el analisis de las crias; VI- ratas tratadas con el extracto hidroalcoholico para el analisis de las crias. El extracto se administro por sonda en dosis de 18mg/kg de peso corporal, en el 5to dia de prenez. Los sitios de implantacion y la placenta se fijaron en Bouin y se procesaron para la inclusion en parafina. Las crias fueron pesadas, medidas y contadas. El extracto hidroalcoholico de la raiz de P. alliacea provoco una reduccion significativa en el numero de sitios de implantacion, pero no causaron alteraciones histologicas en estos sitios y la placenta. No se observaron alteraciones en el numero, longitud y peso de las crias. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el extracto hidroalcoholico de P. alliacea en la dosis de 18mg/kg de peso corporal, administrado a ratas hembras en el 5to dia de prenez, solo causo retardo en el proceso de implantacion.

Gastroprotective activity of Pradosia huberi on experimentally induced gastric lesions in rodents: Role of endogenous sulphydryls and nitric oxide

Pradosia huberi is a medicinal plant very common in the Amazonian forest population. The research interest in this plant is justifiable because of its potential medicinal value in gastritis and gastric ulcer mentioned in local folk medicine. In this paper, we evaluated the acute toxicity and antiulcerogenic effect of a hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) obtained from Pradosia huberi barks in rodents. No acute toxicological sign or symptom was observed in animals treated with the highest dose (5000 mg/kg, p.o.) of Pradosia huberi. In the HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcer model, HAE demonstrated significant inhibition of the ulcerative lesion index by 73% (500 mg/kg) and 88% (1000 mg/kg), respectively, in relation to the control value ( p < 0.05). The gastric damage induced by absolute ethanol in rats was effectively reduced by 84, 88 and 81% (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) when compared with the control group ( p < 0.01). In the NSAID-induced lesion model, HAE also showed antiulcerogenic effect with decrease in gastric lesions of 56% (250 mg/kg), 57% (500 mg/kg) and 67 % (1000 mg/kg) when compared with animals treated with vehicle ( p < 0.05). In the gastric ulcer induced by pylorus ligature model, the administration of HAE by oral and intraduodenal routes inhibited the gastric lesion index by 79 and 52% (500 mg/kg), respectively. HAE administered orally or intraduodenally was able to change gastric juice parameters (pH, volume and acid output) as well as those treated with cimetidine. The treatment with HAE (p.o.) significantly increased gastric volume, the pH values and promoted reduced acid output ( p < 0.01). By comparative effect (intraduodenal and oral route), we observed that HAE was better for local activity in gastric mucosa than in systemic action. HAE also has a non-specific activity when found to be the inhibitor of intestinal motility ( p > 0.01). The mechanism of action of HAE did not seem to be related to the NO-inhibitor but showed the participation of endogenous sulphydryl group in the gastroprotective action.