Adjective Phrases Research Articles

Translation Strategies of English Passive Constructions into Arabic: An Analysis of Google Translation Engine Produced Translations Using House’s TQA Model

This study explores the translation of English passive constructions into Arabic, focusing on the prevalent translation shifts and the preservation of the source functions within this process. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, it analyzes passive constructions from an English economic-political article based on House’s (2015) Translation Quality Assessment model. It reviews all passive participles classifying them into verbal and adjectival ones. The research aims to understand how these translation shifts cater to the syntactic and semantic needs of the Arabic language, particularly how machine translation tools like Google Translation engine handle these transformations. Data collected include various English passive constructions and their Arabic translations, providing a foundation for assessing either their adherence to the target language’s norms and preferences or to the literal approach that may lead to affect such preferences and norms. Key findings reveal how Google Translation engine tends to translate according to Arabic norms and produce a natural translation while preserving the source functions. The five translation strategies used by Google Translate when translating passive constructions from English to Arabic in economic-political texts are: 1) adjectival phrases, 2) active structures, 3) passive structures with internal vowel changes, 4) verbless structures with verbal nouns, and 5) verbal phrases with 'tamma'. However, the influence of such an approach may lead to manipulating the source function, which may lead to misunderstandings or to unbalanced power relations.

Suffixation in Zhangzhou

Abstract This study is the first to comprehensively describe suffixing morphology in Zhangzhou Southern Min, an under-described Sinitic language spoken in southern China. Suffixation can be derivational in this language to create new lexemes and expand local vocabulary but can be inflectional to convey grammatical information. It can also induce special tone sandhi patterns on either the lexical bases or the suffix itself. The bases that can undergo suffixation are cross-categorical, ranging from nouns, verbs, adjectives, classifiers, noun phrases, verb phrases to adjective phrases. However, the occurrences of suffixes, lexical bases, and derived items are subject to severe constraints from diverse factors of semantics, word class, syntax, phonology, and pragmatics. These reflect that the suffixing is not an isolated morphological event but rather involves systematic and complex interfaces among different linguistic levels. This study is a breakthrough to fill the research gap, while substantially broadening and deepening our knowledge of suffixation as an important morphological device in Sinitic languages. The study also contributes well-attested empirical data to the typology of suffixation in the world’s natural languages while shedding important light on how Sinitic languages and other so-called isolating languages should be better defined from a modern linguistic perspective.

Adverbian Phrase Structure in Karo Language

In this research, adverbial phrases in the Karo language will be discussed. This research aims to find out, analyze and describe phrases in the Karo language. Data collection techniques were carried out using reading techniques and recording techniques or listening notes and analyzed using formal and informal qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. This research examines the structure of adverbial phrases in the Karo language, using qualitative research. Data were analyzed using distributional studies, there were 4 stages, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion of research findings and verification. The research results show that (1) there are three types of phrases found in the Karo language, namely: verb phrases (FV), adjective phrases (F Adj.) and adverb phrases (F. Ad).

Language Features Found in Essays About Madurese Art

This study aims to examine and explain language features in essays about Madurese arts. The writers uses qualitative descriptive methods to elaborate data. The source of the data in this study is essays by second semester students of English Department at Universitas Trunojoyo Madura which discuss about Madurese art. Meanwhile, the data of this study are characters, sentences, and paragraphs in essays that contain various language features. This study uses Gerot and Wignell (1995) theory of language features in descriptive essays. The result of this study shows that there are five language features that students use in their essays: the use of certain objects, the use of simple present tense, the use of noun and adjective phrases, the use of auxiliary, and the use of linking verb.

Comparing Comparatives

This article explores the acceptability of constructions with double comparative elements in Danish and English. First, a brief introduction to theoretical assumptions for adjective phrases and degree phrases is given. After this, the methodology and challenges of setting up an empirical study are laid out. The results of the acceptability study were that native speakers of Danish and English evaluated double comparative constructions as being rather unacceptable when compared with control sentences and standard comparative constructions.

Peculiarities of Semantic and Word-Formation Development of the Lexical Unit пилот

The article describes the mechanism of the developing of a new meaning of the lexeme пилот in the Russian language. It is proved that the new lexico-semantic variant "experimental, trial" initially arises in the semantic structure of the word pilot in English. Its transition into Russian, however, is not a process of mechanical calquing, but an active process of adaptation of the lexeme in the recipient language. Morphological peculiarities of Russian language determine the introduction of the new meaning in three different forms: the noun пилот, the adjectival phrase пилотный проект and the analytical structure пилот-проект. The neosemantism пилот forms the derivatives пилотировать and пилотаж with the meaning "to manage pilot projects". The adjective пилотный is actively used as an attribute with nouns denoting subjects of testing. The development of semantics introduces into the meaning of the adjective the seme of ʽinnovativenessʼ, which is absent in the donor language.

Constituent Structure of the Simple Sentences Found in Peter Pan Novel

The study aims to analyse the constituent structure of the simple sentences which were constructed in the “Peter Pan” novel. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The steps in taking and collecting the data were reading the novel, underlining the simple sentences, and analysis the constituent structures. The theory of Brown and Miller (1991) to represented the tree diagram and constituent structures. And used the theory of Quirk et al (1973) to support the analysis. Based on the results, this research found that there were 182 data of simple sentences which were used in the “Peter Pan” novel by J. M. Barrie. The sentences which were found divided into two branches, those are Noun Phrase (NP) and Verb Phrase (VP). Most of the Noun Phrase (NP) that was found in the sentences have the daughter of Determiner, Noun and Pronoun. Meanwhile, the Verb Phrase have the daughters, there were Auxiliary, Verb, Noun Phrase, Prepositional Phrase, Adjective Phrase and Adverbial Phrase.

Urdu-English Code-Switching in Pakistani English

This paper defines Urdu-English code switching, focusing on its classifications and on how its influence on Pakistani English has shaped the nation’s language identity. It highlights the manner in which code switching has left a mark on the communication dynamics of Pakistan. This is a qualitative form of research, more specifically, a textual analysis of the data that already exists in the realm of Pakistani English. Through it, attention has been brought to the different types of code switching that exist in language which include inter-sentential, intra-sentential and tag switching whose deeper analysis provides the reader with a better understanding of the English spoken in Pakistan. It also takes a look at the various types of Urdu phrases (noun and adjective phrases), tags and clauses utilised in Pakistani English, making communication easier and reflecting the cultural, social and linguistic aspects of Pakistani society.

Марийские словосочетания с опорными отсубстантивными именами прилагательными

the Mari language, adjectival phrases, including denominative adjectives, function quite actively in expressing the features of a subject, concretized from various sides. However, phrases with such adjectives, their lexicalgrammatical, syntactic and semantic features have not yet been subjected to special analysis. Objective: to analyze typical models of Mari phrases with adjectives formed using productive and unproductive suffixes from nouns. Research materials: the study was carried out on the basis of the factual material in the Meadow-Eastern Mari literary language, presented in the part of the electronic corpus of the Mari language (the volume is about 20 million word uses). 88 Вестник угроведения. Т. 14. № 1 (56). 2024. Results and novelty of the research: based on the results of systematization of the identified phrases with denominative adjectives and their structural analysis, models (schemes) of the studied syntactic constructions (five in total) were established. The main morphological properties of the components are determined – the expression of a reference word by adjectives with the suffixes -an (-yan), -se (-so, -sӧ), -dyme (-dymo, -dymӧ), -lyk, -ash (-yash) and dependent adjectives, nouns, numerals, pronouns and participles of different categories. They indicate that denominative adjectives as a whole retain the combinable properties of nouns that served as a word-formation basis for them. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time it presents structural models of Mari attributive phrases with reference denominative adjectives: ADJ + ADJclass.adn., N + ADJclass.adn., NUM + ADJclass.adn., PRON + ADJclass.adn., PTCP + ADJclass. adn. The syntactic relation (determinative) and grammatical connection (adjunction) in which the components of phrases are located. The results of the work can be used in comparative study of similar syntactic units in other Finno-Ugric, as well as in contacting unrelated languages, in study of the features of syntax of Mari phrases in universities and schools

Основные модели именных словосочетаний в мокшанском языке

the article identifies and describes the main models of phrases in which the dominant word is a noun, adjective or adverb, which have received the general name – nominal; the morphological affiliation of the components and a type of connection between them are determined. 17 Bulletin of Ugric Studies. Vol. 14. № 1 (56). 2024. Objective: identification and systematization of the main models of noun phrases in the Moksha language. Research materials: texts from the literary works of the Moksha writers containing different types of phrases. Results and novelty of the research: as a result of the study, structural models of noun phrases in the Moksha language were identified and systematized; phrases were differentiated according to the morphological nature of the main and dependent components. It has been determined that substantive phrases are formed according to seven main models: 1) N ← N, 2) Adj ← N, 3) Pron ← N, 4) Num ← N, 5) Part ← N, 6) Adv ← N (N → Adv ), 7) Inf ← N (N → Inf). In them the main component is expressed by a noun (or substantive), the dependent component is a noun (with or without a postposition), adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, participle, infinitive. Adjective phrases are most often formed according to three models: 1) Adj → N (N ← Adj), 2) Adj → Adv (Adv ← Adj), 3) [N.TRANS ← Adj] – the main component is expressed by an adjective, the dependent component is a noun in different case forms or an adverb. Their place in relation to the main component is not regulated. Adverbial phrases are formed according to three main models: 1) Adv ← Adv, 2) Adv ← N (Adv → N), 3) Pron ← Adv (Adv → Pron), where the main component is expressed by an adverb, the dependent component – by an adverb, noun or pronoun. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that in Mordovian linguistics the models of noun phrases in the Moksha language are the subject of research for the first time.

An assessment of the Basque Interpretation Hypothesis on the inscription contained in the hand of Irulegi

The present article assesses the Basque Interpretation Hypothesis (BIH) of the text contained in the hand of Irulegi. Given that the basic premise of the BIH is the alleged cognacy between sorion and the Basque collocation zori on ‘good fortune’, this article examines the phonetic evolution of other lexicalized adjective phrases with on as a head. The comparative method is applied, by comparing two strings of segments that belong by hypothesis to the same language but represent two diachronic states of the same phrase. The resulting evidence is inconclusive as to whether the compared items belong to the same language, and the Basque ascription of the text is consequently not confirmed.

ɬwa:n⁵ as a Marker of the Degree of Expressiveness in the Kam Language

This paper presents an analysis of syntactic collocations that include the constraints on an adjective phrase (AP) and adverbs or final particles (X) in the ɬwa:n⁵ + AP + X construction, as well as its pragmatic features and grammatical functions in the Kam language. ɬwa:n⁵ functions as an exclamative marker (EM) that conveys the expressive meaning of the speaker’s attitude. The primary lexical meaning of ɬwa:n⁵ is ‘to calculate’ or ‘to regard as’, and the word is borrowed from Chinese (算 suàn, ‘to count’, ‘to calculate’, ‘to regard as’). The role of ɬwa:n⁵ in the construction ɬwa:n⁵ + AP + X will mainly be discussed in this paper. In addition, the adjectives that can collocate with ɬwa:n⁵ are subject to a gradeability restriction, that is, only gradable adjectives can collocate with ɬwa:n⁵. In general, the ɬwa:n⁵ construction is used to express that the speaker expected an existing situation with a gradable property; in reality, the degree follows a particular scalar and surpasses the expectation.

The roles of prosody in Chinese-English reading comprehension

BackgroundDespite being an essential component of children's oral reading fluency, prosodic reading, which involves expressive changes in pitch patterns and pause durations, has not been explored in Cantonese-English bilingual children, whose first language (L1) is tonal, non-alphabetic, and whose second language (L2) is non-tonal, alphabetic. AimsThis study examined the development of prosodic reading and its within- and cross-language associations with reading comprehension among Cantonese-English bilingual children from second to third grade. SampleOne hundred and twenty-one 7-to 8-year-old Cantonese-English bilingual children completed initial testing in grade 2, with 52 tested in grade 3. MethodsProsodic reading was assessed using one Chinese and one English passage, each comprising six types of syntactic structures: declaratives, clause-final commas, yes-no questions, wh-questions, complex adjectival phrases, and quotatives. Word-reading efficiency, oral passage-reading fluency, and reading comprehension in Chinese and English were also measured. ResultsSpectrographic analyses revealed that these children were aware of language-independent functions and language-specific manifestations of pitch and pause cues within and across their L1 Chinese and L2 English. Wh question pitch contours emerged as the most robust link to reading comprehension across both languages, while a crossover effect occurred from Cantonese pitch to English reading comprehension. Shorter pauses for English declarative quotative sentences and phrase-final commas were concurrently associated with greater English reading comprehension. ConclusionsThese findings are interpreted within a new reading framework, the Prosodic Catalysing Hypothesis (PCH), which proposes that pitch and pause production can bridge prosody and syntax to facilitate reading comprehension.

Ungrammatical Construction: An Analysis of the Causes and Types of the Ungrammatical Construction

The present research is about analysis on ungrammatical constructions encountered in the texts written by the 3rd semester undergraduate students of English Language Education Program of Tanjungpura University. The objective of the study is to describe the types of the ungrammatical constructions and the causes of the ungrammatical constructions. The method of research is descriptive. The research participants were 34 students of the 3rd semester undergraduate students of English Language Education Program of Tanjungpura University. The data were collected from corpus written by the students. The ungrammaticalities occurred in the students’ text. They were 496 errors encountered by the students. 312 errors related to phrasal errors and 184 related to clausal errors. The phrasal-related errors affected the area of noun phrase (37%), gerund phrase (13%), verb phrase (17%), infinitive phrase (12), prepositional phrase (12%), adjective phrase (7%), and adverb phrase (2%). The clausal-related errors were alternating form (49%), omission (33%), simple addition (15%), double marking (2) and misplaced subject and verb (1%). The sources of these errors were interlingual (2,9%) and intralingual (97,1%).

Adjective phrase fronting in the Malacca Creole Portuguese noun phrase

Abstract This paper is concerned with the grammar and origins of a focusing rule in Malacca Creole Portuguese, (MCP) whereby an adjectival phrase (AdjP) may be extracted from the right branch of a noun phrase and fronted to a position prior to the determiner. It begins by describing the characteristics of AdjP-fronting in MCP, according to determiner type, syntactic role of the fronted adjective, syntactic role of the determiner phrase, and the structural complexity of the AdjP. Subsequently, it considers the presence of AdjP-fronting in 19th and 20th century data of the Creole Portuguese of Tugu/Batavia, Mangalore, Cannanore, Cochin and Sri Lanka. Building on these comparisons, it then addresses the potential influences of Dravidian (Malayalam, Tamil) and Indo-Aryan (Bangla) substrates, and Dutch and English adstrates. The paper concludes that AdjP-fronting in MCP may be added to the list of typological features that demonstrate the connection between the southern Indo-Portuguese creoles and the Malayo-Portuguese creoles.

Adjectival Phrases in English and Kurdish A Contrastive Study

This research is an attempt to show the similarities and differences of adjectival phrases in both English and Kurdish languages and to present how the two languages are rich in using adjectival phrases. English and Kurdish adjectives have some similar and different properties which affect language learning/teaching and translation. Adjectival phrases in both languages have the same syntactic and predicative functions. Moreover, in both languages superlative adjectives are dealt with morphologically.Throughout this contrastive study, we will be able to recognize the mistakes and differentiate between the adjectival phrases in these two languages. As a result, researchers will know how to use adjectival phrases correctly without any confusion.This study is of four sections. The first one deals with a brief

Sant nok fyller Kjersti 70 år, men ...

Norwegian has a productive class of sentence adverbials, disjuncts of the form adjective + nok ‒ [A nok] for short. Examples include sant nok ‘true (enough)’, paradoksalt nok ‘paradoxically (enough)’, and tåpelig nok ‘foolishly (enough)’. Three structural analyses have been proposed for such constructions in the Scandinavian languages. The first has [A nok] as an adjective phrase, with an adjective head and nok as a modifier, i.e. two words. In the second and third proposal, [A nok] is considered to be one word, viz. an adverb. The proposals differ with respect to word formation type. One considers [A nok] expressions to be compounds, which implies that nok is seen as an adverbial root. The other considers them to be derivatives, with an adverbial suffix -nok. This article studies the grammatical and phonological properties of [A nok] disjuncts in order to determine what kind of constructions they represent. It is argued that they are not single words, but phrases, viz. adverb phrases. nok is an adverbial head taking an adjectival complement.

EFL Students’ Grammatical Errors in Writing Descriptive Text

The aim of this study is to find out grammatical most frequently made by the student in writing descriptive text. This study was quantitative and qualitative method. The population of this study is Students' English Department of Muhammadiyah University. The writer chose 23 students as the sample. In this study, collect the data used observation, writing test, and documentation. The result shows there were 328 items of error in the students’ writing. The percentage of errors made by students in writing descriptive text are noun phrase 49,7%, verb phrase36,3%, adjective phrase 8,8%and adverb phrase5,2%. The writer finds that the grammar errors that most of the students made were in noun phrases, with a cumulative total of 163 errors or 49.7%. From the research findings, it is suggested learners have to use these errors as a means to study more about correct the use of grammar in descriptive texting, especially in the use of noun phrases, verb phrases, and adjectives. For teachers to work harder on noun phrases and verb phrases because they are the most frequent failures that are made by students in their writing.

The Syntax and Semantics of the Double-faced Prepositions besides and beyond

Over time, lexical items are recycled and take on different or additional meanings from the ones they originally had. Somewhat surprisingly, items may take on converse meanings. This is the case with the prepositions besides and beyond, which may signal either inclusion or exclusion, depending on the context. An etymological examination shows that over time, both words have undergone semantic extension from their original spatial meanings. Syntactically, the primary functions of the two are as prepositions and adverbs. Quantitative results show that while nowadays beyond functions primarily as a preposition, besides functions equally often as an adverb and a preposition. The converse meanings of besides and beyond are shown here to depend on whether the context is assertive or non-assertive. Both words form part of a large group of prepositions of inclusion and exclusion which share both semantic and syntactic features. Syntactically, what is remarkable about all of them is their ability to occur not only with nominal complements but also with that-clauses, bare infinitives, and adjective phrases. One of the issues discussed in this article is what is the best syntactic analysis of these structures.

KONSTRUKSI FRASA ADJEKTIVAL DALAM MAJALAH TEMPO 2022: “DARI UTARA MEMBELA KAUM HAWA”

The purpose of this research is to (1) describe the types of adjective phrases, (2) describe the categories of attribute filling words in adjectival phrases, and (3) describe the syntactic function of adjektival phrases in the Special Report of Tempo Magazine, Sunday, December 25, 2022, entitled “Dari Utara Membela Kaum Hawa”. The research approach used is a qualitative descriptive and syntactic approach. The method of collecting data is through the listening method with advanced techniques, free engagement-free viewing, and note-taking techniques. Meanwhile, the data analysis method used is the Direct Element Division method with advanced techniques in the form of dissipation techniques, expansion techniques, and reverse techniques. The results of data analysis are presented through an informal presentation method. The results showed that 35 data of adjective phrases were divided into 17 endocentric adjective phrases and 18 exocentric adjective phrases. The types of adjective phrases found based on the number of cores consist of (1) attributive endocentric adjective phrases and (2) coordinative endocentric adjective phrases. The categories of filler words in adjective phrases are divided into (1) verbs, (2) adverbs, (3) nouns, and (4) pronouns. The adjective phrases found occupy several syntactic functions, namely (1) subject, (2) predicate, (3) object, (4) complement, and (5) adverb.