Adjacent End Research Articles

Plastic deformation of railhead material of insulated rail joints

Insulated rail joints (IRJs) are essential for railway operations and control. Endposts are used in IRJs to create electrical signal blocks to locate trains and broken rails. The endposts are inserted in the gap between two adjacent rail ends. Commonly used endpost materials include fibreglass (fb), polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe), and nylon (ny). Plastic deformation occurs in railhead top material at IRJs, reducing the endpost material’s effective thickness (lipping), which can disrupt the electrical signalling circuits and increase vertical deformation (dipping). A good endpost material can retard the lipping and dipping processes associated with this plastic flow. Indirectly, the endpost materials influence the railhead sub-surface damage that influences the crack initiation in the railhead. Hence the mechanical behaviour of endpost materials can be researched focusing not only on the lipping and dipping problems, but also on railhead sub-surface damage analysis. Therefore, a coupled 3D finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out on an IRJ mainly considering all three commonly used endpost materials and vertical wheel loading conditions up to 2000 cycles. Because of cyclic wheel loadings on IRJs, lipping and dipping occur. For causing less sub-surface railhead material damage to retard the crack initiation, the most influential endpost material is fb.

CRISPR-AsCas12f1 couples out-of-protospacer DNA unwinding with exonuclease activity in the sequential target cleavage.

Type V-F CRISPR-Cas12f is a group of hypercompact RNA-guided nucleases that present a versatile in vivo delivery platform for gene therapy. Upon target recognition, Acidibacillus sulfuroxidans Cas12f (AsCas12f1) distinctively engenders three DNA break sites, two of which are located outside the protospacer. Combining ensemble and single-molecule approaches, we elucidate the molecular details underlying AsCas12f1-mediated DNA cleavages. We find that following the protospacer DNA unwinding and non-target strand (NTS) DNA nicking, AsCas12f1 surprisingly carries out bidirectional exonucleolytic cleavage from the nick. Subsequently, DNA unwinding is extended to the out-of-protospacer region, and AsCas12f1 gradually digests the unwound DNA beyond the protospacer. Eventually, the single endonucleolytic target-strand DNA cleavage at 3 nt downstream of the protospacer readily dissociates the ternary AsCas12f1-sgRNA-DNA complex from the protospacer adjacent motif-distal end, leaving a staggered double-strand DNA break. The coupling between the unwinding and cleavage of both protospacer and out-of-protospacer DNA is promoted by Mg2+. Kinetic analysis on the engineered AsCas12f1-v5.1 variant identifies the only accelerated step of the protospacer NTS DNA trimming within the sequential DNA cleavage. Our findings provide a dynamic view of AsCas12f1 catalyzing DNA unwinding-coupled nucleolytic cleavage and help with practical improvements of Cas12f-based genome editing tools.

The spatial distribution of intermediate fibroblasts and myeloid-derived cells dictate lymph node metastasis dynamics in oral cancer

BackgroundOral cancer poses a significant health challenge due to limited treatment protocols and therapeutic targets. We aimed to investigate the invasive margins of gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma (GB-OSCC) tumors in terms of the localization of genes and cell types within the margins at various distances that could lead to nodal metastasis.MethodsWe collected tumor tissues from 23 resected GB-OSCC samples for gene expression profiling using digital spatial transcriptomics. We monitored differential gene expression at varying distances between the tumor and its microenvironvent (TME), and performed a deconvulation study and immunohistochemistry to identify the cells and genes regulating the TME.ResultsWe found that the tumor–stromal interface (a distance up to 200 µm between tumor and immune cells) is the most active region for disease progression in GB-OSCC. The most differentially expressed apex genes, such as FN1 and COL5A1, were located at the stromal ends of the margins, and together with enrichment of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an immune-suppressed microenvironment, were associated with lymph node metastasis. Intermediate fibroblasts, myocytes, and neutrophils were enriched at the tumor ends, while cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were enriched at the stromal ends. The intermediate fibroblasts transformed into CAFs and relocated to the adjacent stromal ends where they participated in FN1-mediated ECM modulation.ConclusionWe have generated a functional organization of the tumor–stromal interface in GB-OSCC and identified spatially located genes that contribute to nodal metastasis and disease progression. Our dataset might now be mined to discover suitable molecular targets in oral cancer.

Forward genetic screen using a gene-breaking trap approach identifies a novel role of grin2bb-associated RNA transcript (grin2bbART) in zebrafish heart function.

LncRNA-based control affects cardiac pathophysiologies like myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, hypertrophy, and myotonic muscular dystrophy. This study used a gene-break transposon (GBT) to screen zebrafish (Danio rerio) for insertional mutagenesis. We identified three insertional mutants where the GBT captured a cardiac gene. One of the adult viable GBT mutants had bradycardia (heart arrhythmia) and enlarged cardiac chambers or hypertrophy; we named it "bigheart." Bigheart mutant insertion maps to grin2bb or N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR2B) gene intron 2 in reverse orientation. Rapid amplification of adjacent cDNA ends analysis suggested a new insertion site transcript in the intron 2 of grin2bb. Analysis of the RNA sequencing of wild-type zebrafish heart chambers revealed a possible new transcript at the insertion site. As this putative lncRNA transcript satisfies the canonical signatures, we called this transcript grin2bb associated RNA transcript (grin2bbART). Using in situ hybridization, we confirmed localized grin2bbART expression in the heart, central nervous system, and muscles in the developing embryos and wild-type adult zebrafish atrium and bulbus arteriosus. The bigheart mutant had reduced Grin2bbART expression. We showed that bigheart gene trap insertion excision reversed cardiac-specific arrhythmia and atrial hypertrophy and restored grin2bbART expression. Morpholino-mediated antisense downregulation of grin2bbART in wild-type zebrafish embryos mimicked bigheart mutants; this suggests grin2bbART is linked to bigheart. Cardiovascular tissues use Grin2bb as a calcium-permeable ion channel. Calcium imaging experiments performed on bigheart mutants indicated calcium mishandling in the heart. The bigheart cardiac transcriptome showed differential expression of calcium homeostasis, cardiac remodeling, and contraction genes. Western blot analysis highlighted Camk2d1 and Hdac1 overexpression. We propose that altered calcium activity due to disruption of grin2bbART, a putative lncRNA in bigheart, altered the Camk2d-Hdac pathway, causing heart arrhythmia and hypertrophy in zebrafish.

An adenine base editor variant expands context compatibility.

Adenine base editors (ABEs) are precise gene-editing agents that convert A:T pairs into G:C through a deoxyinosine intermediate. Existing ABEs function most effectively when the target A is in a TA context. Here we evolve the Escherichia coli transfer RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (TadA) to generate TadA8r, which extends potent deoxyadenosine deamination to RA (R = A or G) and is faster in processing GA than TadA8.20 and TadA8e, the two most active TadA variants reported so far. ABE8r, comprising TadA8r and a Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 nickase, expands the editing window at the protospacer adjacent motif-distal end and outperforms ABE7.10, ABE8.20 and ABE8e in correcting disease-associated G:C-to-A:T transitions in the human genome, with a controlled off-target profile. We show ABE8r-mediated editing of clinically relevant sites that are poorly accessed by existing editors, including sites in PCSK9, whose disruption reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and ABCA4-p.Gly1961Glu, the most frequent mutation in Stargardt disease.

Multi-dimensional hybrid potential stochastic resonance and application of bearing fault diagnosis

Stochastic resonance is a method to enhance weak signal by using noise, which has a wide range of applications in weak signal detection. In order to further investigate the application of multi-dimensional coupling stochastic resonance in practical engineering, a Multi-dimensional Double connection coupling Hybrid Potential Stochastic Resonance (MDHPSR) system is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the potential functions of bi-stable and tri-stable are briefly described, and the tri-stable system having a higher output amplitude. Secondly, the effect of different coupling methods on the output of the central and adjacent coupling ends are studied, and the output amplitude of double connection coupling is higher. Then, the double connection coupling of different potential functions is studied, and MDHPSR system effect is the best. Compared with Multi-dimensional Double connection Classical Bi-stable Stochastic Resonance (MDCBSR) system, MDHPSR system has better anti-noise performance. Finally, applying the two multi-dimensional coupling systems to bearing fault diagnosis, MDHPSR system output amplitude is higher and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is improved by more than 3 dB. This demonstrates the superior performance of MDHPSR system for weak signal detection and the value of the multi-dimensional coupling system for practical engineering applications.

An alternative approach for excess reactivity control of TRISO particles

This study explores an innovative approach to manage the initial excess reactivity in High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGRs) by modifying the fuel and non-fuel compositions of TRISO particles. Choosing a single fuel block of the 350 MWth Prismatic HTR as the reference, minor actinides (MAs) in three loading amounts (2 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 10 wt.%) were introduced into the TRISO fuel kernels across three alternating rings of the assembly. Four more models were developed by replacing the TRISO particles in these rings with QUADRISO, featuring distinct layers of four burnable absorbers (B4C, Er2O3, Eu2O3, and Gd2O3), each having a thickness of 2 µm. These approaches were compared against using conventional B4C poison rods, placed at adjacent and opposite ends of the hexagonal assembly. Depletion analysis over a period of 600 EFPDs was carried out using open-source Monte Carlo code OpenMC. The Eu2O3 layered particles and oppositely placed B4C rods exhibited the most effective reduction in initial reactivity, amounting to 0.28 Δk/k and 0.17 Δk/k respectively. The 10 wt.% MA loading approach proved to be versatile, as it efficiently lowered the initial reactivity by 0.15 Δk/k while also achieving minor actinide transmutation, yielding transmutation rates of 23.1%/yr for 237Np, 51.5%/yr for 241Am, and 30%/yr for 243Am. Fuel cycle parameters were calculated for multi-batch refueling schemes using the linear reactivity model (LRM). While MAs reduced burnup and cycle length, the use of B4C, Er2O3 and Eu2O3 layers improved fuel cycle performance, with B4C demonstrating the best results. Due to its high absorption cross section, Gd2O3 rendered the core sub-critical initially, resulting in negative fuel cycle parameters. The fuel temperature coefficient (FTC), relative pin-power distribution, and energy-dependent neutron flux of the models were also evaluated.

A Pilot Protection Scheme of DC Lines for MMC-HVDC Grid Using Random Matrix

The over-current capacity of half-bridge modular multi-level converter (MMC) is quite weak, which requests protections to detect faults accurately and reliably in several milliseconds after DC faults. The sensitivity and reliability of the existing schemes are vulnerable to high resistance and data errors. To improve the insufficiencies, this paper proposes a pilot protection scheme by using the random matrix for DC lines in the symmetrical bipolar MMC high-voltage direct current (HVDC) grid. Firstly, the 1-mode voltage time-domain characteristics of the line end, DC bus, and adjacent line end are analyzed by the inverse Laplace transform to find indicators of fault direction. To combine the actual model with the data-driven method, the methods to construct the data expansion matrix and to calculate additional noise are proposed. Then, the mean spectral radiuses of two random matrices are used to detect fault directions, and a novel pilot protection criterion is proposed. The protection scheme only needs to transmit logic signals, decreasing the communication burden. It performs well in high-resistance faults, abnormal data errors, measurement errors, parameters errors, and different topology conditions. Numerous simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC confirm the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed protection scheme.

Spondylodiscitis-a cohort analysis of its identification and management.

Discitis represents infection of the intervertebral disc and osteomyelitis of the adjacent end plates. Classically, patients present with fever and back pain. Varied presentations and lack of adherence to guidelines lead to great variation in its identification and management. The primary objective of this study was to conduct a cohort analysis, assessing the identification and management of discitis, in a busy secondary orthopaedic centre. A retrospective study was conducted, of cases diagnosed and treated for discitis, in a secondary orthopaedic department, within the UK from January 2017 to October 2019. During this time period, all patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spine were identified. Patients with MRI-proven discitis were then added into the study. A total of 152 MRIs showed radiographic features of discitis. Of these, only 38 had a clear clinical correlation. Back pain was the most common presenting complaint followed by fever. The commonest site of involvement was vertebral levels L5 and S1. All patients had baseline bloods, and most, but not all, had blood cultures taken. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated, causative organism. The mainstay of treatment was intravenous flucloxacillin, with most patients requiring a minimum of six weeks. Our study has helped define the population of patients presenting with discitis, in a busy secondary orthopedic center. Analyzing over two years of data has provided us with valuable insight into the most appropriate diagnostics and management for discitis.

Chylolymphatic Cyst - Presenting as Acute Intestinal Obstruction – A Case Report

Chylolymphatic cyst is one of the rare variants of mesenteric cysts. These cysts are present within mesentery and contain chylous or lymphatic fluid. Chylolymphatic cysts are rare in paediatric age group. We present a case of a four years old boy who presented with features of acute intestinal obstruction. CECT abdomen revealed a hypodense cystic mass in the peritoneal cavity. Exploratory laparotomy of the abdomen revealed a solitary cyst measuring 10.7 cm x 9.4 cm x 10.5 cm which was adherent to the loops of small intestine and right kidney. Complete excision of cyst along with resection of the adjacent gut and end to end anastomosis was done. Histopathology of the excised cyst was suggestive of chylolymphatic cyst. It has been highlighted that chylolymphatic cyst can be a rare cause of intestinal obstruction in children.

Pear-Shaped Disk as a Risk Factor for Intraoperative End Plate Injury in Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Intraoperative end plate injury can result in late-onset cage subsidence in oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF). This study aimed to identify risk factors for intraoperative end plate injury and investigate whether a pear-shaped disk correlated with intraoperative end plate injury in OLIF. We retrospectively reviewed 102 levels in 82 patients (mean age 60.1 ± 10.0 years) who underwent OLIF for degenerative lumbar diseases. Intraoperative end plate injury was evaluated using midline sagittal computed tomography views at 3 days postoperatively and defined as cage breaching into an adjacent cortical end plate >2 mm. Patient demographics, surgical parameters, radiographic parameters, and cage-related parameters were recorded in all surgical levels. Evaluation of risk factors associated with intraoperative end plate injury was performed. Patient-reported outcome, fusion status, and late-onset cage subsidence were analyzed at a minimum of 1 year after the surgery. Intraoperative end plate injury was observed in 26 levels (25.5%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that bone mineral density (odds ratio [OR]= 0.978), preoperative segmental lordosis (OR= 0.790), and pear-shaped disk were risk factors (OR= 5.837) for intraoperative end plate injury. Intraoperative end plate injury occurred in 45.5% of levels with a pear-shaped disk compared with 16.0% of levels with no pear-shaped disk (P < 0.01). Late-onset cage subsidence was significantly more frequent in the injury group than the no-injury group. Patient-reported outcome and fusion status were unrelated to intraoperative end plate injury. A pear-shaped disk is the greatest risk factor for intraoperative end plate injury following OLIF.

Formation and Immediate Deformation of a Small Filament Through Intermittent Magnetic Interactions

It is generally believed that filament formation involves a process of the accumulation of magnetic energy. However, in this paper we discuss the idea that filaments will not erupt and will only deform when the stored magnetic energy is released gradually. Combining high-quality observations from Solar Dynamics Observatory and other instruments, we present the formation and immediate deformation of a small filament (F1) in the active region (AR) 12760 on 28-30 April 2020. Before the filament formation, three successive dipoles quickly emerged with separation motions in the center of AR 12760. Due to the magnetic interaction between magnetic dipoles and pre-existing positive polarities, coronal brightenings consequently appeared in the overlying atmosphere. Subsequently, because of the continuous cancellation of magnetic flux that happened around the adjacent ends of F1 and another nearby filament (F2), the magnetic reconections occurred intermittently occurred between F1 and F2. Finally, F1 lessened in the shear, and F2 became shorter. All the results show that the formation of F1 was closely associated with intermittent interactions between the sequence of emerging dipoles and pre-existing magnetic polarities, and the immediate deformation of F1 was intimately related to intermittent interactions between F1 and F2. We also suggest that the intermittent magnetic interactions driven by the continuous magnetic activities (magnetic-flux emergence, cancellation, and convergence) play an important role in the formation and deformation of filaments.

Effects of Location and Volume of Intraosseous Cement on Adjacent Level of Osteoporotic Spine Undergoing Kyphoplasty: Finite Element Analysis

Kyphoplasty (KP) is a surgery used to reduce pain and increase stability by injecting medical bone cement into broken vertebrae. The purpose of this study was to determine the ideal amount of cement and injection site by analyzing forces with the finite element method. We modeled the anatomical structure of the vertebra and injected the cement at T12. By increasing the amount of cement from 1 cc to 22 cc, stress applied to T11 and L1 cortical was calculated. In addition, stress applied to the adjacent KP level was calculated with different injection sites (medial, anterosuperior, posterosuperior, anteroinferior, and posteroinferior). After 5 cc cement was inserted, adjacent end plate stress was analyzed. In this study, break point adjacent bone stress according to the capacity of cement was bimodal. Flexion/extension and lateral bending conditions showed similar break points (11.5-11.7 cc and 18.5-18.6 cc, respectively). When cement injection was changed, front under and back under had the highest stress values among various parts, whereas the center position showed the lowest stress value. With increasing amount of bone cement, stress on the upper and lower end plates of the cemented segment increased significantly. Thus, increasing cement amount to be more than 11.5 cc has a potential risk of adjacent fracture. Centrally injected bone cement can lower the risk of adjacent fracture after percutaneous KP.

Interrogating Global Chromatin Interaction Network by High-Throughput Chromosome Conformation Capture (Hi-C) in Plants.

High-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) enables the global quantification of chromatin interaction frequency in eukaryotic nuclei. This method is based on in situ Hi-C, in which chromatin is cross-linked with formaldehyde, then digested with restriction enzyme. Biotin-labeled nucleotide is incorporated before the spatially adjacent DNA ends are ligated, making it possible to enrich specifically the chimeric ligation products for deep sequencing. In this chapter, we describe a modified in situ Hi-C protocol for the global chromatin interaction analysis in plants.

Electron beam welding of rectangular copper wires applied in electrical drives

The so-called hairpin winding technology, which is specially tailored to electrical traction components, deploys rectangular plug-in copper wires in the stator. The fusion welding of the adjacent wire ends is associated with challenges due to the high thermal conductivity as well as the porosity formation of the copper. During this study, the electron beam (EB) welding of electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) and oxygen-free electronic grade (OFE) copper connectors was investigated. Subsequently, the specimens underwent X-ray computed tomography (CT) and metallographic examinations to characterize the joints. It was discovered that the residual oxygen content of the base material is responsible for the pore formation. With only a very low level of oxygen content in the copper, a porosity- and spatter-free welding can be reproducibly realized using the robust EB welding technology, especially for copper materials. By optimizing the parameters accordingly, joints exhibiting a low level of porosity were achieved even in the case of the alloy containing a high amount of residual oxygen. Beyond this, detailed analyses in terms of pore distribution were carried out and a good correlation between technological parameters and welding results was determined.

Dynamic Modulus of Staggered Nanocomposites With Different Distributions of Platelets Considering the Interface Stress Effect

Abstract Biological staggered composites, like bone, nacre, and dentin, possess the superior capacity of energy dissipation than that of conventional materials. In these nanocomposites, different staggered microstructures are widely observed, for example, symmetric staggered structures with regular platelet layouts and asymmetric staggered structures with offset and stairwise platelet layouts. In addition, the thickness of platelets in these biological materials is at the nanoscale, and the distance between the adjacent ends of platelets is large enough in staggered structures, which indicates the interface effect and tension region (TR) cannot be ignored in staggered nanocomposites. In order to investigate the possible synergistic effect of the platelet layouts, interface effects, and tension region on the dynamic properties of the nanocomposites, a generalized tension-shear chain model (TSCM) with TR is proposed. According to the analytical solutions derived, the staggered nanocomposites with optimal structures can be designed to obtain superior energy dissipation capacity. Considering different loading frequencies in natural environment, the optimal dynamic properties of nacre can be achieved with a regular staggering platelet distribution, while the optimal dynamic properties of bone can be achieved when the number of periodic stairwise staggering platelets is appropriately smaller. These optimal platelet layouts in nacre and bone are consistent with the experimental results reported in many literatures. Therefore, the energy dissipation capacity of staggered nanocomposites can be highly improved, based on the profound understanding of the damping mechanism in biological nanocomposites.

Stress analysis in upper fillet and rail-end bolt hole at rail joint

Rail joint between two adjacent rail ends in the transportation of railway track structure is one of the weakest components leading to defects and failures. In this study, the rail joint components such as rail, joint bars, bolts, and sleeper are modelled by 3D Abaqus/CAE software and Finite-element method are used to investigate stress distribution in rail under static wheel load condition. The wheel load positions and bolt-hole locations vary as a parametric study. The results show that the critical stress occurs at the upper fillet rail end and at the edge of the rail-end bolt hole (1st hole from the rail end). The wheel load position affects stress only in case of the rail-end bolt hole located at 80 mm from the end. In addition, overall trends for the effect of rail-end bolt hole positions are similar in which the stress decreases when the distance from rail end to the rail-end bolt hole increases. Taken together, these findings suggest stress distribution is the basic information that helps understand the failure mechanism.

Topological Characteristics of Chain Molecules with Branching and Molar‐Mass Distributions

AbstractA graph‐theoretical method is presented for characterizing the statistical and dynamic properties of randomly and fixed‐branched chains that exhibit molecular weight distribution. The Wiener index, which is a topological index reflecting tree‐shaped structures, of any branched chain estimated from its random‐flight model (molecular graph) enables to express the radius of gyration and dynamic relaxation times of various chains with branching and molar‐mass distributions. A homologous series of branched chains with random branching points can be obtained by comparing their Wiener indices with those of their corresponding primitive chains (where the subchains between adjacent branch or end points are reduced to single bonds). Moreover, the analogical growth of a fixed‐branched structure during polymerization can be quantitatively analyzed using analogous functions, which are also determined by comparing the statistics and dynamic properties of branched polymers and their primitive chains.

An effective method of protection of oil field pipes inner surface

Corrosion is a key factor, effecting service life of field pipelines. A review of methods of protection of circle welding seam internal surfaces and adjacent end pipe areas presented in the paper, as well as their imperfections, a technology proposed to protect them by arc building-up corrosion-resistant coating. With the elaborated technology the pipe metal does not get considerable overheating, retaining correspondent level of mechanical properties. The properly selected parameters of building-up mode provide a minimal stirring in the process of building-up and the decrease of concentration of main alloying elements (Cr and Ni) in the protective layer does not exceed 20%. To determine the minimal length of protective layer, manual arc welding and welding in protective gases atmosphere by consumable electrode were considered as possible welding methods. Simulation in the program complex SYS-WELD enabled to determine the areas subjected to critical heating, what was confirmed by the data, obtained during imitation of a circle seam in laboratory conditions at 159×8 mm short pipe. The proposed technology excludes the porosity of the built-up layer and other defects, decreasing the efficiency of pipe metal protection. Content of alloying elements was selected, for the built-up coating to be inclined to passivation and to have high resistivity against corrosion processes. Total corrosion rate at the tests in an acid solution, having hydrogen sulfide, was less than 0.1 mm/year thanks to austenite structure. The efficiency of the proposed technology was confirmed by positive results of pilot-field tests at a by-pass line under conditions of Sutorminskoje oil, gas and condensate deposit.

Miniaturized bandpass filter based on double spiral stripline resonators

A new miniature monolithic bandpass filter, which can be manufactured using multilayer standard all-PCB technology, is presented. Each resonator in the filter is formed by metal spirals of the left and right wist inserted into each other, in which one pair of adjacent ends is grounded, and the other is free. Spiral inductors have the form of identical rectangular frames and are designed on dielectric substrates, located on a multilayer structure strictly under each other with alternating turns of the left and right spirals. The design of the filter based on such multilayer double-spiral resonators is both small in size, and highly selective, which is proved by the measured characteristics of the fourth order filter fabricated at seven dielectric layers of RO4350B material. The filter has the central frequency of the passband f0 = 60 MHz, and the fractional bandwidth Δf / f0 = 18%, while the size of the device is of the device are only 34 × 16.5 × 4.3 mm3 (0.007λ0 × 0.003λ0 × 0.001λ0, where λ0 is the wavelength at the center frequency f0). The filter has a wide stopband, which extends up to the frequency of 16f0 at a level of –38 dB.