Adjacent Molecules Research Articles

Intrinsic Charge Transport for DTzTI-Based All-Acceptor Homopolymer n-Type Organic Semiconductors: Roles of Conjugation Length and Orbital Delocalization

2,2′-Bithiazolothienyl-4,4′,10,10′-tetracarboxydiimide (DTzTI), a novel imide-functionalized thiazole, is envisioned as a candidate for an excellent building block for constructing all-acceptor homopolymers, and the resulting PDTzTI, which is the polymer of DTzTI, demonstrated unipolar n-type transport with an exceptional electron mobility (μe) of 1.61 cm2 V–1 s–1. Density functional theory (DFT) and the incoherent charge-hopping model at the molecular level are used to design and investigate the model compounds DTzTI and two novel fluorine- or selenium-substituted analogues, DTzTI-2F and DTzTI-4Se, in order to better understand the roles of conjugation length and orbital delocalization for intrinsic charge transport as well as to increase the electron mobility and ambient stability of DTzTI-based polymers. According to the DFT results, increasing the conjugation length (n, number of haploids) of homopolymer molecules could significantly lower the recombination energy, decrease the ELUMO–HOMO, improve the delocalization of the frontier molecular orbitals, and raise the electron’s transfer integral (Ve) between adjacent neighboring homopolymer molecules. This would make it easier to delocalize and transport charge carriers between chains, increasing the electron-transfer efficiency. Additionally, lowering the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level below −4 eV with the substitution of fluorine or selenium would be very advantageous to ambient stability. 8DTzTI, 8DTzTI-2F, and 8DTzTI-4Se are anticipated to have μe values of 23.87, 19.44, and 29.07 cm2 V–1 s–1, respectively. The performance of all the three analogues is unipolar n-type. The bigger orbital delocalization and larger transfer integral resulting from the face-to-face π–π stacking produce significant electron mobility for DTzTI-4Se, demonstrating that larger delocalization of molecular orbitals will improve intermolecular conjugation and boost charge transport characteristics. A straightforward mathematical model of mobility and conjugation length is discussed, enabling a rapid computation of the theoretical mobilities for specific homopolymers of all-acceptor n-type semiconductor materials. Another method for enhancing the electron mobility and environmental stability of DTzTI-based unipolar n-type polymer semiconductors is selenium substitution.

Respiration-Responsive Colorful Room-Temperature Phosphorescent Materials and Assembly-Induced Phosphorescence Enhancement Strategies.

It is still very challenging to obtain colorful and long-afterglow room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials from pure organic polymers. Herein, it is found that chitosan (CS), a natural polymer, not only has its own RTP, but also reacts with different phosphorescent molecules to obtain a multicolor, long-afterglow RTP material. CS can emit RTP with a lifetime of 48ms. In addition, CS is rich in amino groups, and grafting different phosphorescent molecules onto CS by an amidation reaction can modulate it to emit different colors of phosphorescence and obtain a series of colorful CS derivatives. The obtained polymer films also have ultra-long RTP due to the good film-forming ability. In addition, one of the CS derivatives selected with α-cyclodextrin is used to construct RTP materials with lifetimes of up to seconds. The host-guest interactions are used to suppress nonradiative relaxation and build crystalline domains, thus synergistically enhancing the RTP. Interestingly, the RTP properties of the CS derivative films are extremely sensitive to water and heat stimuli, because water broke the hydrogen bonds between adjacent CS molecules and thus altered the rigid environment in the material. Finally, they can be used as a stimuli-responsive ink and for monitoring environmental humidity.

The structure of the junction region of the native cardiac thin filament.

Cardiac contraction depends on an intricate rearrangement of molecular interactions among sarcomeric proteins coordinated by the rising and falling intracellular Ca2+ levels. Cardiac thin filament (cTF) consists of two strands comprised of actin, tropomyosin (Tm), and equally spaced troponin (Tn) complexes. Tn binds Ca2+ to move Tm strand away from myosin-binding sites on actin to enable actomyosin cross-bridges required for force generation. The Tn complex has three subunits: Ca2+-binding TnC, inhibitory TnI, and Tm-binding TnT. Tm strand is composed of adjacent Tm molecules that overlap “head-to-tail” along the actin filament. The N-terminus of TnT (e.g. TnT1) binds to the Tm overlap region to form the cTF junction region. Numerous studies have shown the crucial role of TnT1 in the Ca2+-dependent regulation of the cTF. Moreover, TnT1 is a hot spot for pathogenic mutations leading to cardiomyopathies in humans. However, a detailed structural description of the cTF junction region and, particularly, TnT1 interactions with Tm and actin remain unknown. Here we report a 3.8 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the native cTF junction region at relaxing (pCa=8) Ca2+ conditions. We show that TnT1 stabilizes the Tm overlap region via mostly ionic interactions with the Tm C- and N-termini. Our data shows that TnT1 works as a joint that anchors the Tm overlap region to actin which stabilizes the off (e.g. Ca2+-free) state of the cTF. Our structure provides insight into the molecular basis of cardiac diseases caused by missense mutations in TnT1.

The Z-disc: Mechanosensor at the interface between myosin biomechanics and hypertrophic signaling.

Despite over two decades of research on the etiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and the identification of >1000 mutations in sarcomeric proteins such as β-cardiac myosin (MYH7), the mechanism by which altered force at the level of the sarcomere is transduced into cellular hypertrophy is still incompletely understood. We have previously described a striking widening of the Z-disc in septal myectomy samples from patients with HCM, as well as in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) lines in which we CRISPR-edited two different HCM mutations in MYH7. We propose that the Z-disc is the mechano-transduction link at the interface of myosin biomechanics and hypertrophy. We performed a comparative genome and mutation-wide molecular key driver analysis. Genome-wide analysis (RNAseq) of 26 HCM myectomy samples revealed altered expression of 52 Z-disc-related genes vs. donor heart controls. In HCM hiPSC-CMs, 24 Z-disc genes were altered (single-cell RNA-seq). 14 altered Z-disc genes were shared between human samples and hiPSC-CMs. Pro-hypertrophic signaling was activated through differential expression of five modulators (GLRX3, LMCD1, MYOZ2, PAK1IP1, C10ORF7) of calcineurin. We hypothesized that widening of the Z-disc, differential expression of Z-disc genes and downstream hypertrophic signaling were due to an increase in active tension on Z-disc anchored actin by adjacent myosin molecules, which was confirmed using traction force microscopy. Our findings suggest that the Z-disc acts as a mechano-sensor at the interface between myosin biomechanics and hypertrophic signaling. To further test this hypothesis, we used a vinculin FRET-tension sensor to directly measure intracellular force at the Z-disc with different myosin perturbations. This unique combination of patient samples and CRISPR-edited hiPSC-CMs confirms the fidelity of our in vitro model in recapitulating human disease and increases the potential translation of our findings to develop new therapies.

Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Optical and Magnetic Properties of Samarium, Terbium, and Erbium Coordination Entities Containing Mono-Substituted Imine Silsesquioxane Ligands.

Mono-substituted cage-like silsesquioxanes of the T8-type can play the role of potential ligands in the coordination chemistry. In this paper, we report on imine derivatives as ligands for samarium, terbium, and erbium cations and discuss their efficient synthesis, crystal structures, and magnetic and optical properties. X-ray analysis of the lanthanide coordination entities [MCl3(POSS)3]·2THF [M = Er3+ (3), Tb3+ (4), Sm3+ (5)] showed that all three compounds crystallize in the same space group with similar lattice parameters. All compounds contain an octahedrally coordinated metal atom, and additionally, 3 and 5 structures are strictly isomorphous. However, surprisingly, there are two different molecules in the crystal structure of the terbium coordination entity 4, monomer (sof 65%) and dimer (sof 35%), with one and two metal centers. Absorption measurements of the investigated materials recorded at 300 K showed that regardless of the lanthanide involved, their energy band gap equals 2.7 eV. Moreover, the analogues containing Tb3+ and Sm3+ exhibit luminescence typical of these rare earth ions in the visible and infrared spectral range, while the compound with Er3+ does not generate any emission. Direct current variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements on polycrystalline samples of 3-5 were performed between 1.8 and 300 K. The magnetic properties of 3 and 4 are dominated by the crystal field effect on the Er3+ and Tb3+ ions, respectively, hiding the magnetic influence between the magnetic cations of adjacent molecules. Complex 5 exhibits a nature typical for the paramagnetism of the samarium(III) cation.

NMR Analyses of Carbohydrate–Water and Water–Water Interactions in Water/DMSO Mixed Solvents, Highlighting Various Hydration Behaviors of Monosaccharides Glucose, Galactose and Mannose

Abstract Interaction with water molecules is a potential factor for regulating carbohydrate functions. We analyzed the influences of methyl α-glucoside, methyl α-galactoside and methyl α-mannoside on water in solution through NMR measurements. In order to compare the hydration behaviors according to the geometric characteristics of monosaccharides, proton exchanges between the carbohydrate and water and between water molecules were observed using H2O/D2O and dimethylsulfoxide mixed solvents to employ deuterium-induced isotope shifts. 13C NMR analyses focused on the carbohydrate hydroxy groups revealed that the carbohydrate–water proton exchange in the mannoside solution proceeded slower than in others. Meanwhile, the frequent proton exchange between waters in the mannoside solution was shown by NMR observations of water signals. Our NMR experimental results shed light on the variation of solvation environments of carbohydrates according to their geometric characteristics. Mannose presumably allows for unique orientations of the adjacent water molecules to induce the expansion of water networks efficiently.

Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structures of N,N'-bis-(2-di-alkyl-amino-phen-yl)thio-ureas.

N,N'-Bis[2-(di-methyl-amino)-phen-yl]thio-urea, C17H22N4S (1), and N,N'-bis-[2-(di-ethyl-amino)-phen-yl]thio-urea, C21H30N4S (2), were prepared by the treatment of 1,1'-thio-carbonyl-diimidazole and 2 equivalents of 2-amino-N,N'-di-alkyl-aniline. Both compounds exhibit intra-molecular hydrogen bonds between the N-H(thio-urea) and NR 2 (R = Me, Et) groups. The other N-H bonds face the sulfur atoms of S=C bonds in an adjacent mol-ecule, which forms an inter-molecular inter-action in the packed structure. The structural details match the spectroscopic data acquired from NMR and IR spectroscopy.

Room-temperature synthesis of nanometric and luminescent silver-MOFs.

Three silver-MOFs were prepared using an optimized, room-temperature methodology starting from AgNO₃ and dicarboxylate ligands in water/ethanol yielding Ag 2 BDC, Ag 2 NDC (UAM-1), and Ag 2 TDC (UAM-2) at 38%-48% (BDC, benzenedicarboxylate; NDC, 1,8-naphthalene-dicarboxylate; TDC, p-terphenyl-4,4″-dicarboxylate). They were characterized by PXRD/FT-IR/TGA/photoluminescence spectroscopy, and the former two by SEM. These materials started decomposing at 330°C, while showing stability. The crystal structure of UAM-1 was determined by PXRD, DFT calculations, and Rietveld refinement. In general, the structure was 3D, with the largest Ag-O bond interlinking 2D layers. The FT-IR spectra revealed 1450 and 1680 bands (cm-1) of asymmetrically stretching aniso-/iso-bidentate -COO in coordination with 2/3-Ag atoms, accompanied by Ag-O bands at 780-740 cm-1, all demonstrating the network formation. XRD and SEM showed nanometric-scale crystals in Ag₂BDC, and UAM-1 developed micrometric single-stranded/agglomerated fibrillar particles of varying nanometric widths. Luminescence spectroscopy showed emission by Ag₂BDC, which was attributed to ligand-to-metal or ligand-to-metal-metal transitions, suggesting energy transfer due to the short distance between adjacent BDC molecules. UAM-1 and UAM-2 did not show luminescence emission attributable to ligand-to-metal transition; rather, they presented only UV emission. The stabilities of Ag₂BDC and UAM-1 were evaluated in PBS/DMEM/DMEM+FBS media by XRD, which showed that they lost their crystallinity, resulting in AgCl due to soft-soft (Pearson's principle) affinity.

Second Order Phase Transition and Stabilizing CH···H and CH···S Interactions in Naphthyl End-Capped Bithiophene at 3.5 GPa

The semiconducting bithiophene systems are largely unexplored structurally at high-pressures. Here, we characterize the high-pressure structure and phase behavior of 5,5′-bis(naphth-2-yl)-2,2′-bithiophene (NaT2) by single crystal X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence and Raman compression measurements in the diamond anvil cell to 7.6 GPa. Experimental results are supported by empirical interaction energy calculations. NaT2 maintains its ambient pressure structure (P21/c) on compression but undergoes a subtle second-order phase transition at ca. 3.5 GPa. The newly formed phase at 4.0 GPa is characterized by the formation of a new S···H interaction between thiophene moieties in adjacent molecules, as well as by the emergence of a more favorable compression pathway in its long-chain direction. NaT2 also undergoes a band gap closure manifested as a distinct yellow to red color change on compression that is fully reversible on decompression.

High-resolution cryo-EM structure of the junction region of the native cardiac thin filament in relaxed state.

Cardiac contraction depends on molecular interactions among sarcomeric proteins coordinated by the rising and falling intracellular Ca2+ levels. Cardiac thin filament (cTF) consists of two strands composed of actin, tropomyosin (Tm), and equally spaced troponin (Tn) complexes forming regulatory units. Tn binds Ca2+ to move Tm strand away from myosin-binding sites on actin to enable actomyosin cross-bridges required for force generation. The Tn complex has three subunits-Ca2+-binding TnC, inhibitory TnI, and Tm-binding TnT. Tm strand is comprised of adjacent Tm molecules that overlap "head-to-tail" along the actin filament. The N-terminus of TnT (e.g., TnT1) binds to the Tm overlap region to form the cTF junction region-the region that connects adjacent regulatory units and confers to cTF internal cooperativity. Numerous studies have predicted interactions among actin, Tm, and TnT1 within the junction region, although a direct structural description of the cTF junction region awaited completion. Here, we report a 3.8 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the native cTF junction region at relaxing (pCa 8) Ca2+ conditions. We provide novel insights into the "head-to-tail" interactions between adjacent Tm molecules and interactions between the Tm junction with F-actin. We demonstrate how TnT1 stabilizes the Tm overlap region via its interactions with the Tm C- and N-termini and actin. Our data show that TnT1 works as a joint that anchors the Tm overlap region to actin, which stabilizes the relaxed state of the cTF. Our structure provides insight into the molecular basis of cardiac diseases caused by missense mutations in TnT1.

Blue Emission of Tetrafluorobenzocarbazole Under the Interactions of Nitrogen-oxygen Saturated hydrogen Bonds with Aggregated Proton Acid.

Two novel tetrafluorobenzocarbazole and containing the amino branch introduced at the end of the molecule are synthesized by a simple method. The tetrafluorobenzocarbazole as the electron donor with electron-rich fluoride ions connected by π-benzyl ring conjugation structure, which affects the overall electron cloud density. Moreover, the amino branch introduced at the end of the molecule, which makes it easy to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds and affected photophysical properties. Meanwhile, the photophysical property of both compounds are discussed under different acidic conditions. The UV-absorption show that around ~286nm is mainly attributed to the strong structural absorption band peak of the π-π ∗ transition of the carbazole moiety, and the irregular absorption band around ~314nm and ~326nm are mainly attributed to the n-π ∗ transition of the carbazole group conjugate with the adjacent molecule. The emission spectrum of both compounds showed that the intensity of fluorescence decreased in different degrees after the addition of the acidic solution. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties were evidenced by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and the orbital conformation (HOMOs-LUMOs) was simulated by Gaussian 09 software and its crystal structure was observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results exhibited that both compounds are electrochemically stable blue small-molecule fluorescent substances, and expected that both compounds can be novel and stable acid-sensitive organic blue-light materials.

Theoretical prediction of superatomic orbitals in spherical trihedral metallo-borospherenes Be3B12+1/+2

Superatomic molecular orbitals (SAMOs) have attracted particular attention due to the efficient overlapping of electronic wave functions between adjacent molecules, a key factor for enhancing charge transfer in molecular materials. Inspired by the recently discovered spherical trihedral metallo-borospherenes D3h Ln3B18– (Ln = La, Tb), of which both the B18-framework and the three Ln atoms are integral parts of surface cages, here we conceive the smallest spherical trihedral metallo-borospherenes with B6 motifs to date, D3h Be3B12+1/+2, which possess two equivalent directly connected B6 triangles, without any linking units at the jointing vertices, forming three equivalent η6-B6 rings and each centered with a Be atom. Interestingly, the hypothesized cage-like structure is proved to be with the lowest energy for each composition, and possesses SAMOs characters, of which the electronic configurations are 1S21P61D101F62S21F82P61Gα11Gβ0 and 1S21P61D101F62S21F82P61G0, corresponding to the systems with one or two positive charges, respectively. Our finding of SAMOs in the frontier orbitals of spherical trihedral metallo-borospherene furnishes a potential molecular unit for charge transport using superatomic channels.

Di-chlorido-(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bi-pyridine-κ2 N,N')zinc(II) aceto-nitrile monosolvate.

In the title complex, [ZnCl2(C12H12N2)]·CH3CN, the zinc(II) atom is fourfold coordinated by two chloride ligands and a bidentate 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bi-pyridine ligand in a distorted tetra-hedral shape with a mol-ecule of aceto-nitrile sitting in the outer coordination sphere of the complex. π-π stacking inter-actions between the pyridyl rings in adjacent mol-ecules contribute to the alignment of the complexes in columns parallel to the a axis.

Multifunctional behavior of a carbazole derivative: Red phosphorescent emission, aggregation-induced long-life exciton and light-emitting diode application

A D-π-A typed cyanyl-carboxylic derivative (named as CECZA) merely produced prompt fluorescence with lifetime at nanosceond scale in dilute solutions, whose solid-state luminescence exhibited 3.36 μs lifetime with 13.80 % quantum yield (QY, captured at 522 nm for powder at nanometer scale) at 298 K and 43.36 ms lifetime with 30.46 % QY (650 nm, 80 K, tiny crystals). Femtosecond transient absorption, Raman spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculation provided valid clues to reveal its excitonic transition mechanism. The results indicated that the restricted vibration of benzene ring on carbazole group and alkyl chain weakened the vibrational modes of CECZA molecule and strengthened inter-molecular interactions between adjacent molecules at low temperatures, which promoted the persistent phosphorescent emission. Due to strong UV–vis absorption, high quantum efficiency and excellent thermal stability, CECZA can be used as a potential candidate in light-emitting diode (LED) application. Combined with a commercial InGaN blue-emitting chip, CECZA-InGaN emitted daylight white light.

Chiral binol-[4]helicene hybrids: Strong solid-state organic emitters with aggregation-enhanced emission and chiroptical properties

Chiral organic fluorescent materials have attracted broad attention for their application in various chiroptical devices. Helicenes possess special helical structure and unique optical properties, and have been utilized to develop chiral organic fluorescent materials with excellent chiroptical performance. However, the low luminescence efficiency of helicene-based chiral fluorescent materials in solid state limits their practical applications. In this work, chiral organic fluorescent emitters with helicene moiety have been developed from binaphthanol structure. These BINOL [4]helicene compounds display aggregation-enhanced emission properties, and have strong blue emission in solid state with fluorescent quantum yield up to 0.67. The DFT calculation reveals that these compounds have highly twisted molecular structures. Thus, the excellent fluorescent properties in solid state could be aroused by the highly contorted molecular structures, which could limit the π-π stacking of adjacent molecules in solid state. The enantiomers of these compounds show strong Cotton effects in circular dichroism spectra, and the molecules with 4-methoxy phenyl moiety exhibit circularly polarized luminescence properties.

Bis(4′-chloro-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine-κ3 N,N′,N′′)zinc(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)

In the title complex, [Zn(C15H10ClN3)2](CF3SO3)2, the ZnII metal center is sixfold coordinated by three nitrogen atoms of each 4-chloroterpyridine ligand in a distorted octahedral geometry with triflouromethanesulfonate ions completing the outer coordination sphere of the complex. π–π stacking interactions between the pyridyl rings in adjacent molecules contribute to the alignment of the complexes in layers along the c axis.

Molecular simulations of liquid aliphatic carboxylic acids (C1-C6) using the 3D-RISM-KH molecular solvation theory

The liquid structures of short straight chain aliphatic carboxylic acids (C1-C6) and halogenated acetic acids (trifluoro and trichloro) are analyzed with molecular dynamics simulations, three-dimensional reference interaction site model, and density functional theory calculations. The neat acids are found to exist in multimeric ordered form consisting of both open chain and cyclic oligomers. Introduction of water breaks the hydrogen bonding networks between adjacent acetic acid molecules by inserting water as a bridging molecule. The electronic structure calculations confirm the formation of chain and ring type structures in the liquid state.

Six nickel-lanthanoid heterometallic complexes based on 2,5-dichlorobenzoate and phen: Syntheses, structures and magnetic properties

Six new zero-dimensional (0D) Ni(II)-Ln(III) heterometallic complexes, [Ln2Ni2(2,5-DCB)10(phen)2] [Ln = Nd (1), Sm (2), Eu (3), Gd (4), Tb (5) and Dy (6), 2,5-HDCB = 2,5‑dichlorobenzoic acid, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline], have been successfully synthesized by the reactions of Ln(NO3)3·6H2O, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, 2,5‑dichlorobenzoic acid, NaOH and 1,10-phenanthroline under solvothermal conditions. All of these complexes have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermoanalysis (DTA). Complexes 1–6 are isomorphous and have a linear tetranuclear cluster structure formed by the 2,5-DCB anions linking the Ni(II) and Ln(III) ions. The adjacent tetranuclear molecules are further extended into a two-dimensional (2D) supramolecular architecture by the π–π interactions. The magnetic properties of 1, 2 and 4–6 were investigated in detail. Complex 6 displays a field-induced single-molecule magnet (SMM) behavior with a Ueff value of 10 K.

The Structure of Liquid and Glassy Carbamazepine.

To enhance the solubility of orally administered pharmaceuticals, liquid capsules or amorphous tablets are often preferred over crystalline drug products. However, little is known regarding the variation in bonding mechanisms between pharmaceutical molecules in their different disordered forms. In this study, liquid and melt-quenched glassy carbamazepine have been studied using high energy X-ray diffraction and modeled using Empirical Potential Structure Refinement. The results show significant structural differences between the liquid and glassy states. The liquid shows a wide range of structures; from isolated molecules, to aromatic ring correlations and NH-O hydrogen bonding. Upon quenching from the liquid to the glass the number of hydrogen bonds per molecule increases by ~50% at the expense of a ~30% decrease in the close contact (non-bonded) carbon-carbon interactions between aromatic rings. During the cooling process, there is an increase in both singly and doubly hydrogen-bonded adjacent molecules. Although hydrogen-bonded dimers found in the crystalline states persist in the glassy state, the absence of a crystalline lattice also allows small, hydrogen-bonded NH-O trimers and tetramers to form. This proposed model for the structure of glassy carbamazepine is consistent with the results from vibrational spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance.

Long-Life Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries of Organic Iminodianthraquinone/rGO Cathode Assisted by Zn2+ Binding with Adjacent Molecules.

Organic compounds have been extensively used as zinc-ion battery (ZIB) cathodes due to their high capacities and outstanding properties. Nevertheless, poor electrical conductivity limits their developments. RGO (reduced graphene oxide) can well interact with organic compounds through π-π stacking for furnishing capacious ion diffusion paths and active sites to enhance conductivity and capacity. Herein, a 1,1'-iminodianthraquinone (IDAQ)/rGO composite is utilized as cathode of ZIBs, demonstrating ultrahigh stability with 96% capacity retention after 5000 cycles. Zn2+ and H+ synergetic mechanism in IDAQ/rGO has been deeply discussed by ex situ analysis and theoretical calculation. Consequently, the structure of IDAQ2(H+)6(Zn2+) is the most probable product after discharging progress. Prospectively, the IDAQ/rGO material with excellent stability and good performance would provide new insights into designing advanced ZIBs.