Adjacent Properties Research Articles

Wind Power under Hungarian Private Law: A Case Note (Norsk Retstidenda 2011)

Abstract: The case decided by the Norwegian Supreme Court put to test the 'classical' interests linked to the right of ownership and therewith, in fact, inspected the limits of rights in real property. While approaching the case under Hungarian private law, at first instance the determination of 'wind' in terms of private law is conducted. I argue that 'wind' should rather not be considered a natural force under the extended indirect definition of 'thing' provided in section 94(2) Hungarian Civil Code. Another issue being investigated is the content and thereunder the vertical limits of ownership in land. The conclusion is that there is no declared vertical limitation for the entitlements deriving from the right of ownership in immovable property. With regard to legal instruments in Hungarian private law protecting the interest of the adjacent real property's owner, the claim protecting against the disturbance of ownership (negatoria in rem actio) and a claim on the ground of the so-called general clause of neighbour law, the latter as in its application in conjunction with the protection of possession and non-contractual liability is ascertained. On the basis of the analysis of the case law on the general clause of neighbour law, I argue that this provision provides enough space for the Court to consider an eventual 'interest related to wind' of the owner of the neighbouring real property, where the focus is on the interest's monetary valuation as connected to the decrease in market value of the affected real property.

Distinguishing homomorphisms of infinite graphs

We supply an upper bound on the distinguishing chromatic number of certain infinite graphs satisfying an adjacency property. Distinguishing proper $n$-colourings are generalized to the new notion of distinguishing homomorphisms. We prove that if a graph $G$ satisfies the connected existentially closed property and admits a homomorphism to $H$, then it admits continuum-many distinguishing homomorphisms from $G$ to $H$ join $K_2.$ Applications are given to a family universal $H$-colourable graphs, for $H$ a finite core.

Experimental Study of the Nonlinear Dynamics of an Actively Q-Switched Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Laser

In this paper, a comprehensive experimental study of the dynamics of an actively Q-switched Yb-doped GTWave-based fiber laser is presented. It is shown that the appearance of the Q-switching regime in the laser is sensitive to both the repetition rate and the temporal width of the transparency window of an acousto-optical Q-switch modulator placed in the cavity. It is also shown that, at low repetition rates, a peculiar self-Q-switch regime induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering is observed in the laser, which interferes stochastically with the regular (true) active Q-switching mode. While increasing the Q-modulator repetition rate, the self-Q-switch pulsing steadily vanishes but the true Q-switching remains. The latter, however, becomes strongly subjected, while further increasing the Q-switch repetition rate, by the nonlinear laser dynamics effects. That is, the laser is allowed to operate at certain subharmonics of the repetition rate or in some specific regimes that occur at laser transients from one attractor to another. These transient regimes are characterized by alternating between pulse amplitude and energy, and pulse spacing or chaos, which is strongly influenced by the adjacent attractors' properties.

Emergence of the active magnetotail plasma sheet boundary from transient, localized ion acceleration

Observations of the Earth's magnetotail plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) have been typically accompanied by field‐aligned crescent‐shaped ion beams, thought to emanate at distant or mid‐tail semi‐permanent or impulsive acceleration sites. Typically such observations, and the theoretical and modeling efforts to explain them, have been disjoint from the adjacent plasma sheet properties near the equatorial projection of the observation. Thus the plasma sheet boundary layer has been thought of as a harbinger of remote, rather than local plasma sheet activity, exception of plasma sheet expansions during the recovery phase of substorms. Using case and statistical studies from THEMIS, obtained simultaneously at the near‐Earth PSBL and at its adjacent central plasma sheet (CPS), we study the transient and impulsive nature of PSBL beams and their inherent connection with CPS bursty bulk flows and associated dipolarization fronts. We show that PSBL beams typically commence a few minutes before CPS flow bursts, which in turn are seen tens of seconds ahead of the arrival of dipolarization fronts. These timing correlations, the crescent shapes of PSBL ion beams, the CPS ion flux enhancements in the earthward and dawnward directions, and other particle distribution characteristics can all be well reproduced by a simple model of ion reflection and acceleration at earthward‐propagating dipolarization fronts associated with CPS flow bursts. The emerging paradigm, therefore, unifies impulsive transport phenomena across latitudes in the near‐Earth magnetotail plasma sheet.

“We’re Here for the Bodies”: How the Monastery of the Immaculate Conception became part of Maria College

“We’re Here for the Bodies”: How the Monastery of the Immaculate Conception became part of Maria College Elizabeth R. Bouchard (bio), Sister Rose Hobbs, RSM (bio), and Mary Guadrón (bio) The archival collection at Maria College Library offers a glimpse into the history of Marian Hall, once a monastery for cloistered Dominican nuns. This article presents an historical account of these nuns and how they came to live at the Monastery of the Immaculate Conception in Albany, New York, built in 1929 with a donation from a benefactress named Margaret Brady Farrell. For many years, the nuns lived frugally and followed a schedule of prayer, work, and study. Eventually, the number of nuns in this community dwindled and there were no new vocations. The remaining nuns could no longer support themselves financially and transferred to other existing convents, closing the monastery in 1970. The Religious Sisters of Mercy, a separate order residing next door, founded Maria College in 1958 as a two-year Liberal Arts college for sisters and taught by sisters, with a student body of fifty-two. Maria opened its doors to laywomen in 1964 with a degree program in Early Childhood Education. The college continued to grow, developing several additional programs. In 1970, Maria College leased the monastery, renamed it Marian Hall, and opened all degree programs to coeducational enrollment in 1971. The college purchased the monastery in 1975 and renovated this historic building, transforming it into a state-of-the-art allied health education facility that serves over 1,000 students today. “We’re here for the bodies,” said the undertaker to the sister who answered the door at the Convent of Mercy Motherhouse in Albany, New York, in October 1967. He had come to the wrong house. The [End Page 91] bodies referred to were those of ten cloistered Dominican nuns who were interred in the crypt of the Monastery of the Immaculate Conception on the adjacent property. They were to be reinterred at Saint Agnes Cemetery in Menands, New York. So begins a story that is both fascinating and nostalgic – the closing of a monastery that was once home to a group of cloistered nuns beginning in 1929, and which later became an institute of learning to both sisters and laity. The actual closing occurred in April 1970. Ten years earlier, there had been twenty-two nuns living there. In 1970, however, there were twelve nuns left. Nine chose to continue monastic life at their mother community, the Farmington Hills Monastery just outside of Detroit, Michigan. The remaining nuns each went to three other Dominican monasteries located in Cincinnati, Ohio; Newark, New Jersey; and Buffalo, New York.1 Nuns of the Order of Preachers The Dominican nuns, a religious order originally formed in Rome in the early part of the thirteenth century, base their religious lives on the teachings of Saint Dominic, founder of the Order. Officially known as the Nuns of the Order of Preachers, their purpose is to follow the work of Saint Dominic, and “the end or aim . . . is the salvation of souls, especially by means of preaching. For the attainment of this purpose, the order must labour with the utmost zeal . . . in doing good to the souls of our fellow-men.”2 The Dominicans follow the Rule of Saint Augustine, which includes love of God and one’s neighbor, unanimity, sharing or having common property, prayer, fasting, modesty, and reconciliation. “The Rule and the ever-lasting book of Constitutions have together been the written foundation of the Dominican Order for 750 years.”3 Perhaps entering a cloister was a way of reinforcing a decision not to marry at a time when other choices simply did not exist. It may also have been a way of preserving personal safety, as well as commitment to God and a life of service. [End Page 92] Dominican Nuns come to the U.S.A The community of Dominican nuns in Albany can trace its history back to Oullins, France, where the generous gift of a local noblewoman established a monastery committed to Perpetual Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. Julia Crooks, daughter of a wealthy New York family, went to France in 1872...

Observations of Gray Foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in a Suburban Landscape in the Piedmont of North Carolina

Studies of Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Gray Fox) in suburban landscapes are rare. Past work has suggested that this species will only tolerate urbanization to a certain density of residences (50–125 residences/km2). To test this, we employed visual observations and camera traps to monitor Gray Fox activity within a suburban and adjacent rural property from January to July 2011. We also used a geographical information system (GIS) to calculate the density of buildings associated with both properties. We observed Gray Foxes and detected them with camera traps in our properties on numerous occasions. GIS analyses revealed an estimated suburban density of 237–347 residences/km2 (depending on spatial scale) and rural density of 50 residences/km2. The number of Gray Fox observations did not differ greatly between rural and suburban properties, although the peak periods of Gray Fox observations varied by site. We propose that a tolerance for high suburban building density exhibited by Gray Foxes at our site is related to the large amount of mature wooded buffers located adjacently.

Identification and Induction of Human, Social, and Cultural Capitals through an Experimental Approach to Stormwater Management

Decentralized stormwater management is based on the dispersal of stormwater management practices (SWMP) throughout a watershed to manage stormwater runoff volume and potentially restore natural hydrologic processes. This approach to stormwater management is increasingly popular but faces constraints related to land access and citizen engagement. We tested a novel method of environmental management through citizen-based stormwater management on suburban private land. After a nominal induction of human capital through an education campaign, two successive (2007, 2008) reverse auctions engaged residents to voluntarily bid on installation of SWMPs on their property. Cumulatively, 81 rain gardens and 165 rain barrels were installed on approximately one-third of the 350 eligible residential properties in the watershed, resulting in an estimated 360 m3 increase in stormwater detention capacity. One surprising result was the abundance of zero dollar bids, indicating even a limited-effort human capital campaign was sufficient to enroll many participants. In addition, we used statistical methods to illustrate the significant role of social capital in forming clusters of adjacent properties that participated in bidding. This indicated that as participants shared their experiences, neighbors may have become more willing to trust the program and enroll. Significant agglomerations of participating properties may indicate a shift in neighborhood culture regarding stormwater management with positive implications for watershed health through the sustained induction of alternate capitals.

Programs=data=first-class citizens in a computational world

From a programming perspective, Alan Turing's epochal 1936 paper on computable functions introduced several new concepts, including what is today known as self-interpreters and programs as data, and invented a great many now-common programming techniques. We begin by reviewing Turing's contribution from a programming perspective; and then systematize and mention some of the many ways that later developments in models of computation (MOCs) have interacted with computability theory and programming language research. Next, we describe the 'blob' MOC: a recent stored-program computational model without pointers. In the blob model, programs are truly first-class citizens, capable of being automatically compiled, or interpreted, or executed directly. Further, the blob model appears closer to being physically realizable than earlier computation models. In part, this is due to strong finiteness owing to early binding in the program; and a strong adjacency property: the active instruction is always adjacent to the piece of data on which it operates. The model is Turing complete in a strong sense: a universal interpretation algorithm exists that is able to run any program in a natural way and without arcane data encodings. Next, some of the best known among the numerous existing MOCs are described, and we develop a list of traits an 'ideal' MOC should possess from our perspective. We make no attempt to consider all models put forth since Turing's 1936 paper, and the selection of models covered concerns only models with discrete, atomic computation steps. The next step is to classify the selected models by qualitative rather than quantitative features. Finally, we describe how the blob model differs from an 'ideal' MOC, and identify some natural next steps to achieve such a model.

Depths of Modern Coastal Sand Clinoforms

Abstract Clinoforms are classical geological features. Examples in the rock record or in seismic reflection data that originally formed in shallow water can potentially help to locate paleo–sea level, but their precise links with sea level need to be established using modern examples before such inferences can be made accurately. Some near-shore areas of high wave energy and steep coasts host sand bodies with upwards-convex surfaces. These clinoforms have been suggested to have been created from sand exported from the upper shoreface during stormy conditions, and deposited at depths where wave action diminishes below the threshold of motion (Field and Roy 1984; Hernandez-Molina et al. 2000). We have compiled the shapes of these bodies in a variety of wave environments in order to test this idea. The interpreted depths at which the sand surface steepens (i.e., the clinoform rollover) vary from 21 m off southern California to deeper than 50 m off SE Australia. To assess the link with wave action, rollover depths were compared with adjacent deep-water wave properties over the period 1992–2001 in the ERA-40 reanalysis dataset. Rollover bed shear stresses were computed from properties representing average wave conditions and from properties associated with upper–percentile conditions. Stresses were found to reach 0.1–0.5 Pa during upper 5-percentile wave conditions, exceeding the sediment threshold of motion estimated from reported grain-size data. Sediment to below the rollover is therefore mobile during extreme wave conditions.

Factors Influencing the Ranging Behavior of Chacma Baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) Living in a Human-Modified Habitat

The introduction and eradication of alien invasive plant species potentially alters feeding and spatial ecology of wild primates. We investigated whether the removal of an important dietary resource for wild chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus), black wattle (Acacia mearnsii), from a nature reserve would result in longer daily path lengths (DPLs) and greater movement toward other resources, specifically alternative black wattle stands outside the reserve, agricultural plots, and sleeping and geophagy sites. We fitted a juvenile male baboon with a self-releasing GPS collar to track the focal troop’s movements on Wildcliff Nature Reserve and adjacent properties, located in the Western Cape, South Africa, from January 25, 2010 to January 18, 2011. During this time, Working for Water, an environmental conservation initiative of the South African Department of Water Affairs, removed black wattle from the baboons’ home range. We estimated monthly home range (5.30–20.58 km2) and DPL (1.7–11.7 km) and quantified the baboons’ use of five dominant vegetation types. Our vegetation use-availability analysis indicated that the troop preferred black wattle, Afromontane forests, and, to a lesser extent, pasture, but used agricultural plots and fynbos less than expected by availability. With increasing black wattle removal in the core area, the troop traveled further toward distant sources of black wattle, using sleeping sites out of their core area to accommodate such long day journeys. A general linear model indicated that movement to black wattle stands, as well as changing sleeping sites, day length, and both spring and winter seasons all significantly increased DPL. We suggest the influence that alien invasive species and their eradication has on ranging behavior should be a consideration in primate conservation and management policies.

Investigations on Different Processing Conditions on Soft Magnetic Composite Material Behavior at Low Frequency

The main aim of this paper is the analysis of the effects of various processing conditions on the magnetic, mechanical, and energetic properties of mixture systems consisting of insulated iron powder compound and aluminum alloy. Specimens with a different green density (obtained with compacting pressures of 400, 600, and 800 MPa) were treated in different atmospheres (in air and nitrogen), all implying a step at the maximum temperature of 500 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}\hbox{C}$</tex></formula> for 30 min. The microstructure analyses revealed that heat treatment of aluminum alloys has proven to be more effective when carried out in full nitrogen atmosphere, both in terms of bonding evolution between adjacent particles and magnetic properties. Experimental results in terms of magnetic properties, mainly iron loss, confirmed the potentialities of powder metallurgy in electromagnetic applications.

Contaminated properties, trespass, and underground rents

PurposeThis paper seeks to extend the literature on property damage assessment by incorporating the right of exclusion as a compensable component to damages. The paper aims to go on to illustrate methodologies to estimate as a rent this damage component.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop a conceptual framework from which to examine the value of underground storage space with special reference to situations in which migrating contamination from commercial operations have invaded private real property. Specifically they view this invasion as a compensable violation of the right of exclusion. This underground storage analysis uses the three approaches common to traditional appraisal (income, sales and cost) to estimate the value of underground storage caused by migrating contamination.FindingsConceptually the paper finds that underground storage can be easily valued with existing appraisal methods. Using contamination scenarios paired with actual market data from the South‐Eastern USA, the paper shows an example of each of the three methods for valuation. It concludes by reconciling the estimated values and supply additional issues to consider when valuing underground storage.Practical implicationsContaminated properties analysis and damages have focused on the right of transfer when estimating damages to real property. Other portions of the bundle of rights also require examination.Originality/valueThis is the first discussion of underground trespass in relation to contaminated property coupled with an empirical example to address the right of exclusion and estimated rents due for use of adjacent properties as a storage facility.

Perceived Externalities of Cell Phone Base Stations: The Case of Property Prices in Hamburg, Germany

We examine the impact of cell phone base stations on prices of condominiums in Hamburg, Germany. This is the first hedonic study on this subject for housing prices in Europe and the first ever to examine the price impact of base stations within a whole metropolis. We distinguish between individual masts and groups of masts. On the basis of a dataset of over 1000 base stations set up in Hamburg, we find that only immediate proximity to groups of antenna masts is perceived as harmful by residents of nearby condominiums. For individual masts no effect on residential property prices in the surrounding areas was observed, indicating that cell phone service providers should prevent installation of groups of masts in a single location. We control for spatial dependence and show that the influence of cell phone base stations on adjacent residential property prices can be overestimated, if other negative externalities that are typically correlated with the proximity to base stations are neglected.

Analysis of the Base-band Symbol Distortion and Spectrum Spreading caused by the Limiter

In this paper, we conduct a detail analysis of a kind of base-band symbol distortion and spectrum-spreading caused by the limiter in the quadrature modulation system. The selected symbol is sin2(πt/4T). In order to improve the system bandwidth efficiency, we introduce the inter symbol interference, giving a method to analyze the base-band symbol distortion after adding the limiter, and got 64 kinds of distorted symbol waveform and expressions as well as the cross-correlation properties of the adjacent symbol. We also compared the modulated signal's frequency spectrum characteristics before and after adding the limiter. Using the obtained distorted symbol waveform and adjacent code properties, we achieved the modulation process, verifying the correctness of the very method. The very method also provide a useful reference on analyzing other quadrature modulation system, whose base-band symbol distortion and spectrum spreading caused by the limiter.

Landslides caused by the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake and management of landslide risk in the immediate aftermath

At 12.51 pm (NZST) on 22 February 2011 a shallow, magnitude MW 6.2 earthquake with an epicentre located just south of Christchurch, New Zealand, caused widespread devastation including building collapse, liquefaction and landslides. Throughout the Port Hills of Banks Peninsula on the southern fringes of Christchurch landslide and ground damage caused by the earthquake included rock-fall (both cliff collapse and boulder roll), incipient loess landslides, and retaining wall and fill failures. Four deaths from rock-fall occurred during the mainshock and one during an aftershock later in the afternoon of the 22nd. Hundreds of houses were damaged by rock-falls and landslide-induced ground cracking.&#x0D; Four distinct landslide or ground failure types have been recognised. Firstly, rocks fell from lava outcrops on the Port Hills and rolled and bounced over hundreds of metres damaging houses located on lower slopes and on valley floors. Secondly, over-steepened present-day and former sea-cliffs collapsed catastrophically. Houses were damaged by tension cracks on the slopes above the cliff faces and by debris inundation at the toe of the slopes. Thirdly, incipient movement of landslides in loess, ranging from a few millimetres up to 0.35 metres, occurred at several locations. Again houses were damaged by extension fissuring at the head of these features and compressional movement at the toe. The fourth mode of failure observed was retaining wall and fill failures, including shaking-induced settlement and fill displacement. These failures commonly affected both houses and roads.&#x0D; In the days and weeks immediately following the earthquake a major concern was how to manage the risks from another large aftershock or a long return period rainstorm, in the areas worst affected by landslides, should one occur. Each of the four identified landslide types required a different risk management strategy. The rock-fall and boulder roll hazard was managed by identifying buildings at risk and enforcing mandatory evacuation. In the days immediately following the earthquake this process was based on expert opinion. In the weeks after the earthquake this process was rapidly enhanced with empirical data to confirm the risk. The rock-falls associated with cliff collapse were managed by evacuating properties damaged by extensional ground cracking at the top of the cliffs, adjacent properties, and properties damaged by debris inundation at the toe of the cliffs. The incipient landslide hazard was managed by rapidly deploying movement monitoring technologies to determine if these features were still moving and to monitor their response to on-going aftershock activity. The fill and retaining wall failures were managed by encouraging public reporting of areas of concern for rapid assessment by a geotechnical professional.&#x0D; The success of the landslide risk management strategy was demonstrated by the magnitude MW 6.0 earthquake of 13 June when rock-falls and boulder roll damaged evacuated buildings and ground cracking and debris inundation further damaged evacuated areas. Some incipient landslides reactivated, producing similar movement patterns to the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Several retaining walls identified as dangerous and cordoned off also collapsed. No lives were lost and no serious injuries were reported from landslides in the 13 June 2011 earthquake.

Fear of a foreign railroad: transnationalism, trainspace, and (im)mobility in the Chicago suburbs

The fluidity and mobility of the twenty‐first century are grounded in physical infrastructure such as airports and train stations but also on the routes along which people and goods travel. Within recent work on the meanings, practices and experiences of flying, driving, walking, cycling or riding the rails, the focus has been on the travel of people rather than commodities and on network nodes rather than routes. Nevertheless, the transport of freight and its interaction with people and places along distribution routes has significant implications for understanding discursive constructions of the national and the foreign. In 2007, the Canadian National railroad began the process of purchasing a beltline railroad around Chicago to ease the passage of containerised freight from Asia to North American distribution centres. Suburban communities protested the transaction, arguing that the increase in trains would lead to traffic congestion, problems with emergency vehicle access and water supply contamination. Despite the local scale of these concerns, opponents framed their protest in terms of aforeignrailroad disruptingAmericancommunities, suggesting deeper underlying concerns about the transnational nature of the transaction and the resulting route. They also argued for considering the spaces of this mode of transportation, what I term trainspace, as consisting of more than the vehicles, infrastructure and adjacent properties, underlining the importance of considering routes and infrastructure as a fundamental social component of transnational processes and of considering motility or potential movement along with mobility.

Insufficient source area remediation results in the rebound of TCE breakdown products in groundwater

AbstractIn the early 1990s, a soil removal action was completed at a former disposal pit site located in southern Michigan. This action removed waste oil, cutting oil, and chlorinated solvents from the unsaturated zone. To contain groundwater contaminant migration at the site, a groundwater pump‐and‐treat system comprised of two extraction wells operating at a combined flow of 50 gallons per minute, carbon treatment, and a permitted effluent discharge was designed, installed, and operated for over 10 years. Groundwater monitoring for natural attenuation parameters and contaminant attenuation modeling demonstrated natural attenuation of the contaminant plume was adequate to attain site closure. As a result of incomplete contaminant source removal, a rebound of contaminants above the levels established in the remedial action plan (RAP) has occurred in the years following system shutdown and site closure. Groundwater concentrations have raised concerns regarding potential indoor air quality at adjacent residential properties constructed in the past 9 to 10 years. The only remedial option available in the original RAP is to resume groundwater pump‐and‐treat. To remediate the source area, an alternate remediation strategy using an ozone sparge system was developed. The ozone sparge remediation strategy addresses the residual saturated zone contaminants beneath the former disposal pit and reestablishes site closure requirements without resumption of the pump‐and‐treat system. A pilot study was completed successfully; and the final system design was subsequently approved by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. The system was installed and began operations in July 2010. As of the January 2011 monitoring event, the system has shown dramatic improvement in site contaminant concentrations. The system will continue to operate until monitoring results indicate that complete treatment has been obtained. The site will have achieved the RAP objectives when the system has been shut down and meets groundwater residential criteria for four consecutive quarters. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Infinite Random Geometric Graphs

We introduce a new class of countably infinite random geometric graphs, whose vertices V are points in a metric space, and vertices are adjacent independently with probability $${p \in (0, 1)}$$ if the metric distance between the vertices is below a given threshold. For certain choices of V as a countable dense set in $${\mathbb{R}^n}$$ equipped with the metric derived from the L ∞-norm, it is shown that with probability 1 such infinite random geometric graphs have a unique isomorphism type. The isomorphism type, which we call GR n , is characterized by a geometric analogue of the existentially closed adjacency property, and we give a deterministic construction of GR n . In contrast, we show that infinite random geometric graphs in $${\mathbb{R}^{2}}$$ with the Euclidean metric are not necessarily isomorphic.

Algorithms for Producing and Ordering Lexical and Nonlexical Sequences out of One Element

This paper deals with algorithms for producing and ordering lexical and nonlexical sequences of a given degree. The notion of “elementary operations” on positive α-sequences is introduced. Our main theorem answers the question of when two lexical sequences are adjacent. Given any lexical sequence, α ∈ Ln, we can produce its adjacent successor as follows; apply one elementary operation on the tail of the longest left sequence, of even length, which gives a lexical successor α′ ∈ Ln, then compute the fundamental sequence \({f = \alpha \wedge \alpha\prime \in L_{m}}\) and conclude for \({m \nmid n}\) that α is adjacent to α′ in Ln. Whereas for m | n, the sequence α is adjacent to a sequence by f and the least element of Ld, where \({{d = \frac{n}{m}}}\). Thus, while right sequences control the lexicality property of an α-sequence, it turns out that left sequences control the adjacency property of lexical and nonlexical sequences.

On Algebraic Spectrum of Ontology Evaluation

Ontology evaluation remains an important open problem in the area of its application. The ontology structure evaluation framework for benchmarking the internal graph structures was proposed. The framework was used in transport and biochemical ontology. The corresponding adjacency, incidence matrices and other structural properties due to the class hierarchical structure of the transport and biochemical ontology were computed using MATLAB. The results showed that the choice of suitable choice must depend on the purpose of ontology structure evaluation.