Administration Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Alleviation of Lead Nitrate-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Garlic Essential Oil in Albino Mice: A Comprehensive Study on Inflammation and Genotoxicity

Lead (Pb) is a hazardous environmental contaminant that has been linked to renal impairments when consumed. As a part of this study, we explored garlic essential oil’s potential therapeutic uses against Lead nitrate (PbNo3)2-mediated nephrotoxicity. Six experimental groups of six mice each were employed and groupings were further formed as - Control, (PbNo3)2, (PbNo3)2 + low dosage of garlic essential oil, (PbNo3)2 + high dosage of garlic essential oil, (PbNo3)2 + Silymarin and (PbNo3)2 + olive oil groups. (PbNo3)2 treatment enhanced the progression of renal inflammation by activating the NFĸB signaling pathway which in turn increased the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators like TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6. With that, the reduction of IL-10 cytokine level was also noticed. Interestingly, oral administration of garlic essential oil to some extent improved biological functioning since it was able to substantially decreased the inflammatory processes in the renal tissue. The Lead nitrate intoxicated group also showed substantially higher parameters of the comet assay, including the percentage of DNA in the tail, tail length and the moment of the tail, demonstrating the degree of genetic instability caused by heavy metal exposure. However, garlic essential oil to some extent was able to recover these parameters and ensure molecular repair.

The effect of thyme essential oil and endothelial progenitor stem cells on lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis in C57BL/6 mice.

Sepsis is a potentially fatal syndrome related to severe systemic inflammation developed by infection. Despite different antimicrobial therapies, morbidity and mortality rates remain high. Herbs along with cell therapy have been introduced as a promising option to improve the symptoms of sepsis. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of simultaneous administration of thyme essential oil (TEO) and endothelial progenitor stem cells (EPCs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis in C57BL/6 mice. Sepsis was induced in C57Bl/6J mice by intraperitoneal injection of LPS, followed 2h later by an intravenous injection of EPCs or oral administration of TEO or simultaneous administration of TEO and EPCs. After 10 days, the complete blood cell, renal and liver factors, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, and angiogenic factors were measured. Simultaneous treatment with EPCs and TEO significantly increased the survival of mice with sepsis and modulated the inflammatory response by reducing the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, this treatment significantly reduced the level of white blood cells and neutrophils and increased the number of red blood cells, the percentage of hematocrit, and hemoglobin. The combination of TEO with EPCs decreased organ injuries and was assessed by lower levels of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase compared to the sepsis group. Administration of EPCs and TEO also significantly improved angiogenic factors, lung function, and toll-like receptor 4 expression. EPCs in combination with TEO increase survival in the LPS-induced sepsis mice model by acting on several targets. Thus, the combination of TEO with EPCs can be a feasible approach for the future clinical treatment and control of sepsis.

Experimental trials to assess the immune modulatory influence of thyme and ginseng oil on NDV-vaccinated broiler chickens.

The use of traditional medicine against viral diseases in animal production has been practiced worldwide. Herbal extracts possess organic substances that would improve chicken body performance. The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of either thyme or ginseng oil in regard to their immune-modulatory, antiviral, and growth promoter properties. Two hundred and forty-one-day-old broiler chicks were allocated into eight equal groups as the following: group 1; nonvaccinated and nontreated and group 2; Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccinated and nontreated. Birds of groups 3 and 4 were treated with thyme oil (200 mg/l of drinking water for 12 hours/day) without or with NDV vaccination. Birds of groups 5 and 6 were treated with ginseng oil (200 mg/l of drinking water for 12 hours/day) without or with NDV vaccination. Birds of groups 7 and 8 were treated with a combination of ginseng oil (100 mg/l of drinking water) and thyme oil (100 mg/l of drinking water) for 12 hours/day. On the 35th day of life, birds in all the experimental groups were given 0.1 ml of a virulent genotype VIId NDV strain suspension containing 106.3 EID50/ml intramuscularly. Administration of ginseng and thyme oils each alone or simultaneously to birds either vaccinated or nonvaccinated elicited a significant improvement in body performance parameters. Administration of thyme and ginseng each alone or concurrently to vaccinated birds (Gp 4, 6, and 8) induced a higher hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer of 6, 7.3, and 6.3 log2 at 21 days of age, 6.7, 7.6, and 7 log2, at 28 days of age and 7, 8, and 6.8 log2 at 35 days of age, respectively. Challenge with vNDV genotype VII led to an increase in the NDV-specific HI-Ab titers 10 days post challenge in all the experimental groups. In addition, thyme, ginseng oils, or a combination of them improved the protection from mortality in vaccinated birds; by 100%, 100%, and 90%, respectively, compared with 80% protection from mortality in vaccinated-only birds post-NDV challenge. Moreover, NDV-vaccinated birds treated either with thyme; ginseng or their combination showed negative detection of the virus in both tracheal and cloacal swabs and nonvaccinated groups that received oils showed improvement in vNDV shedding in tracheal and cloacal swabs. It could be concluded that the administration of thyme and ginseng essential oils to broilers can improve productive performance parameters, stimulate humoral immunity against, and protect from vNDV infection.

Oxidative stability in meat (pectoralis major) of broiler orally supplemented with essential oils of allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum.

Lipid oxidation is a normal process in living muscles, but is escalated postmortem due to the loss of inherent antioxidant defense, which causes quality deterioration of meat. This study investigates the effects of essential oil (EO) supplementation to the drinking water of broiler chicken on physical properties, antioxidants, and lipid oxidation in Pectoralis major during frozen storage. Two hundred day-old chicks of arbo acre were allocated to five groups; control (T1) and the groups supplemented with: Allium sativum (T2), Curcuma longa (T3), Zingiber officinale (T4) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (T5) at the level of 300ml/L into drinking water throughout a 49-d study. Thereafter, birds were slaughtered and breast meat excised for assessments during a 28-d storage period at 4 °C using standard procedure. The results show that cooking loss of Pectoralis major from T1 birds was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from that of T4, and were significantly higher than those of T2, T3, and T5 birds. Meat from T5 birds showed the lowest drip loss. The results for total antioxidant activity are not similar among sampling days. In general, control group showed inferior values, but T2 and T4 had greater values on days 0 and 28. The rate of lipid peroxidation increased with time; however, EOs administration markedly reduced the peroxidation rates compared to controls. The catalase activity of breast meat was significantly declined from day 14, but was enhanced as an effect of EO consumption especially in group T5 at 21 and 28 d. Supplementation of garlic, turmeric, and cinnamon EOs to broiler chickens increased glutathione peroxidase in breast meat on days 21 and 28, while turmeric EO enhanced superoxide dismutase up to 7 d. In conclusion, EOs are valuable supplements for broiler chickens and potent in enhancing meat quality and prolonging the shelf life.

Fennel Essential Oil as a Complementary Therapy in the Management of Diabetes.

Diabetes is a serious pathology that affects a significant number of people worldwide. Its progression is rapid and leads to serious complications if glycemic control is missing. The micro and macrovascular complications of diabetes produce disabilities over time that affect the daily lives of patients. The major challenge of diabetes therapy is to reach a stable glycemic state and to delay the onset of specific complications. Aromatherapy is considered an alternative or complementary therapy, but in recent years, there has been a tendency to overuse essential oils. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the effects produced by the topical and oral administration of fennel essential oil to diabetic rats. Eighteen compounds in fennel essential oil were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The major compounds were trans-anethole (64.6%) and fenchone (24.5%). The in vivo study revealed that after a four-week treatment with fennel essential oil, the rats' glycemic levels were significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, there were no differences between the two routes of administration. In addition, an ex vivo study underlined the potential effect of this essential oil in the prevention of cataract formation.

Effects of Lavender Essential Oil Inhalation on the Welfare and Meat Quality of Fattening Heavy Pigs Intended for Parma Ham Production.

We assessed the effects of inhalation administration of lavender essential oil (LEO) either once (L1) or twice (L2) a day on animal welfare indicators, carcass and meat quality of Italian heavy pigs. Pigs (n = 108) were allotted to three experimental groups (control -C-, L1 and L2) and lavender was administered, via a vaporizer device, to the treated groups during the entire fattening-finishing period (79-160 kg BW). Tail lesion severity was reduced in L1 at the end of the trial compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Body lesion counts, however, were higher in L2 than in C (p < 0.05), resulting in a more severe overall damage classification (p < 0.01). At slaughter, no differences were observed in carcass traits or blood stress indicators, only minor differences were observed in meat quality, and no LEO residual was found in fat or lean tissues, highlighting the preserved suitability of thighs for the dry curing process. While it was not possible to conclude on the ability to improve animal welfare of vaporized LEO in this production phase, the absence of adverse effects on meat quality and the discrepancies observed regarding the body lesions in L1 and L2 make further studies on behavioral aspects and the method of administration (route, frequency) of the product desirable.

&lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt; Acute Toxicity and Anti-inflammatory Activity of &lt;i&gt;Ferula sulcata&lt;/i&gt; Desf. from Setif, Algeria

Several works are interested in studying the undesirable therapeutic effects of medicinal plants, which must be used with great caution because they can be toxic. Under this objective falls our work, which consists in studying the acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory action in vivo of the Essential Oil (EO) of the aerial part (seed) of Ferula sulcata Desf. harvested from the region of Setif in western Algeria. Two doses were applied by oral gavage (2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight). After administration of the oil, the mice were continuously monitored for 14 days. The results obtained showed that there was no mortality or morbidity whereas the animals showed toxic effects e.g., behavioral and morphological changes. On the other hand, a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in body weight was observed. In addition, an important increase was recorded in the relative organ weights compared to the controls, whereas the liver was significantly increased (**p&lt;0.05): 6.12±0.19; 6.14±0.31 in females compared to controls. Furthermore, ALT value decreased significantly (**p&lt;0.05): 6.83±2.59 in males. In addition, the oral administration of EO at the dose of 600 mg/kg showed an interesting antiinflammatory activity comparable to indomethacin. Histopathological damage was observed in the liver and kidney tissues of mice treated with EO of this plant. Hence, the acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activities of EO of F. sulcata Desf. are considered the first data.

Fatty Acid Profile and Oxidative Stability of Layers’ Egg Yolk as Affected by Dietary Supplementation with Fresh Purslane and Addition of Aromatic Plant Essential Oils to Drinking Water

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of producing eggs enriched in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) while also increasing the oxidative stability of egg yolk. Here, 432 68-week-old Isa Brown layers were split into two groups of 216, consisting of three subgroups of 72 each. Group C was fed a standard corn–soybean meal diet, while Group P received the same basic diet with an additional 24 g of fresh purslane. In the drinking water of hens of the three subgroups of group C and the three subgroups of group P, either no essential oil (C-0, P-0) or 100 ppm of oregano essential oil (C-ORE, P-ORE) or 100 ppm of a blend of oregano, sage, and fennel essential oils (C-BLEND, P-BLEND) was administered. The purslane supplementation resulted in increased egg weight, improved yolk color, higher levels of α-linolenic and linoleic acids, and an improved omega-6/omega-3 nutritional index. The addition of essential oils resulted in a significant increase in the oxidative stability of the egg yolk, with the BLEND being the most effective. In conclusion, the combined administration of fresh purslane and essential oils of aromatic plants could be suggested for the production of eggs enriched in omega-3 PUFA, protected with natural antioxidants of plant origin.

In silico molecular modeling, neuro-behavioral profile, and toxicity assessment of the essential oil of Ferula gummosa Boiss. as an anti-seizure agent.

Ferula gummosa Boiss., known in Persian as "Baridje," belongs to the Apiaceae family. All parts of this plant, especially the root, contain galbanum. Galbanum, the oleo-gum resin of F. gummosa, is one of the essential traditional herbal medicines in Iran, which is used as a tonic for epilepsy and chorea, memory enhancement, gastrointestinal diseases, and wound healing. We investigated the toxicity, anticonvulsant effects, and molecular modeling of the essential oil (EO) distilled from the oleo-gum resin of F. gummosa. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the EO components. The cytotoxicity of EO on HepG2 cell lines was assessed by the MTT method. Male mice were arranged as follows: negative control groups (sunflower oil (10ml/kg, i.p.) or saline (10ml/kg, p.o.)), EO groups (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.5ml/kg, p.o.), and positive control groups (ethosuximide (150mg/kg, p.o.) or diazepam (1.0 or 2mg/kg, i.p.)). The motor coordination and neurotoxicity of EO were studied using the rota-rod test. Open-field, novel object recognition, and passive avoidance learning tests were used to investigate the effect of EO on locomotor activity and memory function. An acute pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model was utilized to evaluate the anticonvulsant properties of the EO. The interaction of the EO main components with the GABAA receptor was investigated by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. β-pinene, sabinene, α-pinene, and ρ-cymene were the main components of EO. The IC50 of the EO at 24, 48, and 72h was found to be 59.90, 12.96, and 3.93μl/ml, respectively. No adverse effects were observed in memory, motor coordination, and locomotor activity in mice treated with EO. Administration of EO (1, 1.5, and 2.5ml/kg) improved survival rates in mice receiving pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; to induce an epileptic seizure). Sabinene was able to bind to the binding site of benzodiazepines at the GABAA receptor. Acute treatment with the EO of F. gummosa caused antiepileptic effects and could effectively increase the survival rate in PTZ-treated mice with no significant toxicity.

Oral administration of Pinus koraiensis cone essential oil reduces rumen methane emission by altering the rumen microbial composition and functions in Korean native goat (Capra hircus coreanae).

This study aimed to investigate Pinus koraiensis cone essential oil (PEO) as a methane (CH4) inhibitor and determine its impact on the taxonomic and functional characteristics of the rumen microbiota in goats. A total of 10 growing Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae, 29.9 ± 1.58 kg, male) were assigned to different dietary treatments: control (CON; basal diet without additive) and PEO (basal diet +1 g/d of PEO) by a 2 × 2 crossover design. Methane measurements were conducted every 4 consecutive days for 17-20 days using a laser CH4 detector. Samples of rumen fluid and feces were collected during each experimental period to evaluate the biological effects and dry matter (DM) digestibility after PEO oral administration. The rumen microbiota was analyzed via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The PEO oral administration resulted in reduced CH4 emission (eructation CH4/body weight0.75, p = 0.079) without affecting DM intake; however, it lowered the total volatile fatty acids (p = 0.041), molar proportion of propionate (p = 0.075), and ammonia nitrogen (p = 0.087) in the rumen. Blood metabolites (i.e., albumin, alanine transaminase/serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase, creatinine, and triglyceride) were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by PEO oral administration. The absolute fungal abundance (p = 0.009) was reduced by PEO oral administration, whereas ciliate protozoa, total bacteria, and methanogen abundance were not affected. The composition of rumen prokaryotic microbiota was altered by PEO oral administration with lower evenness (p = 0.054) observed for the PEO group than the CON group. Moreover, PICRUSt2 analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways of prokaryotic bacteria, such as pyruvate metabolism, were enriched in the PEO group. We also identified the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group as the taxa potentially contributing to the enriched KEGG modules for histidine biosynthesis and pyruvate oxidation in the rumen of the PEO group using the FishTaco analysis. The entire co-occurrence networks showed that more nodes and edges were detected in the PEO group. Overall, these findings provide an understanding of how PEO oral administration affects CH4 emission and rumen prokaryotic microbiota composition and function. This study may help develop potential manipulation strategies to find new essential oils to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants.

Chemical characterization, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of Lippia lacunosa, a species used by the Bandeirantes

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLippia lacunosa Mart. & Schauer is an endemic plant from the Serra do Espinhaço mountain range located on the Atlantic plateau, Brazil. It is known as “chá de pedestre” and “rosmaninho” in folk medicine. This species has a characteristic mango aroma and is widely used by the population for flu, colds, sinus infections, coughing, relaxing baths, and foot baths after long walks. It is often confused with and, therefore, used interchangeably with L. rotundifolia and L. pseudothea. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to increase scientific knowledge on the ethnopharmacological use of Lippia lacunosa through the evaluation of the micromolecular composition and anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the hexane and ethanolic extracts, essential oil, and fractions in mice. Materials and methodsThe chemical profile of L. lacunosa extracts and fractions were obtained by chromatographic methods such as Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC), Gas Chromatography (GC), Column Chromatography (CC), and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Carrageenan-induced paw edema was used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity in mice. Mechanical allodynia induced by carrageenan and hot plate tests were employed to evaluate the antinociceptive activity. ResultsThe main constituents found in the essential oil were the monoterpenes myrcene (13.81%), linalool (6.84%), ipsenone (21.2%), and myrcenone (25.44%); and sesquiterpenes elemol (7.30%) and spathulenol (3.15%). The chromatograph fractionation of essential oil yielded a fraction rich in the main compounds (F33), ipsenone and mircenone. In experimental models of paw edema and mechanical allodynia induced by carrageenan (600 μg, 30 μL, i.pl.), the administration of hexane extract, essential oil (50 or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) or majority fraction (10 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced paw edema. The ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg) reduced mechanical allodynia only in the 2 nd h of evaluation. On the other hand, the hexane extract (50 or 100 mg/kg) and essential oil (100 mg/kg), as well as the majority fraction (10 mg/kg), reduced mechanical allodynia throughout the evaluation period. The hexane extract, essential oil, and majority fraction F33 also reduced the heat-induced nociceptive response. Also, majority fraction F33 did not affect the time mice spent in the rota-rod apparatus. ConclusionsThe elucidation of the composition of the essential oil and the demonstration of the activity of L. lacunosa in experimental models of acute inflammation and also in models of nociceptive and inflammatory pain can help to increase knowledge on the ancient ethnopharmacological use by the Bandeirantes, aiming at the evaluation of the species as a candidate for herbal medicine or phytopharmaceutical in the treatment of patients with inflammatory and painful conditions.

Therapeutic Potential of Clove Essential Oil in Diabetes: Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Enzyme Activities.

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency due to the destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to hyperglycemia, which in turn induces vascular complications. In the current study, we investigated the effect of intraperitoneal administration of clove essential oil (CEO: 20 mg/kg body weight) on certain oxidative stress and glucose metabolism enzymes, as well as the expression of proinflammatory mediators. Administration of CEO to diabetic rats showed a significant decline in blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, and xanthine oxidase, compared to the streptozotocin group. Furthermore, these treated rats elicited a notable attenuation in the levels of lipid peroxides, and thiols groups in both liver and brain tissues. The activities of antioxidant and metabolic enzymes were reverted to normality in diabetic upon CEO administration. In addition to its protective effects on red blood cell hemolysis, CEO is a potent α-amylase inhibitor with an IC50 =298.0±2.75 μg/mL. Also, treatment of diabetic rats with CEO significantly reduced the iNOS expression in the spleen. Our data showed that CEO has potential beneficial effects on diabetes, which can possibly prevent the pathogenesis of diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications.

The preventive effect of Zingiber officinale essential oil on demyelination of corpus callosum in a cuprizone rat model of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent neurological disability among young adults. Anti-inflammatory drugs have shown to be effective in MS. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of Zingiber officinale (ginger) have been shown and proven in many phytotherapy studies. This study aimed to evaluate effects of ginger essential oil on preventing myelin degradation in a rat model of MS. In this study, we divided 49 rats into 7 groups; 4 control and 3 experimental groups that received 3 different dose of ginger essential oil (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/day) for treatment of cuprizone-induced demyelinated rats. Basket test and transmission electron microscopy were performed in this study. Olig2 and Mbp genes and proteins were respectively evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histologically, cuprizone created demyelination in the corpus callosum fibers. Remyelination of fibers was seen in the group treated with the medium dose of ginger essence, by toluidine blue staining. transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed increased thickness of the myelin of fibers in all 3 treated groups (p<0.05). Feeding by the medium dose of ginger essence significantly increased the levels of Mbp and Olig2 genes (p<0.05). ELISA test showed that 100 mg/kg/day of ginger caused a significant difference between experimental and the cuprizone-induced groups (p<0.05). Our findings suggested that administration of ginger essential oil prevented demyelination and improved remyelination of rats` corpus callusom and can be used as an effective substance in the prevention of MS.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil alleviates testis failure induced by Etoposide in male rats

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a shrub used to treat hepatic, intestinal, renal, respiratory, and reproductive failures. Etoposide a plant-based compound derived from Podophyllum pelltatum, has been used for human malignancies treatment. However, it induces testis, and hepatic failures. In the present study, impact of rosemary essential oil against testis failure, lipid parameters, and hepatic enzymes in male rats has been studied. Forty male Wistar albino rats were grouped in a completely randomized design with Etoposide injection (ETO), rosemary supplementation (ROS), with Etoposide injection and rosemary supplement (ETO+ROS), and control rats with no Etoposide injection and no rosemary (CON). The experiment lasted for seven consecutive weeks including one week as acclimatization time. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and blood samples were analyzed for serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), total Protein (TP), glucose (GLU) and testosterone. The left testis was harvested for histological examination. Results showed that rats with Etoposide injection had higher ALT, AST, and ALP the control rats. No significant difference was found among treatments in terms of glucose concentration in blood. Rosemary supplemntaion decreased cholesterol and TG concentration and increased HDL concentration in male rats. Furthermore, administration of rosemary essential oil increased blood testosterone but decreased ALT and AST. The epithelial height of seminiferous tubules was decreased significantly in ET as compared with CON. Rosemary essential oil lessened the adverse effect of Etopside on epithelial height in rat testis as it is shown in ET+ROS. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of rosemary essential oil alleviated liver toxicity and functional testis damage induced by Etopside.

The Synergistic Hepatoprotective Activity of Rosemary Essential Oil and Curcumin: The Role of the MEK/ERK Pathway.

Curcumin is a natural product obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma longa. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a medicinal and aromatic plant that is widely spread in the Mediterranean region. Both Curcumin and rosemary essential oil are natural products of high medicinal and pharmacological significance. The hepatoprotective effect of both natural products is well-established; however, the mechanism of such action is not fully understood. Thus, this study is an attempt to explore the hepatoprotective mechanism of action of these remedies through their effect on MEK and ERK proteins. Furthermore, the effect of rosemary essential oil on the plasma concentration of curcumin has been scrutinized. The major constituents of REO were qualitatively and quantitatively determined by GC/MS and GC/FID, respectively. Curcumin and rosemary essential oil were given to mice in a pre-treatment model, followed by induction of liver injury through a high dose of paracetamol. Serum liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activities, the inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers, as well as the MEK and ERK portions, were verified. The plasma levels of curcumin were determined in the presence and absence of rosemary essential oil. The major constituents of REO were 1,8-cineole (51.52%), camphor (10.52%), and α-pinene (8.41%). The results revealed a superior hepatoprotective activity of the combination when compared to each natural product alone, as demonstrated by the lowered liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, mitigated inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers, and enhanced antioxidant activities. Furthermore, the combination induced the overexpression of MEK and ERK proteins, providing evidence for the involvement of this cascade in the hepatoprotective activity of such natural products. The administration of rosemary essential oil with curcumin enhanced the curcuminoid plasma level. The co-administration of both curcumin and rosemary essential oil together enhanced both their hepatoprotective activity and the level of curcumin in plasma, indicating a synergistic activity between both natural products.

Encapsulation of Frankincense Essential Oil by Microfluidic and Bulk Approaches: A Comparative Study

Herbs and hand-made herbal remedies have been long used for disease control, treatment, and health improvement. Evidence suggests that a single herb’s compounds can have synergistic functions with probably no adverse effect. Unfortunately, the traditional administration of essential oil (EO) does not follow a regulatory dose regimen, causing reduced bioavailability due to EO evaporation or denaturation in harsh biological environments. Hence, encapsulation can help enhance EO stability and dose dependence. Here, chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) were used to encapsulate frankincense essential oil (FEO) to preserve its remarkable therapeutic effects. Also, traditional bulk preparation methods were compared with microfluidic with central aqueous stream configuration (CAS). The results indicated the higher quality of microfluidic-based nanoparticles with uniform, spherical, and separated morphologies. The size of bulk and microfluidic nanoparticles ranged from 86 to 118 nm, the surface charge varied from 12.5 to 19.5 for different amounts of FEO, and the as-prepared colloid remained stable for three days. Narrow size distribution (PDI≤0.28) and high encapsulation efficiency (EE≤99 %) were achieved using the microfluidic process compared to the bulk method (PDI=0.74, EE≤90 %). The microfluidic nanoparticle also indicated a burst release rate greater than the bulk method (≤30 %). It was concluded that the high-performance microfluidic approach provided higher quality and more control over nanoparticle properties.

Comparison of intranasal and intraperitoneal administration of Eugenia caryophyllata (clove) essential oil on spatial memory, anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity in a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rat model

BackgroundEpilepsy induces behavioral effects and histological changes in the hippocampus. Eugenol, the main component of clove essential oil, has modulatory effects on seizure. We aimed to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal (IP) and intranasal (IN) clove essential oil on cognitive and histological changes during the chronic phase of temporal lope epilepsy.MethodsMale Wistar rats were divided into eight groups of seven including control, pilocarpine (PLC), clove oil (IP and IN), sesame oil (IP and IN), phenobarbital (positive control) and saline. Rats were injected with 350 mg/kg PLC to induce status epilepticus (SE). We evaluated the effects of 14 days IP (0.1 ml/kg) and IN (0.02 ml/kg) administration of clove essential oil on locomotor/explorative activity, anxiety-like behavior, spatial recognition memory, and hyperexcitability, as well as hippocampal cell survival in PLC-treated rats.ResultsOur findings indicated that clove oil could effectively ameliorate PLC-induced behavioral deficits, and also alleviate neuronal death in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus. Behavioral results as in the Y-maze, Open field and elevated plus maze featured significant differences between control and treated groups. Post-seizure behavioral battery (PBSS) results explicated that behavioral hyperexcitability were less in clove oil groups (both IN and IP) compared to PLC-treated rats. Moreover, results of this study demonstrated that IN administration of clove oil was more potent in alleviating behavioral impairment at a lower dosage than by IP route. The results of this study, also demonstrated that intranasal administration of clove oil could reduce duration of recurrent seizures.ConclusionIn summary, clove oil treatment ameliorated histopathological and behavioral consequences of PLC-induced SE.

O129 Dietary administration of oregano essential oil to newborn dairy calves promotes long term effects on immunity parameters during the replacement phase

O129 Dietary administration of oregano essential oil to newborn dairy calves promotes long term effects on immunity parameters during the replacement phase

Memory-enhancing, Antioxidant, and Anticholinesterase Effects of Inhaled Achillea pseudoaleppica Essential Oil on Scopolamine-induced Amnesic Rats

Achillea species are used for therapeutic purposes in many countries. This study demonstrated the memory-enhancing, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase effects of Achillea pseudoaleppica essential oil in scopolamine-induced amnesia. The GC/FID-GC/MS system revealed camphor as the major compound in the oil. The application of the essential oil (1% and 3%) was performed on the rats by inhalation for 21 consecutive days before the performance of the behavioral tests (Y-maze and radial-arm maze tests). The essential oil application increased the spontaneous alternation behavior in scopolamine-induced rats in the Y-maze task. Furthermore, essential oil administration decreased working memory errors and reference memory errors in scopolamine-treated rats in the radial-arm maze test. Therefore, Achillea pseudoaleppica essential oil inhalation improved memory in scopolamine-treated rats. In addition, acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant profiles of the hippocampal tissues of the rats were examined. Essential oil administration decreased acetylcholinesterase and superoxide dismutase specific activities and malondialdehyde levels while increasing the total content of reduced glutathione in the rat hippocampus in scopolamine-treated rats. Therefore, in this study, the combination of scopolamine and Achillea pseudoaleppica essential oil improved memory formation and increased the activities of antioxidants and anticholinesterase.

Translational Value of the Transdermal Administration of Bergamot Essential Oil and of Its Fractions.

The essential oil of bergamot (BEO) has consistently proven antinociceptive and antiallodynic properties. Accordingly, the analgesic efficacy of the decolored essential oil (DEC), with higher levels of limonene, and the deterpenated (DET) fraction, with higher levels of linalool and linalyl acetate, was investigated using a formalin test after inhalation. The present study was aimed at characterizing the effects of BEO, its components with the highest pharmacological activity (represented by linalool, limonene, and linalyl acetate), and its DEC and DET fractions on the formalin test after transdermal administration relevant to clinical translation through topical application. To this aim, the schedule of intervention involved administration immediately after formalin injection or as a 5 min pretreatment followed by washout in ddY-strain mice. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the significant analgesic effect of all three constituents in the first and second phases, accounting for the efficacy of the essential oil in the formalin test. While all fractions revealed equal activity toward the phytocomplex in the early phase, the reduction in time of licking/biting during the late phase was more markedly induced by DEC. Moreover, pretreatment with BEO and its fractions followed by washout did not produce a significant reduction in licking/biting time in both phases of formalin-induced nociceptive response.