Adjective Phrases Research Articles

Contrastive Analysis of Arabic and Malay for Adjective Phrases in Short Stories

The influence of the Arabic language has permeated into the Malay language. The introduction of Arabic vocabulary into the Malay language resulted in the existence of Malay loanwords derived from Arabic. In addition, the influence of Malay as a mother tongue affects students in mastering Arabic. First language knowledge and experience are often used by students while learning a foreign language. This causes confusion to students in understanding and mastering the structure of Arabic phrases. This is because, the structure of adjective phrases differs between Arabic and Malay. Therefore, this study aims to determine the types of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay and to study the similarities and differences in both languages based on short stories by Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti and Shahnon Ahmad. The research methodology is through a qualitative approach by document analysis using library research. This study also uses the contrastive analysis approach pioneered by Robert Lado (1957) in his book ‘Lingustic Across Culturse’. This analysis is done systematically by comparing the two languages to determine the similarities and differences in terms of adjective phrases in selected short stories. The findings show that there are similarities and differences of adjective phrases in Arabic and Malay which include elements of single adjective phrases, working phrases as adjective phrases, noun phrases as adjective phrases and conjunctions as adjective phrases.

Relationship of Meanings in Sasak Language: Review of Language Adjectival Phrases

Relationship of Meanings in Sasak Language: Review of Language Adjectival Phrases

Description and determination in Tanti Dargwa NPs

AbstractThis paper focuses on the noun phrase in Tanti Dargwa (East Caucasian) and presents evidence for the distinction between modifiers proper (adjectival phrases, participial relative clauses and non-genitive adnominal NPs) and determiner-like elements (demonstratives, indefinite pronouns, numerals and most quantity expressions) in this language. Crucially, this dichotomy, which presumably reflects the distinction between the determinative and descriptive components in the NP, is realized in Tanti Dargwa mostly morphologically – in the distribution of “attributive markers” and in the expression of number. Syntactically, in the most neutral constructions the order of elements other than the head is virtually free and does not display any scope-related effects, while the head occupies the final position. In addition, Tanti Dargwa shows marginal constructions (a right-periphery construction locating a modifier after the head and a construction showing quasi-incorporation of a modifier into the noun) which are restricted to modifiers. Tanti Dargwa data support the idea that the description/determination distinction is gradual rather than discrete, as there are elements that show behavior intermediate between modifiers proper and determiner-like elements: possessor NPs, contrastive modifiers and the expressions like ‘other’.

Zaza Dilinde Tamlama

Ezafe, which is known as Genitive in European languages and used in Turki, Iranian and Sami languages spoken in the Middle East, is used to link two syntactic elements. Generally, one of the elements is the possessor and the other one is the modifier. There are grammatical elements that link these syntactic structures which at least consist of two units. The historical development of these elements, which varies according to languages, in Iranian languages did not follow the same process. While the languages classified in Northwest Iranian languages, such as Zazaki, varies with a nominal construction, , there are some similarities with Zazaki in the languages belonging to the Southwest Iranian languages group. The purpose of this article is to explore the structures of the nominal phrase in Zaza Language. Both noun and adjective phrases will be analyzed in detail, and other nominal phrases will also be scrutinized. It will also be examined whether these syntactic structures have semantic functions. The origin of Ezafe will be traced back to the Old Iranian languages, and its structure in the Modern Iranian languages will also be investigated. The similarities and differences will be discussed by comparing the functioning of the Zaza language with other Iranian languages. In addition, the nominal phrase constructions in many Zaza dialects will be examined, and it will be investigated whether there are differences between them.

Comparison of Waria Conversion Registered in Padang City and Sungai Penuh City

This study aims to describe and explain the comparison of conversation registers used by transgender communities in two different cities, namely Padang City and Sungai Full City. This research is a qualitative research using descriptive method. This research was conducted in Padang City, West Sumatra Province and Sungai Penuh City, Jambi Province. The data of this research are utterances containing transgender registers in the city of Padang and the city of Sungai Penuh. The data in this study were collected using the tapping method that utilizes advanced techniques in the form of recording techniques and note-taking techniques. The findings of the study were that 160 transgender conversation register data were found in the City of Padang and the City of Sungai Penuh in terms of 2 domains, namely words, phrases and sentences. In the realm of words, it is divided into adjectives (adjectives), verbs (verbs), nouns (nouns) and greeting words. In the realm of phrases, it is divided into noun phrases, verb phrases, and adjective phrases. Overall, the similarities of the transgender registers of Padang City and Sungai Penuh City are very visible because they use the same vocabulary, namely from the vocabulary of waria in Indonesia. On the other hand, the comparison of conversation registers is clearly seen from the effect of using regional languages ​​attached to speakers and the places that become a thing in an area

Confronting and Deferent as Co-Referential Markers in English and Arabic with Special Reference to the Glorious Quran Texts

Confronting and deferent, as linguistic devices, have important functions in deciding the meaning of a text. Sentences in any language are structured according to particular criteria defined by grammarians. The probable variations in word order resulting from of confronting or deferring specific sentence components may be problematic for both language users and learners of English and Arabic. Thus, the present study basically aims to identify the main processes of confronting and deferent in both English and Arabic, to identify sentence patterns in which confronting and deferent take place, and to identify sentence components involved in confronting and deferent in both English and Arabic. All these topics are discussed with reference to the Glorious Quran. To this end, Palmer (1981), Qurik et al. (1985), Al Museeri (2005), and Hammami et al. (2008) have been adopted to analyze the data in a qualitative method. The study revealed that confronting and deferent are just two of various strategies used to achieve variety in communication and expression. Although there are numerous variations between the two languages in this respect, they also have some similarities. Among these similarities is that both languages involve the shifting of components into beginning or final position to achieve specific goals such as emphasis, suspense, etc. There are many types of confronting and deferent processes in the two languages based on sentence components and sentence patterns involved in confronting and deferent. The components that can be involved in confronting and deferent in the two languages are the subject and predicate, subject and object, adverbs, pronouns, and several other elements. These confronting and deferent cases are found in nominal, verbal, prepositional phrases, and adjective phrases. This study is a call for EFL learners, EFL teachers, and those who are concerned with linguistic research and textbook writing to take into consideration the strategies used in different text types to achieve various communicative goals.

REGISTER SEPAK BOLA DALAM BUKU SEPAK “DOLAR” BOLA KARYA AMIR MACHMUD NS

The purpose of this study is to describe 1) the forms of football registers used in the book “dolar” football by Amir Machmud NS; and 2) the meanings of football registers words and phrases used in the book “dolar” football by Amir Machmud NS. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques rafer to notice and record. The data analyses techniques in this study are 1) categorization; 2) presents the table; abalyses data; and taking conclusions. All findings data are chosen based on needing as much as 113 data conclusions of words and phrases from Indonesian, words and phrases fron English, and word and phrases that are a mixture of Indonesian and English. There are two findings in this research, 1) thirteen forms of football registers in the form of words and one hundred phrases totaling, with categories of verb words, nouns, numeral and categories of verb phrases, nouns phrases, adjective phrases; 2) the meaning of words and phrases of the football register is divided into two, namely the actual meaningful denotative or meaningful number of 45 and connotative or forty five meaningless words.

AI-Assisted Design Concept Exploration Through Character Space Construction.

We propose an AI-assisted design concept exploration tool, the “Character Space Construction” (“CSC”). Concept designers explore and articulate the target product aesthetics and semantics in language, which is expressed using “Design Concept Phrases” (“DCPs”), that is, compound adjective phrases, and contrasting terms that convey what are not their target design concepts. Designers often utilize this dichotomy technique to communicate the nature of their aesthetic and semantic design concepts with stakeholders, especially in an early design development phase. The CSC assists this designers' cognitive activity by constructing a “Character Space” (“CS”), which is a semantic quadrant system, in a structured manner. A CS created by designers with the assistance of the CSC enables them to discern and explain their design concepts in contrast with opposing terms. These terms in a CS are retrieved and combined in the CSC by using a knowledge graph. The CSC presents terms and phrases as lists of candidates to users from which users will choose in order to define the target design concept, which is then visualized in a CS. The participants in our experiment, who were in the “arts and design” profession, were given two conditions under which to create DCPs and explain them. One group created and explained the DCPs with the assistance of the proposed CSC, and the other did the same task without this assistance, given the freedom to use any publicly available web search tools instead. The result showed that the group assisted by the CSC indicated their tasks were supported significantly better, especially in exploration, as measured by the Creativity Support Index (CSI).

Adjective Phrases in PNL and its Application to Reverse Dictionary

Owing to the large information content of adjectives in natural language-based data, we have dealt with the subject of adjective phrases in the paradigm of PNL. We have proposed a GCR form for the same and demonstrated its application in building a specific instance of Reverse Dictionary. A Reverse Dictionary takes a natural language description of a concept in the user’s mind as input and generates semantically appropriate word/s as output. For example, it could accept descriptions like ‘to run slowly,’ ‘to run but not very fast,’ etc., for the word ‘jog’. As Reverse Dictionary deals with natural language, handling perception-based information is important in its context for capturing the user intent. The D-RD, Reverse Dictionary for Descriptive words, designed in this paper, takes a natural language description of a human as input and generates appropriate adjectives for usage in text/speech as output. As a part of the design, we have proposed a novel CWW based similarity measure for calculating semantic similarity between adjective phrases. The D-RD is evaluated against two benchmarks, Onelook.com and WantWords Online RD, and is reported to outperform both for the test set under consideration.

A unified study of verbal and adjectival -haa5 in Cantonese

-Haa5 (吓) 'a bit' is a frequently used affix attached to verbal and adjectival phrases in Cantonese. The investigation of the distributions, grammatical properties and functions of -haa5 reveals that all usages of -haa5 are derived from its original meaning 'a stroke, a bit, or a tiny amount'. The distributions of -haa5 are highly restricted: predicates eligible to co-occur with -haa5 are verbs/adjectives with an innate event/degree argument, excluding those whose semantics are of extreme/polarity reading. The function of -haa5 is to delimit events when following verb phrases (henceforth VPs) and make slight adjustments of degree when attached to adjective phrases (henceforth APs). Moreover, -haa5 is of the function of subjectivity encoding. -Haa5 has been grammaticalized from a verb classifier, event delimiter/degree adjuster to a subjectivity marker and is syntactically at the left periphery of the extended projection of predicative lexical categories.

An Analysis of Translation Shift of Adjective Phrases in the Subtitle of 2019 Movie “Jumanji: The Next Level”

The research aims to identify the translation shift and describe the equivalence of adjective phrases found in the Jumanji: The Next Level movie and its subtitling. To get the analysis result, translation shift proposed by Catford (1965) and degree of equivalence proposed by Bell (1991) are used in this research. The research is conducted by using descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the data and total sampling technique. The data of this research are 104 English adjective phrases taken from Jumanji: The Next Level movie and their subtitles in Indonesia that is translated by Pein Akatsuki. The results of this research for the types of translation shift are 2 level shift, 59 structure shift, 19 class shift, 22 unit shift, and 2 intra system shift. Meanwhile, the result for the equivalence are 64 complete meaning, 3 increased meaning, 26 decreased meaning, and 11 non equivalent meaning in the category of different meaning. This current research explores adjective phrase that has not been much discussed by other scholars.

Engagement markers in research project websites: Promoting interactivity and dialogicity

Abstract Scholars are currently not only required to produce primary output, i.e. peer-reviewed research articles, chapters or books, which constitutes certified and legitimised knowledge (Puschmann 2015), but also to disseminate such output, which is frequently carried out digitally and in English. In this context it is the aim of this paper to gain insights into scholars’ digital discursive practices by analysing academic websites of research projects funded under the European H2020 programme. More specifically, it explores the ways in which a potentially wide, blurred audience is addressed by means of engagement markers, particularly, reader pronouns, questions, and directives, including imperatives, obligation modals and adjectival phrases expressing necessity. Results indicate that the frequency of use of engagement markers varies across websites and that it may affect their degree of potential interactivity. They further show that some engagement markers are more common than others and that they tend to display specific rhetorical purposes. Differences on their use and function when compared to their use in RA writing are also shown. It is concluded that these interpersonality features have an important role in the potential promotion of dialogicity in this digital medium, and crafting an effective professional identity of the research teams.

Discussion Analysis Based on the Symlog Model: A System for the Multiple Level Observation of Groups

News about acts of terrorism has colored many media. Terrorism has been identified with taboo activities in actions that often threaten the peace and tranquility of the community, which always threaten and cause many casualties. One of the media that reports on terrorism are the online news portal Republika.co.id. Of the many reports that exist, the researcher tries to examine how the media, especially online portals, report the reality of terrorism events using the SYMLOG (method of discourse analysis A System for the Multiple Level Observation of Groups). Critical discourse is a series of knowledge and beliefs that are constructed by certain communities in discourse (in this case terrorism discourse) with the hope that their goals can be achieved. Behind the choice of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, and texts hidden ideology and power. Based on this background, the problems in this research are formulated, namely: (1) How is the construction of terrorism discourse using the SYMLOG model in thenews media Republika.co.id? (2) How is the linguistic representation in the discourse of terrorism in thenews media Republika.co.id?. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach. Then the type of research used in this research is descriptive research. The primary data in this study is the entire research subject studied. In this case, the researcher took 10 news stories on Republika.co.id related to terrorism. The researcher acts as the main instrument in this research. The data collection technique used in this research is to use documentation, listening techniques, and recording. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the construction of the SYMLOG model of terrorism discourse in thenews media Republika.co.id used the form of verbal behavior, pro values, contra values, setbacks, conflicts, sympathy, achievements. Linguistic representations in the discourse of terrorism in thenews media Republika.co.id are at the level of verbs, clauses, sentences, adjective phrases, verb phrases, noun words, and noun phrases.

ADJECTIVE PHRASE CONSTRUCTION INDICATED IN STUDENTS DESCRIPTIVE TEXT: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON STUDENTS OF SMA NEGERI 1 MATAULI PANDAN TAPANULI TENGAH

This study investigates the types of interlanguage of adjective phrase construction that students made when writing English descriptive text. The errors function as a system and can be used to determine interlanguage. The researcher employed a cross-sectional design and used descriptive qualitative methods. The descriptive texts of the students were collected as primary data at the same time but different levels of proficiency. Thirty tenth-grade students from Matauli Senior High School in Central Tapanuli, North Sumatera, participated in the study. Error Analysis (EA) and Interlanguage theories were central to the data analysis (IL). The findings revealed that students' English production is still interlanguage because their writings contain a wide range of errors regarding adjective phrases. There are 113 errors in total. There are up to 70 items of omission errors (62%), 19 items of misformation errors (17%), 15 items of misordering errors (13%), and 9 items of addition errors (8%). Furthermore, four processes were identified as contributing to students' interlanguage in this study, with the student's native language having the greatest influence on their English production (Language transfer (71%), second language learning strategies (14%), false concepts hypothesized (9.7%), and overgeneralization (5.3%)). The findings also revealed that both interlingual and intralingual sources have caused errors in second language learning. It can be concluded that students' competence at each level is insufficient. Due to their system, they are on the interlanguage continuum, which has a structurally intermediate status between the native and target languages.

English Adjectives and Estonian Nouns: Looking for Agreement?

This study investigated how speakers of Estonian as L1 with varying degree of proficiency in English judge grammaticality of bilingual constructions English adjective + Estonian noun from the point of view of adjective agreement. Estonian is rich in inflectional morphology, and adjectives agree with nouns in case and number. The empirical evidence from English-Estonian bilingual speech shows that agreement is not always the case even when an English adjective fits into Estonian declension system. It is hypothesized that the higher proficiency in/exposure to English is, the higher is the acceptability of bilingual adjective phrases, and (non-)agreement does not play a role. To test this, an experiment was designed where the test corpus of 108 sentences consisted of real and constructed examples, both in agreement and non-agreement condition. Real sentences came from fashion and beauty blogs and vlogs. The test was administered online and the participants were asked to rate adjective acceptability. The hypothesis was confirmed: increased proficiency in English, together with younger age, had a positive correlation with acceptability of all adjective types, independent of adjective (non-)agreement. Residence and birthplace had a small effect on acceptability of some adjective types. Whether sentences were real or constructed, had only a minor effect. Male participants tended to assess real sentences lower, probably because of the topics typical for female blogs. Monosyllabic consonant-ending adjectives were exceptional, as their assessment did not depend on any factor. All in all, the study demonstrated that grammaticality judgment among the native speakers of the same L1 differs because of different degrees of bilingualism, and structural factors, such as compatibility with Estonian declension system, are not decisive. Thus, it is not clear what an ideal native speaker is.

Description sentence between nominative and verbal and different grammarians in it

Arabic language is one of the richest languages in its grammatical rules. Linguistic research, in its broad sense, has no limit. The grammatical dispute is nothing but a kind of different views, and the task of the grammatical researcher when examining a sentence is to classify it and explain how it is constructed. The research aims to identify the reality of the adjectival sentence, and its position in the Arabic sentence. The research problem here is to identify the adjectival phrase either as nominative or verbal, or is it something else, as it has a double character represented in the difference in its pronunciation from its meaning. In pronunciation, it is a noun, but in the meaning it is a verb-like. The paper also examines the views of both the Basris and the Kufis in the issue, and their arguments. The paper provides what is permissible and what is not in the i’rab, the similarity between adjective and verb, and the difference of grammarians in the adjectival predicate. The paper executes the descriptive analytical method. The research findings are: 1- There are three types of sentences in Arabic language: the nominative sentence, verbal sentence, and the adjectival sentence. 2- The study manages to reconcile between the different views in the adjectival sentence in terms of both verbal and nominative sentences. 3- The study also justifies this division. 4- These findings help to make grammar easier for the learners to avoid the interpretation that weighed heavily on grammar.

NEGATIVE EXISTENTIAL CONSTRUCTION WITH ĀČIN IN EVENKI: THE INTERNAL SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

In the paper, the Evenki negative existential construction with āčin is considered. The analysis is based on the use of this construction in the 21st century’s oral and written texts. The grammatical features of āčin are considered. In a finite clause, āčin agrees in number with the subject, and it cannot attach tense affixes. With these features as central for its 21st century use, we analyze āčin as a predicative adjective. Importantly, the āčin construction is not used in the noun modifier function in the 21st century Evenki. We propose that āčin is the head of a predicative adjective phrase (AdjPredP). The derivations of constructions with the nominative [NOM] and the partitive [PART] of missing object are compared. In the partitive object construction, the group [NP [PART] + āčin] is the predicate, and the subject is normally the possessor. The formal analysis of both cases is based on the assumption that [NP + āčin] is a small clause (SCi). This analysis accounts for the agreement patterns of āčin, and it includes the mechanisms of the nominative vs. partitive case assignment. In the adverbial use, there is a distinction between oral and written language. In the written language (that is close to the literary language), āčin has morphological properties of a noun (it can attach case and possessive affixes), and it is similar to the nominal head of a quasipossessive construction. In the oral language, the predicative adjective āčin construction [NP [PART] + āčin] is used primarily in the adverbial function. This and other oral speech innovations that create additional problems for the proposed formal analysis are discussed.

An Analysis of Code-Mixing Used by Boy William on Vlog #Dibalikpintu

The research aims to describe and to analyze the forms of code-mixing used by Boy William on Vlog #Dibalikpintu. This study was a descriptive qualitative method and human research is the main instrument of this study. In collecting the data, this study utilized observation and documentation methods. This study employed content analysis which focused on analyzing the forms of code-mixing which were defined by Suwito (1983). The result of this study: In the word form, there are 19 data found, (15 nouns, 2 verbs, 1 adjective, 1 question word). In the phrase form, there are 19 data found, (17 noun phrases, 2 adjective phrases). In the baster form, there are 5 data found, (1 noun as a form of gerund suffixation, 3 noun suffixation, 1 verb suffixation). In the word reduplication form, there are 2 data found, (1 noun, 1 compound noun). In the idiom form, there are 2 data found, (1 formal idiom, 1 informal idiom). In the clause form, there are 25 data found, (8 noun clauses, 14 verb clauses, 3 adjective clauses).

AI Augmented Approach to Identify Shared Ideas from Large Format Public Consultation

Public data, contributed by citizens, stakeholders and other potentially affected parties, are becoming increasingly used to collect the shared ideas of a wider community. Having collected large quantities of text data from public consultation, the challenge is often how to interpret the dataset without resorting to lengthy time-consuming manual analysis. One approach gaining ground is the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies. Based on machine learning technology applied to analysis of human natural languages, NLP provides the opportunity to automate data analysis for large volumes of texts at a scale that would be virtually impossible to analyse manually. Using NLP toolkits, this paper presents a novel approach for identifying and visualising shared ideas from large format public consultation. The approach analyses grammatical structures of public texts to discover shared ideas from sentences comprising subject + verb + object and verb + object that express public options. In particular, the shared ideas are identified by extracting noun, verb, adjective phrases and clauses from subjects and objects, which are then categorised by urban infrastructure categories and terms. The results are visualised in a hierarchy chart and a word tree using cascade and tree views. The approach is illustrated using data collected from a public consultation exercise called “Share an Idea” undertaken in Christchurch, New Zealand, after the 2011 earthquake. The approach has the potential to upscale public participation to identify shared design values and associated qualities for a wide range of public initiatives including urban planning.

Eco-lexicon Forms in Children Book of North Sumatran Folktales

This present study attempts to depict the eco-lexicon form discovered in children’s North Sumatran folktales (CBNSF) book about primary food. The qualitative content analysis method was utilized as the research design. The data source was three folktales from a children’s book entitled “Asal Usul: Bunga Rampai Cerita Rakyat Sumatera Utara” under the primary theme food. The data were in the form of roots, derivative words, and phrases taken by using documentation technique. The results show that eco-lexicon forms related to primary food folktales are words (noun, verbs, and adjectives) in the form of phrase (noun phrase, and adjective phrase. Affixation in the data was found in prefix, suffix, and simulfix, which form noun and verb. Furthermore, the reference deals with biotic (plantae and animaliae) and abiotic reference. Therefore, it can be concluded that eco-lexicon in CBNSF was various.